英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀80篇

TestOne

Passage1328詞，建議做題時(shí)間：5分鐘

實(shí)際閱讀時(shí)間：_______

Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas"theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea".

Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.

CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogoto

seatofurtherhiswork.

Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersor

otherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalone

toaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatquestion"Whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?'

hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefrom

EuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofileoftheroutetoestimate

thelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.

ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformation

onthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhich

soundingsweretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someof

hisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.

Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearly

attempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinliving

growths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsof

thesea.

Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition,which

lastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationand

analysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin

1895.

I.TheproposaltolayatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericamadeoceanographicstudiestake

on.

[A]anacademicaspect[B]amilitaryaspect

[C]abusinessaspect[D]aninternationalaspect

2.ItwasthataskedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies.

[A]theAmericanNavy

[B]someearlyintercontinentaltravelers

[C]thosewhoearnedalivingfromthesea

[D]thecompanywhichopposedtolayallunderseacable

3.TheamofthevoyagesMaurywasresponsibleorinthe1840swas.

[A]tomakesomesoundingexperimentsintheoceans

[B]tocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimals

[C]toestimatethelengthofcablethatwasneeded

[D]tomeasurethedepthsofthetwooceans

4."Defiedninthe5thparagraphprobablymeans.

[A]doubted[B]gaveproofto[C]challengedD.agreedto

5.Thispassageismainlyabout.

[A]thebeginningsofoceanography[B]thelayingofthefirstunderseacable

[C]theinvestigationofoceandepths[D]theearlyintercontinentalcommunications

Passage2283詞，建議做題時(shí)間：4.5分鐘

實(shí)際閱讀時(shí)間：_______

Normallyastudentmustattendacertainnumberofcoursesinordertograduate,andeachcourse

whichheattendsgiveshimacreMwhichhemaycounttowardsadegree.InmanyAmericanuniversities

thetotalworkforadegreeconsistsofthirty-sixcourseseachlastingforonesemester.Atypicalcourse

consistsofthreeclassesperweekforfifteenweekswhileattendingauniversityastudentwillprobably

attendfourorfivecoursesduringeachsemester.Normallyastudentwouldexpecttotakefouryears

attendingtwosemesterseachyear,itispossibletospreadtheperiodofworkforthedegreeovera

longerperiod.Itisalsopossibleforastudenttomovebetweenoneuniversityandanotherduringhis

degreecourse,thoughthisisnotinfactdoneasaregularpractice.

Foreverycoursethathefollowsastudentisgivenagrade,whichisrecorded,andtherecordis

availableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemployers,Allthisimposesaconstantpressureandstrain

ofwork,butinspiteofthissomestudentsstillfindtimeforgreatactivityinstudentaffairs,Sectionsto

positionsinstudentorganizationsarousemuchenthusiasm.Theeffectiveworkofmaintainingdisciplineis

usuallyperformedbystudentswhoadvisetheacademicauthorities.Anystudentwhoisthoughttohave

brokentherules,forexample,bycheatinghastoappearbeforeastudentcourt.Withtheenormous

numbersofstudents,theoperationofthesystemdoesinvolveacertainamountofactivity.Astudent

whohasheldoneofthesepositionsofauthorityismuchrespectedanditwillbeofbenefittohimlaterin

hiscareer.

6.Normallyastudentwouldatleastattendclasseseachweek.

[A]36[B]12[C]20[D]I5

7.AccordingtothefirstparagraphanAmericanstudentisallowed.

[A]toliveinadifferentuniversity

[B]totakeaparticularcourseinadifferentuniversity

[C]toliveathomeanddrivetoclasses

[D]togettwodegreesfromtwodifferentuniversities

8.Americanuniversitystudentsareusuallyunderpressureofworkbecause.

[A]theiracademicperformancewillaffecttheirfuturecareers

[B]theyareheavilyinvolvedinstudentaffairs

[C]theyhavetoobserveuniversitydiscipline

[D]theywanttorunforpositionsofauthority

9.Somestudentsareenthusiasticforpositionsinstudentorganizationsprobablybecause.

[A]theyhatetheconstantpressureandstrainoftheirstudy

[B]theywillthenbeabletostaylongerintheuniversity

[C]suchpositionshelpthemgetbetterjobs.

[D]suchpositionsareusuallywellpaid

10.Thestudentorganizationsseemtobeeffectivein.

