大學(xué)物理英文版課件

UNIVERSITYPHYSICS1UNIVERSITYPHYSICS11大學(xué)物理（英文版）多媒體課件大學(xué)物理（英文版）2IntroductionChapter1KinematicsChapter2Newton’sLawsofMotionChapter3WorkandEnergyChapter4MomentumChapter5RotationofarigidbodyChapter6TheKineticTheoryofGasesChapter7FundamentalsofThermodynamicsVolume1IntroductionChapter1Kinemat3IntroductionIntroduction42001.9.11Catastrophe（大災(zāi)難）2001.9.11Catastrophe（大災(zāi)難）5宇宙：約1250億個星系，每個星系由數(shù)千億個恒星組成。宇宙：約1250億個星系，每個星系由數(shù)千億個恒星組成。6銀河系太陽系：地球，星星看得見的：你我他它分子原子原子核基本粒子相對論天體物理經(jīng)典物理:力學(xué)，熱等量子力學(xué)核物理量子場論物質(zhì)世界銀河系相對論物質(zhì)世界7銀河系相對論天體物理量子天體物理學(xué)史蒂芬.霍金《時間簡史》銀河系相對論量子天體史蒂芬.霍金8…TheGalaxySun:Earth,PlanetsThebodywecanseeMoleculesatomsnucleielementaryparticles……ThegeneralreletivityastrophsicsNewton’sMechanicsHeat,Thermodynamics…ElectromagneticTheoryQuantumMechanicsNuclearPhysicsQuantumFieldTheory…TheoryOurworldanduniverse……TheoryO9宇宙半徑：~1026m地球1024kg銀河系：~1044kg我們的母親：地球原子核半徑：10-15m電子質(zhì)量：10-31kg河外星系：1024m銀河中心系：1020m太陽1030kg：1011m月亮：108m宇宙半徑：~1026m地球1024kg銀河系：~1044101969年7月16日美國東部時間9時23分阿波羅11號發(fā)射升空。三天后阿姆斯特朗奧爾德林柯林斯1969年7月16日三天后11大學(xué)物理英文版課件12Mars(火星）Mars(火星）13機(jī)遇號機(jī)遇號14ThesurfaceofMars(火星表面）ThesurfaceofMars(火星表面）15OurworldandUniverse大學(xué)物理英文版課件16大學(xué)物理英文版課件17UniverseElementaryparticlesUniverseElementaryparticles18TheancientphysicsTheclassicalphysicsThemodernphysicsIntheviewofphysicshistory:TheancientphysicsTheclassic19主要講授內(nèi)容：經(jīng)典力學(xué)相對論熱學(xué)電磁學(xué)波動光學(xué)振動與波動量子論簡介日常生活主要講授內(nèi)容：經(jīng)典力學(xué)熱學(xué)電磁學(xué)波動光學(xué)振動與波動量子論簡介20PhysicsChemistry化學(xué)Biology生物學(xué)Computer計算機(jī)科學(xué)Mechanics機(jī)械學(xué)Medicine醫(yī)學(xué)Physics:fundamentalsandmethods.PhysicsChemistryBiologyCompute21References(參考書）張達(dá)宋《物理學(xué)基本教程》李行一等，《物理學(xué)基本教程教學(xué)參考書》李行一等，《物理學(xué)基本教程》習(xí)題分析與解答張三慧等，《大學(xué)物理學(xué)》Hallidayet.al《FundamentalsofPhysics》W.Searset.al《UniversityPhysics》史蒂芬.霍金，《時間簡史》盛正卯等，《物理學(xué)與人類文明》B.K.里德雷，《時間、空間和萬物》…………..References(參考書）張達(dá)宋《物理學(xué)基本教程》22PartOneMechanics力學(xué)PartOneMechanics23Chapter1Kinematics（運動學(xué)）質(zhì)點運動學(xué)Chapter1Kinematics24

