筆譯教學(xué)與實踐方法談?wù)n件

筆譯教學(xué)與實踐方法談

華東師范大學(xué)張春柏

筆譯的教與學(xué)：從宏觀到微觀

宏觀：文化對比

微觀：三個主要層次：

詞匯

句子

語篇

1.1詞匯層面（形式、意義）

1.1.1詞匯的形式：英語詞匯的形態(tài)變化，如:

1.同一個詞不同的詞性（e.g.arrive,arrival,toarrive,arriving；beauty,beautiful,beautify;inform,informative,information)

2.各類詞的不同語法形式，如名詞的性、數(shù)、格和動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等

e.g.

(1)他去看兒子去了.(son,sons?)

(2)John’sbook

(3)A:Dad,Imissedyou.

B:Missedormiss?

A:Both.(4)A:Youcan’tarrestme.I’m

Norfolk.

B:YouwereNorfolk.

--QueenIlizabeth“黔之驢”:

(5)突然,驢子叫喚了一聲,老虎以為它要咬自己,便嚇得逃走了.

(6)幾天以后,老虎聽?wèi)T了驢子的叫聲，不再那么害怕了。

(7)驢子不僅大叫起來,并用后蹄狠狠地踢老虎.(5a)gavealoudbray

(6a)gotusedtothedonkey’s

braying(cf.brays)

(7a)notonlybrayedloudly…(9)隨后跳舞開始了。

(9a)Thentheydanced.

(9b)Thentheybegantodance.

(9c)Thenthedancebegan.

(9d)Thendancingbegan.1.1.2詞匯的意義

1)詞義的確定問題

村民們向解放軍戰(zhàn)士潑水,他們也笑著回敬.

cf.1a)smiledandsplashedback

1b)splashedbacksmilingly

1c)laughedandsplashedback

1d)splashedbacklaughingly

2)在高度競爭化的時代，建立一個國際性的分銷與服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)十分迫切。

Inthiscompetitiveworld,itisurgenttosetupaninternationaldistributionandafter-servicenetwork.

3)這是中國從幾十年的建設(shè)中得出的經(jīng)驗.

Thatiswhatwehavelearnedfromdecadesofdevelopment.

4)社會主義中國應(yīng)該用實踐向世界表明,中國反對霸權(quán)主義、強權(quán)政治，永不稱霸。

SocialistChinashouldshowtheworldthroughitsactionsthatitopposedtohegemonismandpowerpoliticsandwillneverseekhegemony.5)1979年10月去英國，第一次看到國外的情況，對比自己的國家，我心里比較難受。

Ref.InOctober,1979IwenttoEngland.ThereIcametoseeconditionsquitenewtome;comparingthemwiththoseinmyowncountryIcouldnothelpfeelingdisheartened…

2.Connotationanddenotation.E.g.

1)菊花，龍……

2)ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

中國哲學(xué)：天人合一，物我交融，和諧，悟性：求全，求圓滿，求對稱，平衡，心領(lǐng)神會，心理時空的順序。

反映在語言上：重意合，主動語態(tài)，重復(fù)全面，平衡對稱D.詞匯（句子）的節(jié)律性(esp.whenputinsentences).E.g.

A)漢語中的雙音節(jié)詞和２＋２詞組（時間，年齡，etc..)

1)Sheistwenty-fiveandbeautiful.

2)Butyoucouldn’ttellmewhatitsmellslikeintheSistineChapel.You’veneverstoodthereandlookedupatthatbeautifulceiling.(GoodWillHunting)

3)高聳入云／腰纏萬貫／風(fēng)和日麗/美不勝收,etc.

4)風(fēng)和日麗之時，佘山、金山、崇明島隱隱可見。

原譯：Onadayofgentlebreezeandbrightsun,theTowerdominatesanindistinctviewof…

改譯：Onafineday,youcanevensee…inthedistance,thoughnotveryclearly.

5)Puritans,asizeablepercentageoftheearliestsettlersinMassachusetts,wereapious,self-disciplinedpeople,butthey...