[A]dealingwiththeacademicaffairsoftheuniversity

[B]ensuringthatthestudentsobserveuniversityregulations

[C]evaluatingstudents'performancebybringingthembeforeacourt

[D]keepingupthestudents*enthusiasmforsocialactivities

Passage3317詞，建議做題時(shí)間：5分鐘

實(shí)際閱讀時(shí)間：______

Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit'spainful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,but

Dr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.

Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou're"hot”.That'strue.The

timeofdaywhenyoufellmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak.Forsome

peoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehas

discoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologuesas:"Getup,John!You'llbelatefor

workagain!"ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakin

theevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycycles

mean;andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.

Youcan'tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp,

Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou'resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplateanyway.

Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwantto.Ifyourenergyis

lowinthemorningbutyouhaveunimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,risebeforeyourusualhour.This

won'tchangeyourcycle,butyou'llgetupsteamandworkbetteratyourlowpoint.

Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnandstretch.Stonthe

edgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforclean

clothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonand

savetasksrequiringmore,energyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.

11.Ifapersonfindsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobably.

[A]heisalazyperson

[B]herefusestofollowhisownenergycycle

[C]heisnotsurewhenhisenergyislow

[D]heisathispeakintheafternoonorevening

12.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccordingtothepassage?

[A]Unawarenessofenergycycles.

[B]Familiarmonologues.

[C]Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle.

[D]Attemptstocontroltheenergycycleofotherfamilymembers.

13.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthemorning,heshould.

[A]changehisenergycycle[B]overcomehislaziness

[C]getupearlierthanusual[D]gotobedearlier

14.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill.

[A]helptokeepyourenergyfortheday'swork

[B]helpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyintheday

[C|enableyoutoconcentrateonyourroutinework

[D]keepyourenergycycleundercontrolallday

15.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?

[A]Gettingofftoworkwithaminimumefforthelpssaveone*senergy.

[B]Dr.Kleitrnanexplainswhypeoplereachtheirpeaksatdifferenthoursofday.

[C]Habithelpsapersonadapttohisownenergycycle.

[D]Childrenhaveenergycyclestoo.

Passage4300詞，建議做題時(shí)間：4.5分鐘

實(shí)際閱讀時(shí)間：_______

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeir

knowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinsteaming什巴.-按

能力分班）pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcan

haveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingto

beatthebottomofthetopgrade!

Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyone

aspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,not

justtheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-ability

teachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.

Inourclassroom,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroupsthisgivesthemthe

opportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskills.Theyalsolearnhowtocope

withpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink.Tomakedecision,toanalyzeandevaluate,and

tocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.

Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,and

theycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.

Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemthesk川stheyneedinordertodothis

efficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork;itdoesn'tmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpect

ourpupilstodotheirbest,nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.

16.Inthepassagetheauthor'sattitudetowards“mixed-abilityteaching^^is.

A.criticalB.questioningC.approvingD.objective

17.Byuheldback"(line1)theauthormeans.

[A]madetoremaininthesameclasses[B]forcedtostudyinthelowerclasses

[C]drawntotheirstudied[D]preventedfromadvancing

18.Theauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcernshouldbethedevelopmentofthestudenfs.

[A]personalqualitiesandsocialskills[B]totalpersonality

[C]learningabilityandcommunicativeskills[D]intellectualability

19.Whichofthefollowingsisnotmentionedinthethirdparagraph?

[A]Groupworkgivespupilstheopportunitytolearntoworktogetherwithothers

[B]Groupworklearntodeveloptheirreasoningabilities.

[C|Groupworkprovidespupilswiththeopportunitytolearntobecapableorganizers.

[D]Pupilsalsolearnhowtoparticipateinteachingactivities.

2O.Theauthor*spurposeinwritingthispassageisto.

[A]argueforteachingbrightandnot-so-brightpupilsinthesameclass.

[B]recommendpairworkandgroupworkforclassroomactivities.

[C]offadviceontheproperuseofthelibrary

[D]mphasizetheimportanceofappropriateformalclassroomteaching

Test2

Passage1256詞，建議做題時(shí)間：4分鐘

實(shí)際閱讀時(shí)間：______

Thereisapopularbeliefamongparentsthatschoolsarenolongerinterestedinspelling.NoschoolI

havetaughtinhaseverignoredspellingorconsidereditunimportantasabasicskill.Thereare,however,

vastlydifferentideasabouthowtoteachit,orhowmuchpriorityitmustbegivenovergenerallanguage

developmentandwritingability.Theproblemis,howtoencourageachildtoexpresshimselffreelyand

confidentlyinwritingwithoutholdinghimbackwiththecomplexitiesofspelling?