第一章質(zhì)點運動學(xué)(Kinematics)§1-1參考系質(zhì)點

Frameofreferenceparticle§1-2位置矢量位移Positionvectoranddisplacement§1－3速度加速度Velocityandacceleration§1-4兩類運動學(xué)問題TwotypesofProblems§1-6運動描述的相對性Relativemotion§1-5圓周運動及其描述Circularmotion第一章質(zhì)點運動學(xué)(Kinematics)§1-1參251.理解描述質(zhì)點運動物理量的定義及其矢量性、相對性和瞬時性；2.掌握運動方程的物理意義，會用微積分方法求解運動學(xué)兩類問題；3.掌握平面拋體運動和圓周運動的規(guī)律；4.理解運動描述的相對性，會用速度合成定理和加速度合成定理解題。教學(xué)基本要求1.理解描述質(zhì)點運動物理量的定義及其矢量性、相對性和瞬時性26重要歷史人物伽利略GalileoGalilei:1564~1642意大利物理學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家、天文學(xué)家，近代實驗科學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人。主要貢獻(xiàn)：發(fā)明了望遠(yuǎn)鏡，維護(hù)、堅持和發(fā)展了哥白尼學(xué)說，發(fā)現(xiàn)木星的四個衛(wèi)星；擺的等時性、慣性定律、落體運動定律；運動的合成原理和獨立性原理，相對性原理；方法：實驗科學(xué)。重要歷史人物伽利略GalileoGalilei:156427§1-1FrameofReferenceParticle(質(zhì)點）1.FrameofReference（參照系）Whenwediscussthepositionandthevelocity（速度）ofanobject,wemustanswerthequestions:

“positionwithrespectto（相對于）what?”and“Velocitywithrespecttowhat?”§1-1FrameofReferencePartic28Ifwechoosedifferentobjectsasthereferenceframestodescribethemotionofagivenbody,theindications(結(jié)果）willbedifferent.Ifwechoosedifferentobj29Itisconvenienttotaketheearth’ssurfaceasourframeofreferenceinmostcasesinthiscourse.(Whatcases?)Coordinatesystem（坐標(biāo)系）:fixedontheframe,relativetowhichposition,velocity,accelerationandorbitoftheobjectcanbespecifiedquantitatively.CartesianCoordinatesystem(直角坐標(biāo)系）：oXZFigure1-2Quantitatively:定量地Itisconvenienttotake302.Particles（質(zhì)點）Particle(質(zhì)點）isanidealmodel,insomecircumstances（情況、形勢）.Wecantreatabodyasaparticle,andconcentrateonitstranslationalmotion(平動）andignore（忽略）alltheothermotions. 點：有質(zhì)量無大小無體積2.Particles（質(zhì)點）Particle(質(zhì)313.Time（時刻）andtimeinterval(時間） Timetisagiveninstant,andtimeinterval(間隔）△tisthedifferenceoftwogiveninstants.Weusetheformertodescribe（描述）thestateoftheobject,thelattertodescribetheprocess.（過程）3.Time（時刻）andtimeinterval324.Units(單位）InternationalSystemofUnits(SI:SystmeInternationald’Units法語）isusedinChinakg:千克kilogrammlengthm:米meterLTimets:秒secondmass4.Units(單位）InternationalSyste335.Scalarandvector（標(biāo)量和矢量）:Twotypesofphysicalquantities（量）:Scalars:mass,length,speed,temperature…..Vectors:velocity,acceleration,momentum...VectorA(black):itsmagnitude(大?。゛nddirection（方向）mayberepresentedbyalineOPdirectedfromtheinitialpointOtotheterminal（終）pointPanddenoted（標(biāo)記）by5.Scalarandvector（標(biāo)量和矢量）:Tw34Addition（加）:ThetwovectorsAandBisaddedinfollowingway:C=A+BBACABInCartesiancoordinatesystem（直角坐標(biāo)系）:

