金榜名師推薦2015年高考英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)備考集錦專題語法

代詞要點概述代詞是代替名詞或起名詞作用的短語、句子的詞。代詞根據(jù)其意思和用法可分為八類：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞、關(guān)系代詞。人稱代詞的常見用法1．人稱代詞的排序單數(shù)二、三、一(you,

he

and

I),但承擔(dān)責(zé)任時詞序為一、二、三(I，you

and

he)。例如：I，you

and

he

should

answer

for

the

accident.復(fù)數(shù)一、二、三(we，youandthey)。其中“一”表示第一人稱；“二”表示第二人稱；“三”表示第三人稱。2．人稱代詞的格(1)在無動詞分句中，人稱代詞通常用其賓格。例如：①

—Who

can

name

two

pronouns?—Who?

Me?②

—I’m

going

to

spend

the

weekend

in

the

countryside.—Me，too.人稱代詞作表語時，多用賓格。例如：

This

is

him，and

that

is

me.在強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中，被強調(diào)的如果是人稱代詞，代詞的格一般取決于被強調(diào)的部分在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)木浞ㄗ饔谩＠纾篒t

was

I

that

(who)

carried

the

boy

to

safety.(“我”在從句中作主語，故用主格人稱代詞I。)在比較狀語從句中，人稱代詞的格取決于話語的深層結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較：He

helped

me

more

often

than

she

(did)．He

helped

me

more

often

than

(he

did)

her.3．人稱代詞的類指用法人稱代詞能夠表示類指，即泛指一般的人或事物。we和you表示類指時，泛指一般人，包括聽說雙方在內(nèi)。例如：Think

before

you

act.三思而后行。they表示類指時，一般指有關(guān)方面，不包括聽說雙方在內(nèi)。例如：I

don’t

think

they

will

raise

the

price

of

oil.it

表示類指時，一般泛指不可數(shù)的事物。例如：I

like

football，but

I

don’t

want

to

play

it.4．陰性代詞she，her

的用法陰性代詞she，her

可用來指代“國家、車、船、飛機”等物，以示親切，但應(yīng)注意不要濫用。指示代詞（this,

that,these,

those）(1)

this常指后面要講到的事物，有啟下的作用；

that則指前面講到過的事物，有承上的作用。I

want

to

tell

you

this:

the

English

party

will

be

held

thisFriday

evening.He

hurt

his

leg

yesterday.

That’s

why

he

didn’t

come.為了避免重復(fù)，常用that或those代替前面已提過的名詞。The

weather

of

Beijing

is

colder

than

that

of

Nanjing.The

ears

of

a

rabbit

are

longer

than

those

of

a

fox.用this在電話用語中作自我介紹，用that詢問對方。Hello.

This

is

Jim.

Is

that

John?this和that可以當(dāng)副詞用，意思相當(dāng)于副詞so。Is

he

always

this

busy?He’d

like

to

get

that

big

a

car.替代詞的用法1．名詞性替代——替代詞one，it

與that

的用法

one：指代可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones；表示泛指，亦即指同一類中的任何一個，特指時須在one

前加上定冠詞the；one

前一般不加定冠詞，但one

被形容詞修飾后反之。

it：指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)形式為they/them；指代前面提到過的事物，亦即“同一個”。that：指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)形式為those；表示特指。例如：I’ve

lost

my

pen.I

can’t

find

it

anywhere.

I’m

going

tobuy

a

new

one.The

weather

in

Beijing

is

much

colder

than

that

in

Nanjing.2．動詞性替代——代詞so

和it

與代動詞do

的連用代詞so

和it可以接在代動詞do

之后，表示一個已經(jīng)完成了的行為。do

可以替代前面出現(xiàn)了的主動詞，也可以替代動詞和動詞后面的賓語或狀語等成分。例如：—Please

tell

him

to

come

on

time.—I

have

done

so

(it)．(＝I

have

told

him

to

come

on

time.)do

so

相對比較正式一點，在非正式的說法中，通常說do和do

it，或者將do

it

中的it

換用為this或that。例如：①—I

hope

you

had

a

good

time

at

the

party.—Yes，I

did.

Thanks.②—I

haven’t

got

time

to

get

the

tickets.—Who’s

going

to

do

it

(that)？(由于這段對話太口語化，所以這里不宜說：Who’s

going

to

do

so？)特別提醒：如果替代的是前面的“動詞＋狀語”結(jié)構(gòu)，一般用doso或do，而不能用doit。后者主要替代“動詞＋賓語”的結(jié)構(gòu)。3．分句性替代——分句替代詞so

和not

的用法so

和not

常接在某些語氣較為委婉的動詞之后，以替代

that

從句。這樣的動詞有：believe，think，hope，expect，suppose，imagine，say，hear，guess，beafraid等。so表示肯定。例如：—Is

there

going

to

be

a

film

tonight?—I

think

so.(＝I

think

there

is

going

to

be

a

film

tonight.)如果要對前句的內(nèi)容進行否定，則可采用下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)don’t＋believe/think/expect/suppose＋so。例如：—He

will

fail

in

the

entrance

exam.—No，I

don’t

believe

so.

