2022考研英語(yǔ)(一)試題

千里之行，始于足下讓知識(shí)帶有溫度。第第2頁(yè)/共2頁(yè)精品文檔推薦2022考研英語(yǔ)(一)試題2022年考研英語(yǔ)（一）試題Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankthenation'sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.__1__acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan__2__it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis__3__shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure__4__todamageourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has__5__apublicwarningaboutthepotatoes,spurnthin-crustpizzasandonly__8__toasttheirbread.Butwhereisthatitcausescancerinhumans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis"__11__tobecarcinogenic"buthavenohardscientificproof.__12__theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitiscancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea__15__.

just__20__withnoonelistening.

1.AInBTowardsCOnDTill

2.AmatchBexpressCsatisfyDinfluence

3.ApatienceBenjoymentCsurpriseDconcern

4.AintensifiedBprivilegedCcompelledDguaranteed

5.AissuedBreceivedCignoredDcanceled

andmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Eveniffamiliesarelesslikelytositdowntoeattogetherthanwasoncethecase,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavepartakenthisweekendofoneofrisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked__6__hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould__7__crispingtheirroasttheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?__9__studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno__10__evidence__13__tofollowtheFSAadvice.__14__,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?__17__,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods__18__,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their__19__riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.ConstanthealthscaresSectionⅠUseofEnglish

Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe__16__uponSunday

6.AunderBatCforDby

7.AforgetBregretCfinishDavoid

8.ApartiallyBregularlyCeasilyDinitially

9.AUnlessBSinceCIfDWhile

10.AsecondaryBexternalCinconclusiveDnegative

11.AinsufficientBboundClikelyDslow

12.AOnthebasisofBAtthecostofCInadditiontoDIncontrastto

13.AinterestingBadvisableCurgentDfortunate

14.AAsusualBInparticularCBydefinitionDAfterall

15.AresemblanceBcombinationCconnectionDpattern

16.AmadeBservedCsavedDused

17.ATobefairBForinstanceCTobebriefDingeneral

18.AreluctantlyBentirelyCgraduallyDcarefully

19.ApromiseBexperienceCcampaignDcompetition

20.AfollowupBpickupCopenupDendup

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1

AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK"townofculture"award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2022andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforzoz1.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin￡220mof

investmentandanavalancheofarts,outnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain'town,itistruearenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabittobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.

SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asough-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2022.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?

Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun"yearofculture"washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,community.groupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.

A"townofculture"couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonoringatown'speculiarities-helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeopleandturnitintoaction.

___.

A.consolidatethetowncitytiesinBritain

22.Accordingtoparagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas______..

21.Copperandhercolleaguearguethata"townofculture"awardwouldB.promotecooperationamongBrain'stowns

C.increasetheeconomicstrengthofBrain'stowns

D.focusBrain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

A.asensiblecompromise

B.aself-deceivingattempt

C.aneye-catchingbonus

D.aninaccessibletarget

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit______

A.endeavortomaintainitsimage

B.meetstheaspirationofitspeople

C.bringsitslocalartstoprominence

D.commitstoitslong-termgrowth

24.“Glasgow”ismentionedinParagraph3topresent______

A.acontrastingcase

B.asupportingexample

C.abackgroundstory

D.arelatedtopic

25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?

A.Skeptical

B.Objective

C.Favorable

D.Critical

Text2

joumalsinwhichtopublish

becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.

marketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotveryprice

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfndasensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%

ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientific2022.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopieslegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.steadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingbecause________

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

UKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan￡210min2022toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablyThemostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2022,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsincetheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostInBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround￡500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese"articlepreparationcosts"hadbeenmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.

26.Scientificpublishingisseenas"alicencetoprintmoney"partly[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

papersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,whiledespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave________

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned

[D]Encouraged.

terms________

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.

D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

Text3

waytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincere

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityanda30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccess[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

helpaveragepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.

billsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.

ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifomia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".

generalpopulation,butsowhat?

withoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2022and2022theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

membershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.Thatquota.

WrtinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameclitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.

opportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderRequiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardThenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingcorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepereentageofwomenintheButaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationonmoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Iftheboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.InordertoensurethatelitewomenhaveHaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittleto

equity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolitletohelpaveragewomen.

31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwills________

[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoilustrate____

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

to____

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.

34.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasled[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranees.

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt,

[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegender

[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

Text4

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtax

appliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservces.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,multiationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.

ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhas

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatfailedtokeep;upwiththecurrenteconomy.

seriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

countriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsouprevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withtradesanctionsagainstFrance.

thetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtowiththeUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhethergoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellingonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersin[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[A]Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

EconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2022onaninternationalsolution.France‘splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbe36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto_____

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

[B]protectFrenchcompanies'interests.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax_____

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat_____

[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.

[C]techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO'scurrentwork_____

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.

[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforBothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.

reachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.

[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax

[C]FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationals

[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

PartB

Directions:

-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Eyefixactionsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinetivelyfelttoberude

[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenacontact:

41.________________

contactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyepoliticalcandidatetumstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseye[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitleforthistext?

[D]needstoininvolvemorecountries.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

betweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwayattentioninacrowdedroom,"Eyecontactandsmile"cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.

42.________

high-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.

43.________

associatedwithdominanceOFintimidationinadversarialsituations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeep'inmindthattryingto44.________

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsinassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.

45.________

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJari

differ-"Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegative

differentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsoHietanenandcolleagues.Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeelassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoretheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,"saidMinson.

maintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasbeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobedifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituationWhileeyecontactmayKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalveryWiththeuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.ThiswasalsofoundintheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefNeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedcanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sandshewilllookback.ThismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentWeknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,

PartCTranslation

Directions:

(10points)

knownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurch46.With(thegapbetween)thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpense.Offeringliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.GalileowasexcommunicatedbytheChurchandimprisonedforlifeforhisastronomicalfoundedinreasonwasborn.

TheChurch'slong-standingdogmawaslosingthegreatbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.ThisveryfactembodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEuropeduringmostofthe17thcentury.49.Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintothe

longerignore.Itwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewkindofphilosophywerebeingmade,andataratethatthepeople-includingtheChurch-couldnologici