areunitvectorsalongOX,OY,OZOXYZAddition（加）:ThetwovectorsC35Intwodimension（維）:OXYIfand,wehave:Obviously(顯然）:Intwodimension（維）:OXYIfand36InonedimensionIntwodimensionInthreedimensionInourteaching,wewillmainlydealwith（涉及）twodimensionalmotions:motioninaplane.Rectilinearmotion（直線）Curvilinearmotion（曲線）Circularmotion（圓周）Mechanicalmotions（機(jī)械運動）InonedimensionInourteachin37§1-2PositionVectorandDisplacementP(x,y,z)zYX1.PositionVectorPositionvectorisavectorthatextentsfromtheoriginofthecoordinatesystemtotheparticle’spositionasshowninFigureMagnitude:§1-2PositionVectorandDispl38Inthetwodimension:Itstwocomponents（分量）Pathequation(軌跡方程）eliminating消去Inthetwodimension:Itstwoc392.Displacement(位移):Displacement isintroducedtodescribethechangeinpositionduringagiventimeinterval:Thatis2.Displacement(位移):Displaceme40Itsmagnitude（大小)Thegeometrical（幾何）meaningofandthedifferencesamongthem.Note:Itsmagnitude（大小)Thegeometric41Example1.1:Aparticleislocatedatatandatat.Findthedisplacementinthistimeinterval.Solution:Example1.1:Aparticleisloc42§1-3Velocity（速度）andAcceleration（加速度）Average（平均）velocity：1.VelocitywhichhasadirectionassameasthatofAveragespeed(速率）:§1-3Velocity（速度）andAccelera43（Instantaneous瞬時）velocityattimet：Itisinthetangent(切線）ofthepathandpointsattheadvancedirection.Direction:（Instantaneous瞬時）velocityat44Magnitude(大?。篤---speed(瞬時）速率時弧長等于弦長Inthecoordinatesystem:Magnitude(大?。篤---speed(瞬時）速率時45Magnitudeofthevelocity:Theangleformedbetweenand+xdirectionisdeterminedbyMagnitudeofthevelocity:The46Example1-2:Arabbitrunsacrossaparkinglot(近路）onwhichasetofcoordinateaxeshas,strangelyenough,beendraw.Thecoordinatesoftherabbit’spositionasfunctionoftimetaregivenby:withtinsecondsandxandyinmeters.Finditsvelocityatt=0.50s.Solution:Therabbit’svelocityatt=0.50sisequalto(等于）Example1-2:Arabbitrunsacr472.Acceleration(加速度)Averageacceleration:Instantaneousacceleration2.Acceleration(加速度)Averageac48Inthecoordinatesystem:Itsmagnitudeanddirection:指向曲線凹的一方Inthecoordinatesystem:Itsm49Example1.3:TheofaParticleiswhereandareconstants.Findthevelocityandacceleration.Note:微分，細(xì)心，再細(xì)心！！Carefully!!Solution:Example1.3:TheofaPar50Example1.4已知質(zhì)點運動方程為x=2t,y=192t2,式中x,y以米計，t以秒計，試求：（1）軌道方程；（2）t=1s時的速度和加速度。（2）對運動方程求導(dǎo)，得到任意時刻的速度對速度求導(dǎo)，得到任意時刻的加速度：解：（1）運動方程聯(lián)立，消去時間t得到軌道方程（1）(2)Example1.4已知質(zhì)點運動方程為x=2t,51將時間t=1s代入速度和加速度分量式(1)、(2)中，求出時間t=1s對應(yīng)的速度和加速度：速度大小和與x軸夾角加速度大小和方向：與y軸正向相反將時間t=1s代入速度和加速度分量式(1)、(2)中，求出時52Example1-5離水平面高為h的岸邊，有人用繩以恒定速率V0拉船靠岸。試求：船靠岸的速度，加速度隨船至岸邊距離變化的關(guān)系式？對時間求導(dǎo)得到速度和加速度：由題意知：解：在如圖所示的坐標(biāo)系中，船的位矢為：因為：Example1-5離水平面高為h的岸邊，有人用繩以53§1-4TwoTypesProblemsinKinematics（2）Givenacceleration(orvelocity)andinitialcondition,findthevelocityandpositionvectorbymeansofvectorintegrationmethod積分法.Ingeneral,therearetwokindsofproblemstobesolved:(1)Givenpositionvector,findthevelocityandacce-lerationbyusingderivationmethod微分法.Seetheexamplesabove.§1-4TwoTypesProblemsinKi54解：整理和分離變量可得下面方程做積分：Example1.6:某物體的運動規(guī)律為式中k為常數(shù)，t=0，初速度為求.得：請同學(xué)們完成積分解：整理和分離變量可得下面方程做積分：Example1.6:55Example1.7:Aparticlemovesinaplanewithanacce-leration,wheregisconstant.Whent=0,itsvelocityisatainitialpoint(0,0).Finditsvelocityattimetandpathequation.Solution:From,wecanobtain:Using,wehaveExample1.7:Aparticlemovesi56Usingandtheinitialcondition(0,0),wehaveUsingandtheinitialconditio57Example1.8:Theaccelerationofaparticleisgivenbywhereandareconstant.TheinitialconditionsareFinditsvelocityandpositionvector.Solution:ItsvelocityisThepositionvectoroftheparticleisExample1.8:Theaccelerationo58§1-5CircularMotion1.TheimportanceofCircularmotion

