2013年考研英語二真題及答案

SectionIUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Giventheadvantageofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatweshouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically_1,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeed,predictionshavebeen2_fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon“revolutionizethevery3_ofmoneyitself”，onlyto4_itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtocashlesssocietybeenso5_incomingAmoreoverBhoweverCthereforeDA B C DApowerBhistoryCconceptDAreverseB CresumeDAsilentB CsuddenDSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Inanessay,entitled“MakingItinAmerica,inthelatestissueofTheAtlantic,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachinesDavidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentandsaggingmiddle-class estodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseofthequantumadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverrecinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers。Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,nganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextratheiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Averageisover。Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Astheysay,ifhorsescouldhavevoted,neverwouldhavebeencars.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,“Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs—about6millionintotal—disappearedAndyouain’tseennothin’yet.LastApril,AnnieLowreyofSlatewroteaboutastart-upcalled“ElaCarte”thatisouttoshrinktheneedforwaitersandwaitresses:The“hasproducedakindofsouped-upiPadthatletsyouorderandpayrightatyourtable.ThebrainchildofabunchofM.I.T.engineers,theniftyinvention,knownasthePresto,mightbefoundatarestaurantnearyousoon. Youselectwhatyouwanttoeatandadditemstoacart.Dependingontherestaurant’spreferences,theconsolecouldshowyounutritionalinformation,ingredientslistsandphotographs.Youcanmakespecialrequests,like‘dressingontheside’or‘quintuplebacon.’Whenyou’redone,theorderzingsovertothekitchen,andthePrestolsyouhowlongitwilltakeforyouritemstocomeout....Boredwithyourcompanions?ygamesonthemachine.Whenyou’rethroughwithyourmeal,youpayontheconsole,splittingthebillitembyitemifyouwishandpayinghoweveryouwant.Andyoucanhaveyourreceipte-mailedtoyou.Eachconsolegoesfor$100permonth.Ifarestaurantservesmealseighthoursaday,sevendaysaweek,itworksoutto42centsperhourpertablemakingthePrestocheaperthaneventheverycheapestwaiterWhattheiPadwon’tdoinanaboveaveragewaya workerwill.ConsiderthisparagraphfromSunday’sterrificarticleinTheTimesbyCharlesDuhiggandKeithBradsheraboutwhyAppledoessomuchofitsmanufacturingin:“Applehadredesignedthe’sscreenatthelastminute,forcinganassembly-lineoverhaul.Newscreensbeganarrivingatthe[]ntnearmidnight.Aforemanimmediayroused8,000workersinsidethe ’sdormitories,accordingtotheexecutive.Eachemployeewasgivenabiscuitandacupoftea,guidedtoaworkstationandwithinhalfanhourstarteda12-hourshiftfittingglassscreensintobeveledframes.Within96hours,thentwasproducingover10,000saday.‘Thespeedandflexibilityisbreathtaking,’theexecutivesaid.‘There’snoAmericanntthatcanmatchthat.’”Andautomationisnotjustcomingtomanufacturing,exinsCurtisCarlson,thechiefexecutiveofSRIInternational,aSiliconValleyidealabthatinventedtheAppleprogramknownasSiri,thedigitalalassistant.“Siriisthebeginningofahugetransformationinhowweinctwithbanks,insurancecompanies,retailstores,healthcareproviders,informationretrievalservicesandproductservicesTherewillalwaysbechangenewjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.HerearethelatestunemploymentratesfromtheBureauofLaborStatisticsforAmericansover25yearsoldthosewithlessthanahighschooldegree,13.8percent;thosewithahighschooldegreeandnocollege,8.7percent;thosewithsomecollegeorassociatedegree,7.7percent;andthosewithbachelor’sdegreeorhigher,4.1percent。Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotobuttressemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.IBillforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation。我們的失業(yè)率為何居高不下、中產(chǎn)收入為何下降，其實(shí)大部分是由于大造成的需求大幅下降。這其中也有全球化和信息科技巨大進(jìn)步的推動(dòng)：機(jī)器或者外國工人取代勞力的速度空前。最近有大量文章都在討論這些，的文章只是其中一篇而已。過要個(gè)般手份通工人活過還合今有般平。票那就不有轎如言“9之的年，廠撤人度快，基上于過去0新的人量概三工崗有個(gè)位，共約有0之”還有好戲呢。去年四月，Slate的安妮?洛瑞(AnnieLowrey)寫了一篇初創(chuàng)公司ElaCarte的文章，其目標(biāo)是減少對(duì)服務(wù)生的需要：這家公司“已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)出了一種增強(qiáng)版的iPad，它可以在桌邊點(diǎn)菜和。Presto了。你可以選擇你想吃的，把它放進(jìn)小推車?yán)?。根?jù)餐館的選擇，控制設(shè)備會(huì)顯示營養(yǎng)信息、成分和等。你也可以會(huì)告訴你所點(diǎn)的東西花多長時(shí)間可以出來。...與同伴等得不耐煩了?那就再iPad上游戲吧。吃完飯之式。你還可以要求將收據(jù)發(fā)郵件給你。...1008742PrestoiPad不能以超常方式做的，中國工人都可以做。來看看查爾斯?杜赫(CharlesDuhigg)和基斯?布拉德舍(KeithBradsher)在周日在本報(bào)(《》)上的一篇美文吧，文中有一段講述了蘋果公司為什么將那么多呆’這位執(zhí)行官說，‘在找不到這樣的工廠’”柯蒂斯?(CurtisCarlson)說。該公司發(fā)明了蘋果的個(gè)人數(shù)字助理服務(wù)Siri程序“在改變我們與進(jìn)一步，最好的工作都會(huì)要求工人接收過的更優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育，這樣他們才會(huì)超于常人。下面是勞工8.7%;7.7%;有學(xué)士甚至更高的只有4.1%。權(quán)利法案》之類的法案來得重要。，才能保證21世紀(jì)的每個(gè)都能接受高中之后的教育ImagineanewimmigrationAcenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandthengohome.Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,"uccellidipassaggio,"birdsofpassage。Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedivide ersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasaliensfitfordeportation.Thatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit。Wedon'tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.WeneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegalTostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges。Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandparticlephysicistsareamongtoday'sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideasTheyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthemTheycanmanagetohaveajobinoneceandafamilyinanother。Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably。Imaginelifewitharadicallydifferentimmigration:TheJamaicanwomanwhocameasavisitorandwaslookingafteryourauntuntilshediedcouldtrylivinginCanadaforawhile.Youcouldeventuallyaskhertocomebacktocareforyourmother。ThensoftwaredevelopercouldtakesomeofhisSiliconValleyearningshometojoinfriendsinalittlestart-up,knowingthathecouldalwaysworkinCaliforniaagain.OrtheMexicanlaborerwhobustshisbackonaWisconsindairyfarmforwagesthatkeepmilkcheapwouldcomeandgoasneededbecausehecoulddecidewhichdairytoworkfor,andabi-nationalbankprogramwashelhimsavemoneytobuildabetterlifeforhiskidsinMexico。modatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsand es,includingthatarenoteasy plishlegallyintheexistingsystemAnewsystemthatencouragesbothsojournersandsettlerswouldnotonlyhelpensurethatoursocietyreceivesthehumanresourcesitwillneedinthefuture,italsocouldhaveanaddedbenefit:Changingtherigidframeworkmighthelpusresolvethestatusoftheestimated11millionunauthorizedmigrantswhoareoursharedlegacyoffailures。Currently,wedonotdograyzoneswellHundredsofthousandsofpeopleslosharoundinindeterminatestatusbecausethey'recaughtinbureaucraticlimboorbecausetheyhavebeengrantedtemporarystaysthatarerepeatedlyextended.BarackObamacreatedapalershadeofgraythissummerbyexercisingprosecutorialdiscretionnottodeportsomeyoungpeoplewhowerebroughttothiscountryillegallyaschildren.Buttheseareexceptions,notrules。Thebasicmechanismforlegalimmigrationtoday,apartfromthespecialcategoryofrefugee,isthelegalpermanentresidentvisa,orgreencard.MostrecipientsarepeoplesponsoredbycloserelativeswholiveintheUnitedStates.Asthenameimplies,thismechanismisdesignedforimmigrantswhoaresettlingdown.ThevisacanberevokediftheholderdoesnotshowintenttoremainbynotmaintainingaU.S.address,goingabroadtoworkfulltimeorjusttravelingindefiniy.Legalresidentsareassumedtobeontheirwayto Americans,physically,culturallyandlegally.Afterfiveyearsoflivinghere,they eeligibleforcitizenshipandachancetogainvotingrightsandfullaccesstothesocialsafetynet。