Style 文學(xué)原理教程課件

Style,Tone

&Irony

2021/5/91Style風(fēng)格

Theauthor’scharacteristicmannerofexpression.HemingwayandFaulkneraregoodexamplesofcontrastingstyles.2021/5/921.Diction措辭

Awriter’schoiceofwordsthatcompriseanauthor’sbasicvocabulary.2021/5/93①DenotativeV.S.ConnotativemeaningofwordsDenotation表義

Thebasicdefinition/dictionarymeaningofaword

★wordmeanings2021/5/94Connotation涵義

Themeaningsuggested/impliedbyagivenword/phrase,asopposedtoitsliteralmeaning

★wordsuggestions

2021/5/95②DegreeofconcretenessV.S.abstractness2021/5/96Concrete具體

Languagereferringdirectlytowhatwesee,hear,touch,taste,orsmellisconcrete.

★Mostliteratureusesconcretelanguageandexpressesevenabstractconceptsconcretelythroughimagesandmetaphors.2021/5/97Abstract抽象

Theoppositeofconcrete,usedtodescribeawordorgroupofwordsrepresentingattitudes,generalities,ideas,orqualitiesthatcannotbeapprehendeddirectlythroughthesenses.

★Thelanguageofphilosophyandsciencetendstobeabstract.2021/5/98

③DegreeofallusivenessAllusion引喻，暗示

Areference,generallybrief,toaperson,place,thingoreventwithwhichthereaderispresumablyfamiliar.2021/5/99Eg:Magnusisthe'Adonis'oftheclass.

(Adonisisamythicalcharacterwhoisthemosthandsome.)

SomecallMarcosamodernHitler.

(Marcosisanex-presidentofthePhilippines.)

2021/5/910④Partsofspeech⑤Length&Construction⑥LevelofusageStandardV.S.NonstandardFormalV.S.Informal/Colloquial2021/5/911⑦Imagery意象

Sensorypicturesproducedverballythroughfigurativelanguage.⑧FigurativeDevicesSimileMetaphorPersonification2021/5/912⑨Rhythm&SoundPatternsRhythmThepatternofflowandmovementcreatedbythechoiceofwordsandthearrangementofphrasesandsentences.2021/5/913Rhythmisdirectlyaffectedbythelengthandcompositionofsentences,theuseofpauseswithinsentences,theuseofrepetition,andtheeaseordifficultyinpronouncingthecombinationsofwordsoundsinthesentences.2021/5/914Alliteration頭韻Assonance準(zhǔn)押韻，半諧韻Consonance和音Onomatopoeia象聲詞2021/5/915

2.SyntaxThewaystheauthorarrangeswordsintophrases,clauses,andfinallywholesentencestoachieveparticulareffects.2021/5/916①LengthShort,Spare&EconomicalLong&Involved②FormSimpleCompoundComplex2021/5/917SimpleSentenceAsimplesentence,alsocalledanindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.2021/5/918Eg:Somestudentsliketostudyinthemornings.

JuanandArturoplayfootballeveryafternoon.

Aliciagoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.2021/5/919CompoundsentenceAcompoundsentencecontainstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so).Exceptforveryshortsentences,coordinatorsarealwaysprecededbyacomma.2021/5/920Eg:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.

Aliceplayedfootball,soMariawentshopping.

Aliceplayedfootball,forMariawentshopping.2021/5/921ComplexSentenceAcomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedbyoneormoredependentclauses.Italwayshasasubordinator(because,since,after,although,when)orarelativepronoun(that,who,which).2021/5/922Eg:Whenhehandedinhishomework,heforgottogivetheteacherthelastpage.

Theteacherreturnedthehomeworkaftershenoticedtheerror.

Thestudentsarestudyingbecausetheyhaveatesttomorrow.

2021/5/923Aftertheyfinishedstudying,JuanandMariawenttothemovies.

JuanandMariawenttothemoviesaftertheyfinishedstudying.2021/5/924③ConstructionLooseSentence松散句

Onethatfollowsthenormalsubject-verb-objectpattern,statingtheirmainideanearthebeginningintheformofanindependentclause.2021/5/925ItcontainsamainclauseplusasubordinateconstructionTheinformationisorderlypresentation.Itissimpler,natural,anddirect.Eg:MyroommatetoldmetobuyaticketforhimwhenIwenttotrainstationyesterday.

2021/5/926PeriodicSentence圓周句

Onethatdeliberatelywithholdorsuspendthecompletionofthemainideauntiltheendofthesentence.2021/5/927

Acomplexsentenceinwhichthemainclausecomeslastandisprecededbythesubordinateclause.Eg:Feelingveryhungry,hewenthome.2021/5/928

Eg:AndthoughIhavethegiftofprophecy,andunderstandallmysteries,andallknowledge;andthoughIhaveallfaith,sothatIcouldremovemountains,andhavenotcharity,Iamnothing.(TheKingJamesBible,ICorinthians13)

2021/5/929BalancedSentence平衡句

Oneinwhichtwosimilarorantitheticalideasarebalanced.Eg:Theroleofamanistoprovideandtheroleofawomanistocareforthehouseholdandfamily.2021/5/930Eg:"Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes..."(ATaleofTwoCities)"Whitechickenslaywhiteeggs,andbrownchickenslaybrowneggs;soifwhitecowsgivewhitemilk,dobrowncowsgivechocolatemilk?"2021/5/931Tone語調(diào)Theauthor’sattitude,statedorimplied,towardthesubjectoraudience.

2021/5/932ThetoneofapieceofwritingcanbeFormalIntimateOutspokenReticentAbstruseSimpleSolemnPlayfulAngryLovingSeriousIronic2021/5/933ToneV.S.MoodMood

Theclimateof

feelinginaliterarywork.2021/5/934ToneThechoiceofwordsanddetailscanrevealtheauthor’stone.MoodThechoiceofsetting,objects,details,images,andwordsallcontributetowardscreatingaspecificmood.2021/5/935Eg:Anauthormaycreateamoodofmysteryaroundacharacterorsettingbutmaytreatthatcharacterorsettinginanironic,serious,orhumoroustone.2021/5/936Irony反語法

Somecontrastordiscrepancybetweenappearanceandreality.2021/5/9371.VerbalIrony語辭反諷Apersonsaystheoppositeofwhathemeans.Speakersaysonethingbutmeansanother2021/5/938Eg:“Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatssinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.”(Pride&Prejudice)Intheendthetruthturnsouttobenothingbutcommonplace.Amarveloustimeaboringtime2021/5/9392.SituationalIrony情景反諷

Discrepanciesbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappens.Whathappensistheoppositeofwhat’sexpected.2021/5/940Eg:“The