環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)23464課件

環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)23464環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)23464環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)23464ReviewoftheLastLesson22020/12/1ReviewoftheLastLesson2020/12/12ReviewoftheLastLessonUniqueData獨(dú)特的數(shù)據(jù)Quality質(zhì)量UniqueData數(shù)據(jù)的獨(dú)特性保證了其權(quán)威性和受歡迎度Wehavebeencapturing,unifyingandstandardising（收集、統(tǒng)一、規(guī)范）

AuthorCitedReferencesover55years,andthisallowsuniquemethodsofdiscoverysimplynotpossibleinanyotherliteraturedatabase.Diversity廣度Depth深度CharacteristicsofSCIUniquecapabilities2020/12/13ReviewoftheLastLesson例如：某期刊2008年影響因子的計(jì)算本刊2007年的文章在2008年的被引次數(shù)：50;本刊2007年的發(fā)文量：100.本刊2006年的文章在2008年的被引次數(shù)：100;本刊2006年的發(fā)文量：100.Impactfactor本刊2006-2007的文章在2008年的被引次數(shù)總計(jì)：150本刊2003-2004年的發(fā)文量總計(jì)：200本刊2005年的影響因子：0.75=150÷200Journalswithhigherimpactfactorsseemedtobemoreimportantthanthosewithlowerones2020/12/14ReviewoftheLastLessonImmediacyIndexAnimmediacyindexisameasureofhowtopicalandurgentworkpublishedinascientificjournalis.Theimmediacyindexiscalculatedbasedonthepaperspublishedinajournalinasinglecalendaryear.Forexample,the2005immediacyindexforajournalwouldbecalculatedasfollows:2005

immediacyindex

=

A/B2020/12/152.SCIinChina

上世紀(jì)80年代末，南京大學(xué)率先將SCI引入中國(guó)的科研評(píng)價(jià)體系。TheHistoryPresentSituation2008年，中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)信息研究所公布的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示：2007年，SCI收錄的中國(guó)科技論文數(shù)達(dá)94800篇，比2006年增長(zhǎng)33.5%，占世界份額的7.5%，排在世界第三位，僅處于美國(guó)和英國(guó)之后。2003年至2013年（截至2013年9月1日），我國(guó)科技人員發(fā)表的國(guó)際科技論文共被引用709.88萬(wàn)次，比上年度統(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí)提升1位，排在世界第5位。ReviewoftheLastLesson2020/12/16PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex3.MeritsandMistakes從一定程度上使得科研資助更加客觀、公平，提高了我國(guó)高校的學(xué)術(shù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，促進(jìn)了我國(guó)科研事業(yè)的發(fā)展—曲欽岳SCI成了StupidChineseIdea（愚蠢的中國(guó)式觀念）--李國(guó)杰院士PositiveaspectNegativeaspect誰(shuí)來(lái)決定中國(guó)基礎(chǔ)研究方向--蔡睿賢院士一定要看發(fā)表文章數(shù)量、一定要看排名先后的科研評(píng)價(jià)體系，已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重阻礙了科技工作者的成長(zhǎng)，過(guò)于苛刻的量化考核指標(biāo)讓他們無(wú)法正常進(jìn)行科研--陳宜瑜院士（前國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金委員會(huì)主任）2020/12/17PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex3.HowtomakeuseofSCI？WebofScience1997年，美國(guó)ThomsonScientific（湯姆森科技信息集團(tuán)）基于WEB的開(kāi)放環(huán)境，將SCI，SSCI，AHCI整合，創(chuàng)建了網(wǎng)絡(luò)版的多學(xué)科文摘數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)－－WebofScience2020/12/18PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex3.HowtomakeuseofSCI？WebofScience2020/12/19PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexWebofScience2020/12/110PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex選擇檢索方式檢索途徑選擇入庫(kù)時(shí)間設(shè)置選擇引文庫(kù)2020/12/111SCI作者檢索作者的寫法：姓在前，名在后，姓用全稱，名用縮寫中國(guó)：宋榮方——SongRF楊庚——YangG國(guó)外：JamesC.Smith

——SmithJC高橋悟(Takahashi,Satoru)

——TakahashiSPartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexSCI地址檢索FujianAgr&ForestryUniv