原譯:最早到麻州定居的移民中，相當(dāng)大一部分是清教徒，他們是虔誠的和嚴(yán)于律已的人。

試比較:--大多為虔誠自律的清教徒

6)Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofvariouscolorsandsizes.

?門口堆著至少十二把各種顏色和尺寸的傘．

Ref.門口堆著一堆傘，少說也有十二把，五顏六色，大小不一．7)兩千一百萬臺灣同胞都是中國人，都是骨肉同胞、手足兄弟。（江澤民八項主張）

The21millioncompatriotsinTaiwanareallChineseandourownfleshandblood.2.句子(Sentences)

A.Hypotaxisvs.parataxis(形合與意合)

1)Whenhewaswalkingacrossthestreet,hewasknockeddownbyacar.

2)Ifyoudon’tgothere,Iwon’tgoeither.

3)IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?

4)幽幽歲月，蒼海桑田．

5)門鈴一響，來了客人，從不謝客，禮當(dāng)接待．

5)Suddenlythebellrang,announcingthearrivalofavisitor.AsIhadneverrejectedanyguest,IthoughtIshouldthisoneaswell.

B.Staticvs.dynamic(靜態(tài)與動態(tài)）

1)孔子的家里很窮，但是他從小就認(rèn)真讀書，刻苦學(xué)習(xí)。二十多歲的時候，做了個小官。他很有學(xué)問，辦事認(rèn)真，工作出色，三十歲左右，就已經(jīng)很出名了。

1a)

Hebecameapettyofficialinhisearlytwenties.Ashewaslearned,workedinearnestandmadeanoutstandingshowinginperforminghisduties,hehadalreadyearnedahighreputationbytheageofthirty.

Revised:

1b)Hebecameapettyofficialinhisearlytwenties.Bytheageofthirtyhehadalreadyearnedahighreputationforhisprofoundknowledgeandearnestattitudetowardshisworkaswellashisoutstandingperformance.

2)一架從昆明起飛的小飛機,載著我們,飛越群山,把我們送到了景洪.

2a)?AsmallplanetookofffromKunming,carriedus,flewoverthemountains,andsentustoJinghong.Improved:

2b)AsmallplanefromKunmingflewoverthemountainsandsentustoJinghong.

(backtranslation)3)公元前278年，也就是屈原六十二歲那年，他在汩羅江邊，聽到秦國軍隊攻破了楚國的國都，便懷著悲痛的心情，抱了一塊石頭，投汩羅江自殺了。3a)?In278BC,QuYuanwas62.BesidetheMiluoRiver,heheardthenewsthatthearmyofQinhadbrokenthroughthecapitalofChu.Hewassoheartbrokenthatheheldastone,jumpedintotheriver,andkilledhimself.3b)Intheyearof278B.C.,whenhewas62andstayingatthesideoftheMiluoRiver,QuYuanheardthatQintroopshadfinallyconqueredChu’s

capital.Overwhelmedwithgriefanddespair,hedrownedhimselfintheriver,withalargestoneinhisarms.

4)Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcavesandbydimlamps.

4a)黨的干部住寒冷的窯洞，吃簡陋的飲食，靠微弱的燈光，長時間地工作著。C.Substitutivevs.reiterative(替代與重復(fù)）etc.(substitutionvs.repetition)

1)他不懂法語,我也不懂法語.

1a)Hedoesn’tknowFrench.NeitherdoI.

2)三弦兄,鋼琴呢?鋼琴怎么不見了?鋼琴被人偷走了.快抓小偷…

3)Shakespeare’scharactersarereallyalive,soaresomeofJaneAustin’s.