Thisisafinewaytodealwithpeoplewhoarrivewithdeepconnectionstothecountryandwhoresolvetostay.Thatcanandshouldbemostimmigrants.Butthismechanismhastwoproblems:ThenationisnotpreparedtooffercitizenshiptoeverymigrantwhoisofferedajobAndnoteveryonewhocomesherewantstostayforever。Itmayhaveoncemadesensetothinkofimmigrantsassodbusterswhowerecomingtosettleemptyspaces.Butthatantiquereasoningdoesnotapplywhenthecountryislookingatalongsteepracetoremaincompetitiveintheworldeconomy,particularlynotwheninnovationandentrepreneurshiparesupposedtobeourcomparativeadvantage.Tosucceed,weneedmodernbirdsofpassage。Thechallengesdifferdependingonwhetheryouarelookingatthehighendoftheskillsspectrum,theinformationworkersoratlow-skilledlaborers。AfrequentproposalforhighlyskilledworkerscomeswiththesloganStapleagreencardtothediplomaThatissupposedtoensurethatagreatershareofbrainyinternationalstudentsremainintheUnitedStatesafterearningdegreesinscienceandtechnology.Butwhatiftheyarenotreadyforalong-termcommitment?NoonewouldsuggestthatinvestmentcapitalordesignprocessesneedtoresidepermanentlyinonenationTalenttodayyearnstobeequally.Ratherthantrytoobligesmartyoungpeoplefromabroadtostayhere,weshouldallowthemtothinkoftheUnitedStatesasacewheretheycanalwaysreturn,acewheretheywillspendpart,notall,oftheirlives,oneofseveralceswheretheycanliveandworkandinvest。Temporary-workerprogramsareaconventionalapproachtomeetinglow-skilledlaborneedswithoutillegalimmigration.That'swhatGeorgeW.Bushproposedin2004,sayingtheernmentshould"matchwillingforeignworkerswithwillingAmericanemployers."Animmigrantcomestodoaparticularjobforalimitedperiodoftimeandthengoeshome.Butsuchprogramsriskrecingonekindofrigiditywithanother.Therelativelysmallprogramscurrentlyincedon'tmanagethematakingverywell。Competingdomesticworkersneedtobeprotectedasdothemigrantworkers,andtheprocessmustbenimbleenoughtomeetlabormarketdemand.Nobodyreallyhaspulledthatoff,andthereisnoreasontobelieveitcanbedoneonagrandscale.Ratherthantryingtolinkspecificmigrantstospecificjobs,differenttypesoftemporaryworkvisascouldbepeggedtoindustries,tocesortotimeperiods.Youcldgetanengineeringvisa,notonlyavisatoworkatIn。Bothshort-termvisasandpermanentresidenceneedtobepartofthemix,buttheyarenotthewholeanswer.Anothervaluabletoolistheprovisionalvisa,whichAustraliausesasakindofintermediarystageinwhichtemporaryimmigrantsspendseveralyearsbefore ingeligibleforpermanentresidency.TheU.S.systempracticallyobligesvisitorstospendtimeherewithoutauthorizationwhenthey'vemarriedacitizen,gottenajobordonesomethingelsethatqualifiesthemtostaylegally。WealsocouldborrowfromEuropeandcreatelong-termpermissiontoresideforcertainmigrantsthatiscontingentonsimplybeingemployed,notonhavingaspecificjobAnd,legislationcouldloosenthedefinitionsofpermanentresidencysothatmigrantscouldgainalifetimerighttoliveandworkintheUnitedStateswithouthavingtobehere(andpaytaxeshere)moreorlesscontinuously。Theideathat ersareeithersaintsorsinnersisnotwrittenindeliblyeitherinourheartsorinourlaws.Asthesizeoftheunauthorizedpopulationhasgrownoverthepast20yearsorso,thepoliticalresponsehasdictatedseeingimmigrationthroughthestarklensoflawenment:Whomdowelockup,kickout,fenceoff?Prominentpoliticiansofbothparties,includingbothialcandidates,haveengagedinmachoone-upmanshipwhenitcomestoimmigration.So,Obamabrokerecordsfordeportations.MittRomney,meanwhile,vowstobreakrecordsforbordersecurity。Breakingoutoftheeither/ormentalityopensupmanyavenuesformanagingfutureimmigration.Itcouldalsohelpbreakthestalemateoverthecurrentpopulationofunauthorizedmigrants.NoelectionresultwillproduceaCongressthatoffersapathtocitizenshipforeverybody,butthereisnosupportfortotaldeportation,either。