2020/12/112Eg.1農(nóng)大SCI情況PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/113PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/114Eg.2王果教授SCI情況PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/115PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexEg.2王果教授SCI情況2020/12/116PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex-------EI2020/12/117PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex1.WhatisEI?Fullname（全稱）

TheEngineeringIndex

Chinesename（中文名稱）

工程索引Publishingagency（出版機(jī)構(gòu)）EngineeringinformationInc.（美國(guó)工程信息公司，1884）EngineeringInformation(Ei)istheleaderinprovidingonlineinformation,knowledgeandsupporttoengineeringresearchers.ThroughourflagshipplatformEngineeringVillage,weprovideinformationresearchtoolsspecificallyfocusedonthecontentandintelligencethatengineeringresearchersneedtostayinformedandup-to-dateonthelatestinformationintheirfield.2020/12/118PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2.AboutEI5600多種期刊、行業(yè)雜志、會(huì)議錄(22%)和技術(shù)報(bào)告的參考資料及摘要；1100萬(wàn)項(xiàng)記錄（1969年至今）；每年新增65萬(wàn)項(xiàng)記錄；每周更新，增加1.25萬(wàn)筆新文獻(xiàn)信息；工程索引過(guò)刊：1884-1968年(超過(guò)170萬(wàn)項(xiàng)記錄)；90%的文獻(xiàn)語(yǔ)種是英文,1992年開(kāi)始收錄中國(guó)期刊2009年，核心庫(kù)與非核心庫(kù)的合并使得收錄的中文期刊大大減少。2013年再次更新了期刊源列表，又進(jìn)行了一定程度的增刪。2020/12/119PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexSubjectinvolved

（涉及學(xué)科）IEEE/IEEElectronicLibrary(IEL)美國(guó)電氣電子工程師學(xué)會(huì)(IEEE)和英國(guó)電氣工程師學(xué)會(huì)(IEE)全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)22個(gè)學(xué)科242種期刊每周增加5,800篇最新文獻(xiàn)Knovel17個(gè)主題23個(gè)學(xué)科BiotechnologyandBioengineeringAbstracts(1982-)--生物技術(shù)和生物工程文摘數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CSA)7個(gè)領(lǐng)域SPIEDigitalLibrary--國(guó)際光學(xué)工程學(xué)會(huì)期刊及會(huì)議錄9個(gè)領(lǐng)域ASABEJournal美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生物工程師學(xué)會(huì)7個(gè)領(lǐng)域ASMEDigitalLibrary美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師學(xué)會(huì)8

個(gè)領(lǐng)域與工程領(lǐng)域相關(guān)的主要數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)EI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)：190個(gè)應(yīng)用科學(xué)和工程類別最詳盡的工程文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)2020/12/120PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/121PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex2020/12/122PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndex----ChineseCitationIndex2020/12/123CSCD中文核心普通期刊PartⅠTheMajorCitationIndexChineseCitationIndex2020/12/124PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering2020/12/1251.BackgroundtoEnvironmentSciencePartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringScienceandtechnologyconstituteaprimaryproductiveforce.ScienceSocialScienceNatureScienceThesocialsciencedealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes(群落，部落),communities(社區(qū)),races(種族),andnations.Thenaturesiencedealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Itincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.2020/12/1262.Whatisthebookabout?PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringTheobjectiveDescriptionofenvironmentalTheobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinarystudyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem.TheprimarycoverageInformationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances(困擾)Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem2020/12/127PartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringTheprimarycoverageCurrentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater,airandpollutionproblemsConsiderablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnatureManyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsociety’slackofwilltodoso,orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso.2020/12/1283.SomeDefinitionsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEnvironmentalEnvironmentalisthephysicalandbiotichabitat(棲息地)whichsurroundsus;thatwhichwecansee,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing,thewordenvironmentbroadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial,ecnomic,andculturalaspects.Systemisasetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;as,asolarsystem,irrigationsystem,watersupplysystem,theworldoruniverse.System2020/12/1293.SomeDefinitionsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEngineeringEngineeringisaprofession(職業(yè)、專業(yè))thatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties(特性)

ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.Pollution2020/12/1303.SomeDefinitionsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEnvironmentalengineeringismanifest(顯示，表明)bysoundEngineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofEnvironmentalsanitation,notably(尤其)intheprovisionofsafe,palatable(可口的),andample(足夠)publicwatersupples;theproperdisposaloforrecycleofwasterwaterandsolidwastes;theadequatedrainageofurbanandruralareasforpropersanitation;andthecontrolofwater,soil,andatmosphericpollution,andthesocialandenvironmentalimpactofthesesolutions.EnvironmentalengineeringFurthermoreitisconcernedwithengineeringproblemsonthefieldofpublichealth.2020/12/1313.InteractionofsystemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringManyofenvironmentalproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofwater,air,orlandsystems,justifying(證明，為……作出解釋)thebreakdown(分解)intothesecategories.Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehension(理解)ofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem.Moreover,itissensiblebecause,formanagerandadministrativereasons,suchsubfields(子域)asairpollution,watersupply,wastewaterdisposal,andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies.2020/12/1323.InteractionofsystemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringUnfortunately,manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfined(局限于)toanair,water,orlandsystem,butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems.Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfrom

(根源)theemission(排放)ofsulfurdioxide

(二氧化硫)

andnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacks(煙囪)

ofgeneratingstations(發(fā)電廠),smelters(熔爐),andautomobileexhausts

(汽車尾氣)

。Thesegasesarethentransportedbyaircurrents(氣流)

overwideregions.Rainfall“washesthemout”,creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife(水生生物),forests,andagriculturalcrops.2020/12/1334.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringManymajorimprovementstoourstandardoflivingcanbeattributedtotheapplicationofscienceandtechnology.Withtheseimprovements,however,havecomedisturbingsideeffects,suchaslostarableland

(耕地),disappearingforests,environmentalpollution,andneworganismsresistanttocontrols

(微生物滋長(zhǎng)).Environmentalproblemsarealwaysinterrelated.Sometimesasolutiontooneproblemactuallycreatesanotherproblem.2020/12/1344.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringForexample,whenpeoplearesickanddyingfromdisease,itisnaturaltowanttoimprovehumanhealth.Whenhealthisimprovedandinfantmortality(嬰兒死亡率)isreduced,apopulationexplosionmayresult.Tofeedthisgrowingpollution,naturalhabitats

(自然棲息地)areoftendestroyedbyturningthemintofarmland.Asnaturalhabitatsaredestroyed,thewildplants,predatoryanimals(食肉動(dòng)物),andparasites(寄生生物)thatoncelivedtherearekilledaswell.2020/12/1354.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringBecauseofthelackofpredatorsandparasites,outbreaksofinsectpests

(害蟲(chóng))becomemorecommon.Farmersusepesticides(農(nóng)藥)tocontrolthepestsandprotectthecrops,butintheprocesstheenvironmentbecomespolluted.Thedevelopmentofthisentire(整個(gè)的)cycleinitselfconsumesfossilfuel(化石燃料)

suppliesthatarebecomingscarce.Inaddition,whenfuelsareburned,airpollutantsaregenerated.2020/12/1364.EnvironmentalProblemsPartⅡIntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringHowdoesapersonbegintostudysuchanetworkofinterlocking(相關(guān)聯(lián)的)problems?Tomakethetask(工作、任務(wù))abitmoremanageable,weshouldrecognizewhatenvironmentalproblemspeopleareupagainst.Whatenvironmentalproblemsarepeopleupagainst？OverpopulationPollutionDepletionofResourcesChangesintheGlobalConditionTheWar2020/12/137專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2020/12/138專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論范文：AerobicTreatment Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste. Aerobicbacteriaarelikehumansinthattheyrequireoxygentosurviveandthrive.Thisistheprimarydifferencebetweenaerobicsystemsandsepticsystems,yousee.Septicsystemsdependonmuchlessefficientanaerobicbacteria.

