創(chuàng)意魚骨圖表數(shù)據(jù)PPT模板

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單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題TexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthere單擊此處添加標(biāo)題InsertCausehereInsertCausehereInsertCausehereInsertCausehereInsertCausehereInsertCausehereInsertCausehereInsertCausehere單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Nullavenenatismetusmetus,utconguemiiaculisvel.Vestibuluminenimurna.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Nullavenenatismetusmetus,utconguemiiaculisvel.Vestibuluminenimurna.單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題CauseCauseCauseCauseCauseCauseCauseCause單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題CauseCause單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題單擊此處添加標(biāo)題TexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTexthereTHANKS33PPT模板網(wǎng)-會(huì)員交流群626023731更多精美模板歡迎訪問WWW.33PPT.COM常見即發(fā)輸血不良反應(yīng)1.發(fā)熱反應(yīng)

2.過敏反應(yīng)

3.溶血反應(yīng)一輸血不良反應(yīng)的定義輸血不良反應(yīng)是指在輸血過程中或輸血后，受血者發(fā)生了原來疾病不能解釋的、新的臨床癥狀和體征。輸血不良反應(yīng)中最常見的是輸血免疫反應(yīng)。二輸血不良反應(yīng)的分類1、按發(fā)生的時(shí)間分為:

即發(fā)型輸血反應(yīng)遲發(fā)型輸血反應(yīng)2、按免疫學(xué)分為：免疫性輸血反應(yīng)非免疫性輸血反應(yīng)各種血液成分的輸血不良反應(yīng)及類型

1.不同品種發(fā)生不良反應(yīng)率：白細(xì)胞6.49%；濃縮紅細(xì)胞1.06%；洗滌紅細(xì)胞0.47%；血小板0.4%2.不良反應(yīng)率：發(fā)熱反應(yīng)52.1%（發(fā)生率2.9%

）；過敏反應(yīng)42.6%；溶血反應(yīng)4.5%四常見輸血不良反應(yīng)1.發(fā)熱反應(yīng)2.過敏反應(yīng)3.溶血反應(yīng)4.輸血相關(guān)的急性肺損傷5.輸血后紫癜6.血小板輸注無效7.循環(huán)負(fù)荷過重8.肺微血管栓塞9.輸血相關(guān)性移植物抗宿主病10.細(xì)菌污染性輸血反應(yīng)1.發(fā)熱反應(yīng)

發(fā)熱反應(yīng)：是指在輸全血或血液成分期間或輸血后1~2小時(shí)內(nèi)，體溫升高1℃以上，并以發(fā)熱、寒顫為主要臨床表現(xiàn)一類的輸血反應(yīng)為發(fā)熱反應(yīng)。（1）發(fā)生原因致熱原:一般指引起發(fā)熱反應(yīng)的各種微量物質(zhì)，包括細(xì)菌性熱源、藥物中的雜質(zhì)，非蛋白質(zhì)的有機(jī)或無機(jī)雜質(zhì)、采血器材或輸血器上的殘留變性蛋白質(zhì)等。免疫反應(yīng):大多數(shù)發(fā)熱反應(yīng)與多次輸入HLA（人類白細(xì)胞抗原：HLA-I類分子：內(nèi)源性抗原的遞呈分子HLA-Ⅱ類分子：外源性抗原的遞呈分子)

不相合的白細(xì)胞、血小板有關(guān)。其他反應(yīng)的早期癥狀。1.發(fā)熱反應(yīng)1.發(fā)熱反應(yīng)（2）癥狀與體征 一般在輸血開始15分鐘至2小時(shí)，突然發(fā)熱、畏寒、寒顫、出汗，體溫可高達(dá)38~41℃。此外，其他癥狀尚有惡心、嘔吐、皮膚潮紅，但血壓無改變。持續(xù)少則十幾分鐘，多則1~2小時(shí)，然后可以完全恢復(fù)正常。在全麻狀態(tài)下，發(fā)熱反應(yīng)很少出現(xiàn)。1.發(fā)熱反應(yīng)（3）診斷輸血開始至2小時(shí)以內(nèi)體溫升高1℃以上，并伴有發(fā)熱癥狀。受血者有多次輸血史或妊娠史，既往輸血發(fā)熱反應(yīng)史，或獻(xiàn)血者血清中有HLA、粒細(xì)胞和血小板抗體。應(yīng)同輕癥溶血性輸血反應(yīng)和細(xì)菌污染反應(yīng)相鑒別。1.發(fā)熱反應(yīng)（4）預(yù)防血站：采、輸血器具和制劑的制備過程中做到無致熱原。護(hù)理：采血和輸血應(yīng)嚴(yán)格無菌操作。醫(yī)生：反復(fù)發(fā)生輸血反應(yīng)患者，最好輸少白細(xì)胞的紅細(xì)胞和洗滌紅細(xì)胞。對(duì)于已經(jīng)開始出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱的病人應(yīng)及時(shí)停止輸入。（或者減慢輸入速度，退熱及抗過敏處理，排除溶血等其他嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥，因?yàn)槿苎脑缙诎Y狀也可能只有發(fā)熱。）2.過敏反應(yīng)

過敏反應(yīng)：包括單純性蕁麻疹、血管神經(jīng)性水腫和更嚴(yán)重者出現(xiàn)呼吸障礙、休克等表現(xiàn)。是常見的輸血反應(yīng)之一，其發(fā)生率為3%，占輸血總反應(yīng)率的42.6%。2.過敏反應(yīng)

（1）發(fā)生原因：2次以上接觸致敏原，致使介質(zhì)細(xì)胞脫顆粒。IgA、IgG同種異型抗體、其他免疫球蛋白多聚體等均可作為致敏原使機(jī)體致敏；受血者過敏體質(zhì)；被動(dòng)獲得性抗體。2.過敏反應(yīng)（2）癥狀與體征過敏性輸血反應(yīng)，一般發(fā)生在輸血數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)或輸血后立即發(fā)生。輕度過敏反應(yīng)：全身皮膚瘙癢、皮膚紅斑、蕁麻疹、血管神經(jīng)性水腫（多見于面部）和關(guān)節(jié)痛、血液噬酸性粒細(xì)胞增多。重度過敏反應(yīng)：支氣管痙攣、喉頭水腫、呼吸困難、哮喘、紫紺，更嚴(yán)重的可出現(xiàn)過敏性休克。部分患者可伴有發(fā)熱、寒戰(zhàn)、惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉、腹痛等。2.過敏反應(yīng)（3）預(yù)防有過敏史者，在輸血前半小時(shí)，口服抗組胺類藥物，如苯海拉明、非那根（異丙嗪）或類固醇類藥物。不輸用有過敏史獻(xiàn)血者的血漿（致敏原一般存在于血漿）。對(duì)高危（有抗-IgA或限定特異性抗-IgA抗體的)患者輸血時(shí)，應(yīng)選用洗滌紅細(xì)胞，或缺乏IgA獻(xiàn)血者的血液。2.過敏