3a)莎士比亞戲劇中的人物都是生活中的現(xiàn)實人物，簡.奧斯汀小說中的有些人物也是生活中的現(xiàn)實人物。(漢語中不省略)4)五四運動是反帝國主義的運動，又是反封建的運動。五四運動的杰出的歷史意義，在于它帶著為辛亥革命還不曾有的姿態(tài)，這就是徹底地不妥協(xié)地反帝國主義和徹底地反封建主義。五四運動所以具有這種性質(zhì)，是……五四運動是在當(dāng)時世界革命號召之下，是在俄國革命號召之下，是在列寧號召之下發(fā)生的。五四運動是當(dāng)時無產(chǎn)階級世界革命的一部分?！?a)TheMay4thMovementwasananti-imperialistaswellasananti-feudalmovement.Itsoutstandinghistoricalsignificanceistobeseeninafeature,which…itsthoroughanduncompromisingoppositiontoimperialismaswellastofeudalism.TheMay4thMovementpossessed….TheMay4thMovementcameintobeingatthecalloftheworldrevolution,oftheRussianrevolution,andofLenin.Itwaspartof…5)Amanmayusuallybeknownbythebookshereadsaswellasbythecompanyhekeeps;forthereisacompanionshipofbooksaswellasofmen;andoneshouldalwaysliveinthebestcompany,whetheritbeofbooksorofmen.5a)要了解一個人，可以看他交什么樣的朋友，可以看他看什么樣的書，因為有的人跟人交朋友，有的人跟書交朋友，但不管跟人交朋友還是跟書交朋友，都應(yīng)該交好朋友．D.詞序問題試比較:1)Ihaven’treadthisbook.1a)我沒看過這本書.1b)這本書我沒看過.2)你不去我也不去.2a)Iwon’tgothereifyoudon’tgo.2b)Ifyoudon’tgothere,Iwon’tgoeither.3)Because/when/after/before…e.g.

3a)Ididn’tgotherebecauseIwasill.

3b)BecauseIwasill,Ididn’tgothere.4)（從前）海邊住著一位漁夫。

4a)Attheseasidelivedafisherman.

4b)Afishermanlivedattheseaside.

4c)Therelivedafishermanattheseaside.

(samestructure,differentmeanings)E.句子的拆與合

1)In1979hevisitedtheUSforthefirsttime,wherehemethisfirstwifeJane.

1a)1979年他第一次去美國。在那里他遇到了他的第一任妻子Jane.2)In1979hevisitedtheUSforthefirsttime.TherehemethisfirstwifeJane.

a)1979年他第一次去美國。在那里他遇到了他的第一任妻子Jane。

（note:backtranslation.Aquestion:isthereanydifferenceintheEnglishversionsabove?)3)山腳下有一座小屋,屋子的周圍有一道竹籬笆。

或：山腳下有一座小屋。屋子的周圍有一道竹籬笆。

3a)Atthefootofthehillwasasmallhutwithabamboofencearoundit.

3b)Atthefootofthehillwasasmallhut.Aroundthehutwasabamboofence.

F.InformationstructureofthesentenceGrammaticalanalysis

Subject+predicate,e.g.1a)JohnlovesMary.1b)MarylovesJohn.2a)Thereisabookonthedesk.2b)Onthedeskthereisabook.

Informationstructure

Halliday&Hasan(1976:27):INFORMATIONSTRUCTURE...istheorderingofthetext,independentlyofitsconstructionintermsofsentences,clausesandthelike,intounitsofinformationonthebasisofthedistinctionintoGIVENandNEW…

Theme:given/initialelement/whatistalkedabout

Theme:new/therestofthesentence/whatisaboutthetheme

3a)Mr.Brownistheirteacher.

3b)TheirteacherisMr.Brown.

(differentpresuppositions/answerdifferentquestions)cohesionCohesion…isthemeanswherebyelementsthatarestructurallyunrelatedtooneanotherarelinkedtogether,throughthedependenceofoneontheotherforitsinterpretation.(Halliday&Hasan,1976:27)(Fromsentenceleveltolongerstretchesoftextsuchasparagraphs…)e.g.

4)Johnismyfriend.HeisMary’shusband.

