中級微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(教學(xué)課件)35-公物品2

中級微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(課件)35公共物品服從真理，就能征服一切事物Chapterthirty-FivePublicgoods公共物品Structure◆DefinitionoWhentoprovideapublicgoodEfficientprovisionPrivateprovision:free-ridingVariablequantitiesofpublicgoodEfficientamountFree-ridingproblemHowtoprovidepublicgoods?◆Demandreve|ationPublicgoods--Definition.agoodispurelypublicifitisbothnonexcludable(非排他性)andnonriva(非爭性)inconsumptionNonexcludable-allconsumerscanconsumethegood.Nonrival-eachconsumercanconsumeallofthegoodPublicgoods-ExamplesBroadcastradioandTvprograms.◆Nationaldefense◆PublichighwaysReductionsinairpollution◆Nationalparks.Reservationprices+Aconsumer'sreservationpriceforaunitofagoodishismaximumwillingness-to-payforit.◆Consumerswealthish◆Utilityofnothavingthegoodisu(形,0)Reservationprices+Aconsumer'sreservationpriceforaunitofagoodishismaximumwillingness-to-payforit.◆Consumerswealthisw4UtilityofnothavingthegoodisU(w,0)UtilityofpayingpforthegoodisU(-p,1)Reservationprices+Aconsumer'sreservationpriceforaunitofagoodishismaximumwillingness-to-payforit.◆Consumerswealthisw4UtilityofnothavingthegoodisU(w,0)UtilityofpayingpforthegoodisU(-p,1)oReservationpricerisdefinedbyU(v,0)=U/(-r,1)ReservationPrices:AnexampleConsumersutilityisU(1,x2)=x1x2+1)Utilityofnotbuyingaunitofgood2isU(,0)=w(0+1)=wUtilityofbuyingoneunitofgood2atpricepisU(w-p,1)=(w-p)(1+1)=2(W-p)ReservationPrices;AnExampleReservationpricerisdefinedbyU(w,0)=U(w-r,1)l.e.byWhenShouldaPublicgoodBerovided?PoOneunitofthegoodcostsc+TwoconsumersaandBIndividualpaymentsforprovidingthepublicgoodaregaandgB◆gA+gB≥cifthegoodistobeprovided66、節(jié)制使快樂增加并使享受加強(qiáng)。——德謨克利特

67、今天應(yīng)做的事沒有做，明天再早也是耽誤了。