IfweacceptthattherearespacesbetweenlegalandillegalthenoptionsmultiplyCitizenshipcouldbeaneventual eformost,notall,peoplehereillegally,buteveryonewouldgetsomekindofpapers,andwecanengineerawayforpeopletoworktheirwayfromonestatustoanother.Thenewlyarrivedandleastattachedcouldbegrantedstatusforalimitedtimeandreceivehelpwithreturningtotheirhomecountries.Othersmightbeofferedlife-longprivilegestoliveandworkhere,butnotcitizenship.We'dgivethefullest etothosewithhomes,childrenorlongtimejobs。ByinsistingthatimmigrantsareeitherAmericansoraliens,wemakeitharderforsomegoodfolkstocomeandweobligeotherstostayforthewrongreasons.Worse,weensurethattherewillalwaysbepeoplelivingamonguswhoareoutsidethelaw,andthatisnotgoodforthemorus。TextBeyondthemediawentwild.Therushtojudgmenttookseconds.CNNandFoxNewsinitiallydescribedthedecisionincorrectly,sayingfivejusticeshadstruckdownthelawEvenaftercorrections,thesnapysisthatfollowedwasn’tveryhelpful.Themultipartdecisioniscomplex,anditsramificationswilltakemonthsorevenyearstounderstand。TheblinkresponsetothiscaseisonlythelatestexampleofatroublingincreaseinthespeedofourreactionsE-mailsocialmediaandthe24-hournewscycleareinformationalamphetamines,acocktailofpillsthatwepopatanincreasinglyfastpace—andthatleadustomakemistakensplit-seconddecisions.Economistslabeltheproblempresentbiaswearevulnerabletofast,salientstimulation。Fortunay,thereisanantidote:theconsciouspause.Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses。Forexample,countlessstudieshaveshownthatphysicians’immediate,unconsciousreactionstoracialminoritiesleadthemtoundertreatblackpatients.InonestudypublishedintheJournalofGeneralInternalMedicinein2007,researchersaskedseveralhundreddoctorsaboutahypothetical50-year-oldmalepatientwhoshowedupwithchestpainTheresearchersgavethedoctorsaphotographoftheman,randomlyvaryinghisrace.Halfsawhimaswhitehalfsawhimasblack。givingtheblackpatientaless-aggressiveprescriptionThedoctorsdidn’tappearracist,yettheirunconscioussnapreactionsledthemtotreatblacksdifferentlytheverydefinitionofHowever,aboutoneinfourofthedoctorsguessedthatthestudywasdesignedtotestonraceTheresearchersfoundthatthis“aware”subgroupdidnottreatpatientsdifferently.Oncetheypausedtoconsiderwhetherracewasanissue,racewasnolongeranissue。Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuraylwhethersomeoneisofality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Ifweneedtounderstandhowninejusticesresolvedadifficultlegalissue,weneedevenmoretime。Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapid,evensubliminalstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinteralrealm.SanfordDeVoeandChen-BoZhong,psychologistsattheUniversityofToronto,foundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20exposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong。YetwecanreversesuchinfluencesIfweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsagentsarealwayssmilingwecantakeamomentbeforebuyingIfweknowfemalejobscreenersandZe’evShtudinershows,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiasesorhireoutsideJohnGottman,themarriagegurumadefamousinMalcolmGladwell’sbest-sellingbook“acouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamuchlongerevaluation:twodays,nottwoseconds。Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:primatesanddogscanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemtingthelongerterm。GotothebeachwithafewbooksSpenddowntimewithfamilyTuneout.Butinsteadofjumintotheswimmingpool,wehaveleaptintoawhirlpoolofnews。Thereareacoupleofsummermonthsleft,andnotimetowaste。TheArtandScienceofDelay。”Textandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreactwecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses。PartBInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（10Partinto.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)46.Icanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedayoftheweek,I’vebeenabletodothis,sinceIwas