(＝I

don’t

believe

he

will

fail

inthe

entrance

exam.)(2)believe，think，expect，suppose，hope，hear，beafraid＋not。例如：①—Do

you

think

it’s

going

to

rain

over

the

weekend?—I

believe

not.②—I

wonder

if

he

met

with

the

accident.—I

think

not

and

I

hope

not.特別提醒：上述動詞中believe，think，expect，suppose

等可以有兩種否定形式，而有些動詞只能有一種否定形式。例如：

I

hope

not.(不能說：I

don’t

hope

so.)I’m

afraid

not.(不能說：I’m

not

afraid

so.)此外，初學(xué)者還容易出現(xiàn)下列典型錯誤：①—Do

you

think

we’ll

have

terrible

weather?—No，I

don’t

believe

it.

(替代上面的分句，it

應(yīng)改為so)②—Will

he

agree

with

us?—Yes，I

think.

(think

后應(yīng)接分句替代詞so，否則意思不明)③—Are

you

going

to

watch

the

game?—I’m

sure

so，for

it

promises

to

be

a

close

one.(應(yīng)將so

改為Iwill，因為besure的語氣并不委婉，其后不能接分句替代詞)另外，so

和not

還可以用在if

后面，以避免重復(fù)前文。例如：①—Are

you

free

this

evening?

If

so，come

and

join

us

in

thedance.(不說If

you

are

free...)②—I

may

join

you

in

the

dance.

If

not，I’ll

telephone

you.it的用法可表示時間、距離、度量衡、自然現(xiàn)象等。

It’s

too

late

to

go

to

the

cinema.It

is

a

half

hour’s

walk

to

the

factory.作為人稱代詞，可指動物或無生命的東西，也可指代性別不明的小孩或未知的人，或在電話用語中指自己一方的人。It’s

a

book.—Is

that

Tom

speaking?—

No,

it

isn’t

.

This

is

Jack

speaking.The

bell

is

ringing;

please

go

and

see

who

it

is.指代前面的名詞或前面提到的事。He

is

weak

at

listening

and

he

has

realized

it.作為形式主語It’s

possible

to

finish

the

work

in

two

hours.It

is

a

pity

that

he

should

fail

the

exam.It’s

no

use

talking

with

him

about

the

matter.It’s

said

that

he

had

been

to

London.（5）作為形式賓語I

found

it

difficult

to

finish

the

work

today.I

consider

it

no

good

playing

computer

games.Mother

hates

it

when

someone

talks

with

his

mouth

full.（6）用于強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It

is/

was…that

(who)…It

was

Tom

that/

who

I

met

in

the

park

yesterday.It

was

I

who/

that

met

Tom

in

the

park

yesterday.It

was

in

the

park

that

I

met

Tom

yesterday.It

was

yesterday

that

I

met

Tom

in

the

park.Where

was

it

that

he

met

Tom?I

wonder

where

it

was

that

he

met

Tom.（7）用于一些固定句型It’s

(high/about)

time

that

sb.

did

sth.It’s

(was)

the

first/second/…

time

that

sb.has

(had)

done

sth.It

is/was/

has

been+時間段+since

從句(一般過去時、過去完成時)It

will

be/

was+時間段+before

從句(一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時)It

seems/appears/happens

/…+that

從句（8）用于一些固定短語成功做到事實上/原樣似乎是別緊張，放輕松make

itas

it

isas

it

weretake

it

easythat’s

it對了keep

at

it不放棄幾個主要概括代詞的含義及用法1．both：意為“兩者都”，作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

either：意為“(兩者之中)任何一個”，作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。neither：意為“(兩者之中)任何一個都不”，作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。2．a(chǎn)ny：意為“任何一個(幾個)”，作主語時謂語須根據(jù)實際意義而定。例如：Point

out

the

mistakes

in

the

compositions，if

there

are

any.(any

指代可數(shù)名詞mistakes，故謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。)3．a(chǎn)ll：意為“所有的人或物(三者以上)”，作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。all還可作“一切”講，作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：All

are

silent.誰都不出聲。

All

is

silent.萬籟俱寂。none：“(三者以上)一個也沒有”，作主語時謂語動詞用單復(fù)數(shù)均可。例如：They

are

all

very

tired，but

none

of

them

have

/has

stoppedto

take

a

rest.特別提醒：both

和all作主語同位語時，一般置于行為動詞之前，助動詞、情態(tài)動詞和系動詞be

之后，但在句末或在簡短的回答中，則要放在助動詞和情態(tài)動詞之前。例如：①—Are

you

ready?—Yes，we

both

are./Yes，we

all

are.②—Have

you

finished?—Yes，we

both

have./Yes，we

all

have.③—Can

you

see

it?—Yes，weboth

can./Yes，we

all

can.④How

silly

you

all

are!4．each：意為“(兩者或兩者以上)每一個”，作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。而every

不用作代詞，故every

不可用作主語，也不能用of

短語的修飾。幾個主要不定代詞的含義及用法1．someone

后的代詞分別用he，his，him；everyone，anyone，none

后的代詞可分別用he，his，him，也可分別用they，their，them；one

后的物主代詞一般用one’s，但重復(fù)兩次時則用his；one

of后的物主代詞一般用his；each后的代詞可分別用he，his，him。2．someone，anyone，everyone，no

one

僅指人，不接of