Ifspellingbecomestheonlyfocalpointofhisteacher'sinterest,clearlyabrightchildwillbelikelyto

"playsafe".Hewilltendtowriteonlywordswithinhisspellingrange,choosingtoavoidadventurous

language.That'swhyteachersoftenencouragetheearlyuseofdictionariesandpayattentiontocontent

ratherthantechnicalability.

Iwasonceshockedtoreadonthebottomofasensitivepieceofwritingaboutapersonalexperience:

"Thisworkisterrible!Therearefartoomanyspellingerrorsandyourwritingisillegible."Itmayhave

beenasharpcriticismofthepupil'stechnicalabilitiesinwriting,butitwasalsoasadreflectiononthe

teacherwhohadomittedtoreadtheessay,whichcontainedsomebeautifulexpressionofthechild'sdeep

feelings.Theteacherwasnotwrongtodrawattentiontotheerror,butifhisprioritieshadcenteredon

thechild'sideas,anexpressionofhisdisappointmentwiththepresentationwouldhavegiventhepupil

moremotivationtoseekimprovement.

1.Teachersdifferintheiropinionsabout.

[A]thedifficultiesinteachingspelling

[B]theroleofspellingingenerallanguagedevelopment

[C]thecomplexitiesofthebasicwritingskills

[D]thenecessityofteachingspelling

2.Theexpression“playsafe"probablymeans.

[A]towritecarefully[B]todoasteacherssay

[C]tousedictionariesfrequently[D]toavoidusingwordsoneisnotsureof

3.Teachersencouragetheuseofdictionariessothat.

[A]studentsw川beabletoexpresstheirideasmorefeely

[B]teacherswillhavelesstrebleincorrectingmistakes

[C]studentswillhavemoreconfidenceinwriting

[D]studentswilllearntobeindependentofteachers.

4.Thewriterseemstothinkthattheteacher'sjudgmentonthatsensitivepieceofwritingis.

[A]reasonable[B]unfair[C]foolish[D]careless

5.Themajorpointdiscussedinthepassageis.

[A]theimportanceofdevelopingwritingsk川s

[B]thecomplexitiesofspelling

[C]thecorrectwayofmarkingcompositions

[D]therelationshipbetweenspellingandthecontentofcomposition

Passage2249詞，建議做題時(shí)間：4分鐘

實(shí)際閱讀時(shí)間：______

AbreakthroughintheprovisionofenergyfromthesunfortheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(BEC)

couldbebroughtforeyardbyuptotwodecades,if"amodestincreasecouldbeprovidedintheEECs

researcheffortinthisfield,accordingtotheseniorEECscientistsengagedinexperimentsinsolarenergy

atEECsscientificlaboratoriesatIspra,nearMilan.

TheseniorWestGermanscientistinchargeoftheCommunity'ssolarenergyprogram,Mr.Joachim

Cretz,toldjournaliststhatatpresentlevelsofresearchspendingitwasmostunlikelythatsolarenergy

wouldprovideasmuchasthreepercentoftheCommunit/senergyrequirementsevenaftertheyear

2000.Butthesaidthatwithamodestincreaseinthepresentsums,devotedbytheEECtothisworkit

waspossiblethatthebreakthroughcouldbeachievedbytheendofthenextdecade.

Mr.GretzcalculatesthatifsolarenergyonlyprovidedthreepercentoftheEECsneeds,thiscould

stillproduceasavingofaboutabillionpoundsinthepresent,illforimportedenergyeachyear.Andhe

believesthatwiththepossibilityofutilizingmoreadvancedtechnologyinthisfielditmightbepossibleto

satisfyamuchbiggershareoftheCommunity'sfutureenergyneeds.

AtpresenttheEECspendsabout$2.6millionsayearonsolarresearchatIspra,oneoftheEECs

officialjointresearchcenters,andanother$3millionsayearinindirect,researchwithuniversitiesand

otherindependentbodies.

6.Thephrase"bebroughtforward"(Line2,Para.1)mostprobablymeans"

[A]beexpected[B]becompleted[C]beadvanced[D]beintroduced

7.Somescientistsbelievethatabreakthroughintheuseofsolarenergydependson.