2020/12/139專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論 Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.Ofallbiologicalwastetreatmentmethod,aerobicdigestionisthemostwidespeadprocessusedthroughouttheworld(morethan95%). Aerobicbacteriademandoxygentodecomposedissolvedpollutants.Largeamountsofpollutantsrequirelargequantitiesofbacteria;hencethedemandforoxygenwillbehigh. TheBiologicalOxygenDemand(BOD)isameasureofthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinbiologicaloxidationbythebacteria.Itisexpressedinmg/L.2020/12/140專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論 TheChemicalOxygenDemand(COD)measuresthequantityofdissolvedorganicpollutantsthatcanberemovedinchemicaloxidation,byaddingstrongacids.Itisexpressedinmg/L. TheratioBOD/CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable. Aerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.2020/12/141專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論1.專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯概論1.1專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)1.1.1專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的詞匯特點(diǎn)①專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)的頻率低。②詞義專一。③廣泛是使用縮寫詞。如：CODchemicaloxygendemand化學(xué)需氧量BODbiochemicaloxygendemand生化需氧量TOCtotalorganiccarbon總有機(jī)碳DOdissolvedoxygen溶解氧2020/12/142專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論P(yáng)OPspersistentorganicpollutants持久性有機(jī)污染物TSPtotalsuspendedparticle總懸浮顆粒TKNtotalKjeldahlnitrogen總凱氏氮UASBupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket上流式厭氧污泥床MBRmembranebioreactor膜生物反應(yīng)器SBRsequencingbatchreactor間歇式活性污泥法1.1.2

專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的句法特點(diǎn)①?gòu)V泛使用陳述句。

Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.2020/12/143專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論②廣泛使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

Duringthisoxidationprocess,pollutantsarebrokendownintocarbondioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphatesandbiomass(micro-organisms).Byoptimizingtheoxygensupplywithso-calledaerators,theprocesscanbesignificantlyaccelerated.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中的使用比在其他場(chǎng)合更為廣泛，主要因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)句比主動(dòng)句更能說(shuō)明需要論證的對(duì)象，更能使其位置鮮明、突出。2020/12/144專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論③簡(jiǎn)略表達(dá)多。

TheratioBOD/CODgivesanindicationofthefractionofpollutantsinthewastewaterthatisbiodegradable.④長(zhǎng)句使用多。

Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.主句帶若干從句，從句帶短語(yǔ)，短語(yǔ)帶從句，相互依附，相互制約。2020/12/145專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論 Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.句子倒置。

Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsofice…多重修飾。

iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.2020/12/146專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論 Floatingontheoceansare7,659trillionmetrictonsoficeencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.庖丁解牛。

iceencasedin10,000icebergsthatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps,morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.就近修飾原則。Layer1:Iceencasedin10,000icebergsLayer2:icebergs thatbreakawayfromthepolaricecaps, icebergs morethanninetypercentofthemfromAntarctica.粗譯：世界大洋里漂浮著7659萬(wàn)億噸的冰。這些冰包含在10000多個(gè)冰山里。這些冰山從極地冰蓋脫落而產(chǎn)生；多于90%的這些冰山來(lái)源于南極。2020/12/147專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論1.1.3專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的修辭特點(diǎn)①時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用有限。過(guò)去研究—過(guò)去時(shí)（與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系）；討論理論用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Biofiltrationtechniquefordisposingammonium-contaminatedgasstreamswasinvestigated.②修辭手法較為單調(diào)。2020/12/148專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論③邏輯性語(yǔ)法詞使用普遍。如：表示原因的詞：because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,as,asaresult,causedby,for表示語(yǔ)氣轉(zhuǎn)折的詞：but,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwise表示邏輯、順利連接的詞：so,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,inadditionto表示限制的詞：only,ifonly,except,besides,unless表示假設(shè)的詞：suppose,supposing,assuming,provided,providing Aerobicbacteriaareveryefficientinbreakingdownwasteproducts.Asaresult,aerobictreatmentusuallyyieldsbettereffluentqualitythanthatobtainedinanaerobicprocesses.2020/12/149專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論1.2翻譯的基本知識(shí)1.2.1翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)復(fù)《天演論》：信、達(dá)、雅①忠實(shí)：譯文必須忠實(shí)、正確地傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。②通順：譯文的語(yǔ)言必須規(guī)范、流暢、通俗易懂。2020/12/150專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論1.2.2翻譯的過(guò)程理解---表達(dá)①翻譯的理解過(guò)程通讀全文，領(lǐng)會(huì)大意。明辨語(yǔ)法，弄清關(guān)系。結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義。 Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.2020/12/151專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論②翻譯的表達(dá)過(guò)程a.一稿初譯，忠實(shí)為主。b.二稿核對(duì)，注意邏輯。c.三稿定局，潤(rùn)色詞句。③翻譯的方法直譯意譯 Aerobicmeansrequiringthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Aerobictreatmentofwasteisthenaturaldegradationandpurificationprocessinwhichbacteriathatthriveinoxygen-richenvironmentbreakdownanddigestthethewaste.2020/12/152專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2.詞義的選擇和引申2.1詞義的選擇2.1.1根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義E.g.:like：像、同樣的、喜歡、希望、如同①Hewouldliketojoinourdiscussion.②Thingslikeair,waterormetalarematter.③Likechargesrepel,unlikechargesattract.④IhopethatIcandrivethetractorlikeyoudo.