5)Johnhaslosthisbook/tooth.

acceptabilityvsgrammaticality(textvs.non-text)6a)“Nowcomesthepresidenthere.It’sthewindowhe’ssteppingthroughtowavetothecrowd.Onhisvictoryhisopponentcongratulateshim.‘Gentlemenandladies.Thatyouareconfidentinmehonoursme…’(fromHalliday,1978:134)

Improved:

6b)Nowcomesthepresidenthere.He’ssteppingthroughthewindowtowavetothecrowd.Hewascongratulatedonhisvictorybyhisopponent.‘Gentlemenandladies.Thatyouareconfidentinmehonoursme…’

R1

T1R2

R3

(constanttheme)7)MostAmericanshavegreatvigorandenthusiasm.Theyprefertodisciplinethemselves….Theypridethemselvesontheirindependence.Theyarepreparedtotaketheinitiatives….Theywilltakeanysortofjobanywhere….Theydonotcaretobelookedafter…TheaverageAmericanchangesorherjobnineortentimesduringhisorherworkinglife.2.Focusedthemeprogression(Constantrheme)T1

T2R(R1=R2=R3=Rn)

T3

Tn8)TheChinesepeopleisagreatpeople.

TheAmericanpeopleisagreatpeople.

TheFrenchpeopleisalsoagreatpeople….

3.Linearthemeprogression

T1

→R1

↓

T2(=R1)→R2

↓

T3(=R2)→R3

↓

Tn→Rn

3.9)Onceuponatimetherelivedafishermanattheseaside.Hehadaverygreedywife.Thisoldwomanaskedthepooroldmantocatchatleast100fishaday,otherwiseshewouldnotgivehimanythingtoeat….10)Imetanoldfriendyesterday.Hehadaverybeautifulwifewhoworkedinahospital.Thishospitalisthebestoneinourcity….11)Creditcardsenabletheirholderstoobtaingoodsandservicesoncredit.Theyareissuedbyretailstores,banks,credit-cardcompaniestoapprovedclients.Thebanksorcredit-cardcompanysettlestheclient’sbills,invoicinghimmonthlyandcharginginterestonanyoutstandingdebts.Theirprofitcomesfromthehighrateofinterestcharged….(mixture)

Rheme-splitprogression(cf.linearthemeprogression).:

11)Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups.Thefirstgroup….Thesecondgroup….Andthelastgroup….12)Theplaywasveryinteresting,butIdidn’tenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomantroubledme.Iturnedaroundandlookedatthem,buttheydidn’tpayanyattentiontome.ApointAllthesepatternsofthematicprogressioninEnglishhavetheircounter-partsinChinese,but…

漢語的邏輯率對英語的形態(tài)率

漢語:一、時間的先后順序,e.g.1)聽到這個消息，大家都高興得跳了起來。

2)他父親去世后，他再也沒有吸過毒。1)Hedecidedtotakeawalkintheparkwhenhefinishedtheexperiment.

（cf.Whenhe…,hedecidedto…)

他做完實驗后，決定去公園里散散步。二、因果順序：先因/條件后果1）昨天他生病了，所以沒來。2）你不去我也不去。

3)我老公他看你下崗了，舍不得花錢，就自己跑到電影院買了兩張票，今天晚上請我們兩個人去看電影。

(《老房有喜》）

3a)Myhusbandhasboughttwofilmticketsforustonight,becauseyou’relaidoffandhavetocutyourexpenses.

4a)Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill.

4b)Becausehewasillhedidn’tcome.

5a)Iwon’tgothereifyoudon’tgo.

5b)Ifyoudon’tgothere,Iwon’tgoeither.

(Notethedifferentpresuppositions)

語篇翻譯實例：

豫園

位于上海市南的豫園是著名的古典園林?；▓@的原主人姓潘，曾是明代四川省的布政使。花園的建造始于1558年，但由于資金短缺時建時停，二十年以后才建成。后來，潘家敗落，其子孫急于出售，一些商人得以低價購入。以后豫園與城隍廟合并，成為其“西花園”。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭和太平天國時期，外國侵略者不止一次在此駐軍，因此，歷史上豫園屢經(jīng)災(zāi)難，許多原有的豐采不復(fù)存在。

位于上海市南的豫園是著名的古典園林?；▓@的原主人姓潘，曾是明代四川省的布政使?；▓@的建造始于1558年，但由于資金短缺時建時停，二十年以后才建成。

YuYuanGarden,locatedinthesouthernpartofShanghai,isafamousclassicalgarden.Theoriginalownerofthegarden,Pan,wasoncethegovernorofSichuanProvinceduringtheMingDynasty.Constructionofthegardenstartedin1558butwentonandoffforlackofmoney.Itdidnotcometocompletiontilltwentyyearslater.