[A]sufficientfunding[B]furtherexperiments

[C]advancedtechnology[D]well-equippedlaboratories

8.AccordingtoMr.Gretz,thepresentsumofmoneywillenablethescientiststoprovide.

[A]morethan3%oftheEECsneedsaftertheyear2000

[B]only3%oftheEECsneedsbeforetheyear2000

[C]lessthan3%oftheEECsneedsbeforetheyear2000

[D]3%oftheEECsneedsbeforetheyear2000

9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

[A]TheEECspendsonebillionneedsonimportedenergyeachyear.

[B]Atthepresentlevelofresearchspending,itisdifficulttomakeanysignificantprogressinthe

provisionofenergyfromthesun.

[C]Thedesiredbreakthroughcouldbeobtainedbytheendofthenextdecadeifinvestmentwere

increased.

[D]ThetotalyearlyspendingoftheEEConsolarenergyresearchamountedtoalmost6million.

10.Theapplicationofadvancedtechnologytoresearchinsolarenergy.

[A]wouldleadtoabigincreaseinresearchfunding

[B]wouldmakeitunnecessarytoimportoil

[C]wouldmakeitpossibletomeetthefutureenergyneedsoftheEEC

[D]wouldprovideamuchgreaterproportionoftheCommunity'sfutureenergyneeds

Passage3236詞，建議做題時(shí)間：4分鐘

實(shí)際閱讀時(shí)間：______

Justsevenyearsago,theJarvik-7artificialheartwasbeingcheeredasthemodelofhuman

creativeness.ThesightofBarneyQark-aliveandconsciousaftertradinghisdiseasedheartfora

metal-and-plasticpump-convincedthepress,thepublicandmanydoctorsthatthefuturehadarrived.It

hadn*t.AftermonitoringproductionoftheJarvik-7,andreviewingitseffectsonthe150orsopatients

(mostofwhomgotthedeviceasatemporarymeasure),theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration

concludedthatthemachinewasdoingmoretoendangerlivesthantosavethem.Lastweektheagency

cancelleditsearlierapproval,effectivelybanningthedevice.

TherecallmayhurtSymbionInc.,makeroftheJarvik-7,butitwon'tendtherequestforanartificial

heart.Oneproblemwiththebannedmodeisthatthetubesconnectingittoanexternalpowersource

createdapassageforinfection.Inventorsarenowworkingonnewdevicesthatwouldbefullyplaced,

alongwithatinypowerpack,inthepatient'schest.Thefirstsampleproductsaren'texpectedforanother

10or20years.Butsomepeoplearealreadyworryingthatthey'llwork-andthatAmerica's

overextendedhealth-careprogramswillloseaprecious$2.5billionto$5billionayearprovidingthemfor

arelativelyfewdyingpatients.Ifsuchexpenditurescutintofundingformorebasiccare,theneteffect

couldactuallybeadeclineinthenation'shealth.

11.AccordingtothepassagetheJarvik-7artificialheartprovedtobe.

[A]atechnicalfailure[B]atechnicalwonder

[C]agoodlife-saver[D]aneffectivemeanstotreatheartdisease

12.FromthePassageweknowthatSymbionInc..

[A]hasbeenbannedbythegovernmentfromproducingartificialhearts

[B]w川reviewtheeffectsofartificialheartsbeforedesigningnewmodels

[C]maycontinuetoworkonnewmodelsofreliableartificialhearts

[D]canmakenewmodelsofartificialheartsavailableonthemarketin10to20years

13.Thenewmodelsofartificialheartsareexpected.

[A]tohaveaworkinglifeof10or20years

[B]tobesetfullyinthepatient'schest

[C]tobeequippedwithanexternalpowerSource

[D]tocreateanewpassageforinfection

14.Theword4,them^^inline9,para.2refersto.

[A]doctorswhotreatheartdiseases[B]makersofartificialhear

[C]America'shealth-careprograms[D]newmodelofartificialhearts

15.Somepeoplefeelthat.