(1)ThemovementsofSun,Earth,Planets,Electron,…..,arerelatedtocircularmotion;§1-5CircularMotion1.Theimp59(2)Therearepartsofinstrumentsassociatedwiththecircularmotion:clock,car,…….(2)Therearepartsofinstrum60(3)Theknowledgeoncircularmotionisthebasetostudythegeneralcurvilinearmotion（曲線運動）.(3)Theknowledgeoncircular61Youcanaccept(采用）theabovemethodtostudyCircularMotion。

Aparticleisincircularmotionifittravelsaroundacircleoracirculararc（弧）.Uniformcircularmotion(勻速）:aroundacircleandatconstantspeed.Youcanaccept(采用）theabo622.tangential（切向）&normal（法向）componentsofacceleration⑴Thenaturecoordinatesystem（自然坐標(biāo)系）Twounitvectorareintroducedtodescribethecircularmotion:isanunitvectortangent(相切)tothecircleatAdirectingtotheadvancedirectionandanunitvectornormaltothecircleata（法向）directingtowardthecentero.Ao2.tangential（切向）&normal（法向）63Hence(所以）,theaccelerationofparticleis:(1-23)Usingand,thevelocitycanbeexpressedas（表示成）:Obviously（顯然）,wehave(1-24).AoHence(所以）,theaccelerationof64Itiseasytoprovetherateofthetangentialunitvectortobeequaltotot+tProve:when,wehaveItiseasytoprovetherateo65Tosummarize（總結(jié)）,wehaveandarecalledthetangentialacceleration（切向加速度）andnormalacceleration（法向加速度）respectively,andtheirmagnitudesaregivenbyTosummarize（總結(jié)）,wehavea66Angle:Magnitudeof:Changesthemagnitudeofthevelocity;Changesthedirectionofthevelocity.Angle:Magnitudeof67(2)Uniformcircularmotion(勻速):Inthiscase，themagnitudeofvelocityisaconstant，thatiswhichmeansthatvelocitychangesonlyindirection.isusuallycalledthecentripetalacceleration（向心）.vvTherefore,wehave(2)Uniformcircularmotion(勻速683.Generalcurvilinearmotion:(1-30)istheradiusofcurvature（曲率）atAandCisthecenterofcurvaturecircle(曲率圓）.Asmallpartofcurvilinearpathcanbeconsideredasapartofacircleasshowninthebelowfigure.WehaveAC3.Generalcurvilinearmotion:(694.Angularvariables(角量）incircularmotion⑴AngularpositionPositionfunctionAngulardisplacement4.Angularvariables(角量）inci70⑵angularvelocity&angularacceleration－rad－rad.s-1－rad.s-2Units:角速度：角加速度：⑵angularvelocity&angulara71Relationbetweenlinear（線）&angularvariables：Counterclockwise(反時針）:positivedirectionClockwise（順時針） :negativedirectionTwodirections:r請同學(xué)自己推導(dǎo)！Relationbetweenlinear（線）&72試根據(jù)：的不同，討論相應(yīng)的運動。Forexample:勻加速直線運動AC試根據(jù)：的不73Example1.9:TheofaParticleiswhereandareconstants.Findthetangentialandnormalaccelerationsattimet.Using,wehave:請同學(xué)完成Accordingto,canbeobtained請同學(xué)完成Solution:Example1.9:TheofaPar741.10一質(zhì)點沿半徑為R的圓周按規(guī)律運動，V0,b是正值常數(shù)。求：（1）t時刻總加速度？（2）t為何值時總加速度大小等于b？速度方向與圓周相切并指向前方，（2)由得討論：運動的性質(zhì)，過程，總加速度的方向如何？解：（1）已知運動軌道的問題，選用自然坐標(biāo)系。1.10一質(zhì)點沿半徑為R的圓周按規(guī)律運動，V0,b是75§1-6Relativemotion1.Relativemotion(相對運動）§1-6Relativemotion1.Relati76Thevaluesoftheposition,velocity&accelerationofaobjectdependon（依賴）theframeofreferenceinwhichthequantities（量）aremeasured.2.Relativityofthedescriptionaboutamotion觀測者1觀測者2觀測對象Thevaluesofthepositio772.Theorems（定理）ofvelocityaddition（相加）&accelerat