2020/12/153專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2.1.2根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義E.g.:operate:操作、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、完成、實(shí)施Thermalconvectionwillnotoperatedinzerogravity.Rocketsoperateinthevacuumofouterspaceaswellasintheearthatmosphere.Transistors(晶體管)operateascontroldevicesandamplifier.Theelectriccomputerscanoperateonlyaccordingtoinstructions,whichmustbepreparedbymaninadvance.2020/12/154專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論

represent:代表，表示、相當(dāng)于，是、提供、闡述Inorganicflocculantsrepresentnearly20%ofthetotalflocculants.Thematerialreferredtoas“acidrain”representstheraindropsdissolvedCO2whichhaveapHof5.6.2020/12/155專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2.1.3根據(jù)單、復(fù)數(shù)及習(xí)慣表達(dá)選擇詞義E.g.:Theabilitytodoworkiscalledenergy.（功）Thisironandsteelworkswassetuplastyear.（工廠）Thetimeforthewatersupplyiscutbyhalf.AisthreetimesaslargeasB.2.1.4語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的轉(zhuǎn)換E.g.:Magnetismisusedtomeasurethecoldesttemperature.(很低的）Light-coloredthingsreflectmorelightthandark-coloredthings.（深、淺）2020/12/156專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2.2詞義的引申2.2.1單詞的引申E.g.:Todayisthelinkbetweenyesterdayandtomorrow.（橋梁）Thiskindofwoodworkseasily.（加工）Withinthesebroadcategories,processdifferaccordingtothetypeofthedrier(干燥機(jī)).Thethickerthewirethemorefreelyitwillcarrycurrent.（容易）2020/12/157專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2.2.2詞組的引申E.g.:Alloysbelongtoahalf-wayhousebetweenmixtureandcompounds.（中間結(jié)構(gòu)）

Atpresentcoalisthemostcommonfoodofasteamplant.（能源）

Highconcentrationsofcriticalelements,suchaslead,arsenic,mercury,mayaffectthehumanhealth.

（微量）2020/12/158專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3.詞類轉(zhuǎn)換3.1非動(dòng)詞譯成動(dòng)詞E.g.:Thecontrolunitofacomputercausesthemachinetooperateaccordingtoman’swish.計(jì)算機(jī)的控制單元使機(jī)器人按照人的意志運(yùn)作。2020/12/159專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3.1.1名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞1.單獨(dú)的名詞用作動(dòng)詞（1）動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞可直接譯為動(dòng)詞E.g.:Intheabsenceoffriction,vehiclescouldnotevenstart.Controlofdissolvedoxygen,solidsretentiontimeandhydrolyticretentiontimeisnecessaryforefficienttreatmentofwastewater.c.Themainobjectofsedimentationistheseparationofclearwaterfrommixture.2020/12/160專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論(2)一些加er或or的名詞，有時(shí)在句中并不表示一個(gè)人的身份或職業(yè)，而具有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意義，這種詞漢譯時(shí)可譯為動(dòng)詞。E.g.:Talkingwithhisson,theoldmanwastheforgiveroftheyoungman’spastwrongdoings.ProfessorWangwastheinstructorofourexperiment.2.適用于動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞可譯為動(dòng)詞。E.g.:Abodyisnegativelychargedwhenithaselectronsinexcessofitsnormalnumber.2020/12/161專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3.1.2.形容詞譯為動(dòng)詞1.英語(yǔ)中表示感覺(jué)、知覺(jué)、信念的詞，如familiar、confident、sensibleof等在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，譯成動(dòng)詞。E.g.:

Scientistsareconfidentthatallmatterisindestructible.Theyar