前兩句改譯:

TheYuYuanGardeninthesouthofShanghaiisafamousclassicalgarden.ItwasoriginallytheprivategardenofamannamedPan,whowasoncethegovernorofSichuanProvinceduringtheMingDynasty.

b)InthesouthofShanghaithereisafamousclassicalgardennamedYuYuanGarden.Itwas….第三句改譯:

Theconstructionofthegardenstartedin1858,butitwasnotcompleteduntiltwentyyearslater(becauseitwentonandoff)forlackofmoney.Structureoftheparagraph1)introduction(ofthegarden)2)itsoriginalnature3)itsconstruction4)changeofhands5)itsincorporationwiththeTemple6)itsdevastationduringtheWarsanditsconsequences后來，潘家敗落，其子孫急于出售，一些商人得以低價購入。以后豫園與城隍廟合并，成為其“西花園”。

WhenthePanswentintoadecline,theirdescendantswereeagertosellthegarden,somebusinessmenboughtitatalowprice.LateritwasincorporatedintotheCityGodTempletobecomeits“WestGarden”.Later,itwasboughtbysomebusinessmenatalowpricefromhisdesperatedescendentswhenthefamilywentintoadecline.SomeyearsafterthatitwasincorporatedintotheCityGodTempleandbecameits“WestGarden”.鴉片戰(zhàn)爭和太平天國時期，外國侵略者不止一次在此駐軍，因此，歷史上豫園屢經(jīng)災(zāi)難，許多原有的豐采不復(fù)存在。

DuringtheOpiumWarandtheTaipingRevolution,foreignaggressorsstationedtheirtroopsinthegardenmorethanonce.Asaresult,thegardenexperiencedrepeateddevastationinitshistoryandlostmuchofitsoriginalgrandeur.Improved:DuringtheOpiumWarandtheTaipingRevolution,thegardensufferedrepeateddevastationbyforeignaggressors/troops(stationedthere)and,consequently,lostmuchofitsoriginalgrandeur.Englishtranslation(原譯)T1---R1(YuYuan/is…)T2---R2(Theoriginalowner/was…)T3---R3(Constructionof…/started…)T4---R4(It/didnotcometocompletion...)T5---R5(When…theirdescendents…)T6---R6(Later/itwas…)T7---R7(During…/foreignaggressors…)Improvedtranslation(改譯后)T1—R1(Inthesouth…/there…YuanGarden)T2(=R1)—R2(It/privategarden…)T3(=R1)—R3(Itsconstruction/20yearslater)T4(=R3,timeadverbial)—R4T5(=R3,timeadverbial)—R5T6(=R3,timeadverbial)—R6

解放以后，在人民政府的關(guān)懷下，豫園經(jīng)歷了多次修復(fù)。最近一次在1987年，恢復(fù)了其東西部分。豫園在1982年被列為國務(wù)院重點保護(hù)單位，是中國南方最優(yōu)秀的園林之一。園內(nèi)有亭臺樓閣，有池塘和假山，景點超過40個，每天至少有一萬人在園內(nèi)游覽。難怪人們說：“到上海不去豫園和城隍廟商場不算來過大上海?！?/p>

解放以后，在人民政府的關(guān)懷下，豫園經(jīng)歷了多次修復(fù)。最近一次在1987年，恢復(fù)了其東面部分。Underthecareofthepeople’sgovernmentsinceliberation,YuYuanGardenhasgonethroughmanyrenovations,withtherecentonecarriedoutin1987torestoreitseasternpart.Since1949,underthecareof…,YuYua