[A]artificialheartsareseldomeffective

[B]thecountryshouldnotspendsomuchmoneyonartificialhearts

[C]thecountryisnotspendingenoughmoneyonartificialhearts

[D]America'shealth-careprogramsarenotdoingenoughforthenation'shealth

Passage4298詞，建議做題時(shí)間：4.5分鐘

實(shí)際閱讀時(shí)間：________

Arapidmeansoflong-distancetransportationbecameanecessityfortheUnitedStatesassettlement

spreadeverfartherwestward.Theearlytrainswereimpracticalcuriosities,andforalongtimethe

railroadcompaniesmetwithtroublesomemechanicalproblems.Themostseriousoneswerethe

constructionofrailsabletobeartheload,andthedevelopmentofasafe,effectivestoppingsystem.Once

theseweresolved,therailroadwasestablishedasthebestmeansoflandtransportation.By1860there

werethousandsofmilesofrailroadscrossingtheeasternmountainrangesandreachingwestwardtothe

Mississippi.Therewerealsoregionalsouthernandwesternlines.

Thehighpointinrailroadbuildingcamewiththeconstructionofthefirsttranscontinentalsystem.In

1862CongressauthorizedtwowesternrailroadcompaniestobuildlinesfromNebraskawestwardand

fromCaliforniaeastwardtoameetingpoint,soastocompleteatranscontinentalcrossinglinkingthe

AtlanticseaboardwiththePacific.TheGovernmenthelpedtherailroadsgenerouslywithmoneyandland.

Actualworkonthisprojectbeganforyearslater.TheCentralPacificCompany,startingfromCalifornia,

usedChineselabor,whiletheUnionPacificemployedcrewsofIrishlaborers.Thetwogroupsworkedat

remarkableSpeed,eachtryingtocoveragreaterdistancethantheother.In1869theymetataplace

calledPromontoryinwhatisnowthestateofUtah,manyvisitorscamethereforthegreatoccasion.

Therewerejoyous

celebrationsalloverthecountry,withparadesandtheringingofchurchbellstohonorthegreat

achievement.

Therailroadwasveryimportantinencouragingwestwardmovement.Italsohelpedbuildup

industryandfarmingbymovingrawmaterialsandbydistributingproductsrapidlytodistantmarkets.In

linkingtownsandpeopletooneanotherithelpedunifytheUnitedStates.

16.ThemajorproblemswithAmerica'srailroadsysteminthemid19thcenturylayin.

[A]poorqualityrailsandunreliablestoppingsystems

[B]lackoffinancialsupportofdevelopment

[C]limitedrailroadlines

[D]lackofatranscontinentalrailroad

17.Thebuildingofthefirsttranscontinentalsystem.

[A]broughtaboutarapidgrowthofindustryandfanninginthewest

[B]attractedmanyvisitorstotheconstructionsites

[C]attractedlaborersfromEurope

[D]encouragedpeopletotravelalloverthecountry

18.Thebesttitlefromthispassagewouldbe.

[A]SettlementsSpreadWestward

[B]TheCoast-to-CoastRailroad:AVitalLink

[C|AmericanRailroadHistory

[D]TheImportanceofTrainsintheAmericanEconomy

19.Theconstructionofthetranscontinentalrailroadtook.

[A]9years[B]7years[C]4years[D]3years

20.Whatmostlikelymadepeoplethinkaboutatranscontinentalrailroad?

[A]Thepossibilityofgovernmentsupportforsuchatask.

[B]TheneedtoexploreUtah.

[C]Theneedtoconnecttheeastcoastwiththewest.

[D]Theneedtodeveloptherailroadindustryinthewest

Test3

Passage1237詞，建議做題時(shí)間：3.5分鐘

實(shí)際閱讀時(shí)間：________

NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursing

shortage,hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.

AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientand

constructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotional

state.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthe,patient'sillnessbutwhichalsoincludeseverything

elsethatisnecessary.

Theprimarynursestayswiththepatientthroughhishospitalization,keepingtrackwithhisprogress

andseekingfurtheradvicefromhisdoctor.IfapatientatBethIsraelisnotrespondingtotreatment,itis

notuncommonforhisnursetoproposeanotherapproachtohisdoctor.WhatthedoctoratBethIsrael

hasintheprimarynurseisatruecolleague.

NursingatBethIsraelalsoinvolvesadecentralizednursingadministration;everyfloor,everyunitisa

self-containedorganization.Therearenurse-managersinsteadofheadnurses;inadditiontotheirmedical

dutiestheydoalltheirownhiringanddismissing,employeeadvising,andtheymakesalary

recommendation.Eachunit'snursesdecideamongthemselveswhowillworkwhatshiftsandwhen.

BethIsrael'snurse-in-chiefranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.Shealsoisa

memberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommittee,whichinmost