參考分析講稿manhattan sc note

CHAPTER2GRAMMER& CHAPTER3S-V TYWORDSAND CHAPTER4 Linking CHAPTER5 CHAPTER6 Adj& Verb CHAPTER7TENSE,MOOD, CHAPTER CHAPTER9 CHAPTER10ODDS& CHAPTER11GM/S- CHAPTER12PRONOUNS&MODIFIERS: CHAPTER13VERBS& MoreonLike& Chapter2Grammer&:Aggravating:Lossof:Lossin價值)Mandate:命令:Rangeof(varietyof)Rangingvaring)不同的Rateof:speedorfrequencyofRatefor:priceforRise:generalincreaseRaise:abetorsalaryraiseTrytodo:seekto Tryng:experimentwithCostofsth.:howmuchsth.neededtobepaidCosttosb.:howmuchsb.needtopayModalCertain：ThedropininterestratesWILLcreatebetterinvestmentopportunities.Uncertain：ThedropininterestratesMAYcreatebetterinvestmentopportunities.Uncertain：ITISPOSSIBLETHATthedropininterestratesWILLcreatebetterinvestmentAbsoluyNecessary：ThecourtruledthattheintiffMUSTpayfulldamages.MorallyObliged： AgentlemanSHOULDtreataladyright. IfSandyandSeanmet,theyDISCUSSED PAST:previously;formerly;inthepast;beforenowPRESENT:now;currently;presently;atpresentChapter3S-VSubjectandverbmustbothexists,makesensetogether,andagreeinnumber.Andvs.additiveAddictivephraseinclude:alongwith,inadditionto,aswellas, paniesby,togetherwith,includingEg:Mathematics,history,andscienceAREmandatoryhigh-schoolsubjects.Mathematics,inadditiontohistoryandscience,ISarequiredsubject.Subjectsaresingular(mathematics,Foror&either…or&neither…nor,theverbsagreesinnumberwiththenounnearesttotheEg:NeithertheyersnorthecoachISgoingtotheForneither&either,theverbisalwaysCollectivenouns:alwaysCollectivenounsforpeople:agency,army,audience,class,committee,crowd,orchestra,Exception:Ifthecollectivenounisconsiderasalotofobjects,itshouldbeplural.Itonthewriter’sallthepronounsendingin-one,-body,-thing(theantecedentofonecanbebothsingularandplural)noone,notanynone,nooneAnyofthesewomenISasuitablecandidateformarriagetomyNooneofmyfriendsISherethisEachandeveryasthesubject:alwaysTheyeachAREgreattennistywordsandThenumberof Forsometyphrase,thesubjectliesintheOf-prepositionalphrase.(Anumberof,someof,anyof,noneof,allof,mostof,halfof)Singularverbwhenitindicatethetotalityitselfandwhenitexistalone.Eg:Themajorityhascometoanagreement.Pluralverbwhenindicatethemanyindividualpartsofthetotality. Themajorityofthestudentsintheclassarehardworkers.Subjectphrasesandclauses:alwaysalongwith,inadditionto,aswellas, or&&dependonthesubjecttotheneither&neither&include:-one,-thing,-body,noone,notone,whatever,whoeverdependonthesubjectEach&AsThenumberSingularverbwhenindicatethetotalityitself.Pluralverbwhenthemanyindividualpartsofthetotality.Subjectand

Chapter4Parallelmarkers:and, or,either…or, notonly…butalso,ratherthan,from…toAnd連接兩個長獨立句子時，and前面加IdiomswithparallelAactsasBThinksofAasBViewAasBRegardAasBAisthesameasA,suchasY(example)AsA,soBAisadj,andsotooisBConsiderABDeclareABMakeABAexceedB

BetweenAandBWhetherAorBNotonlyA,butalsoBIncontrastwith/toA,BComparedtoA,BAdevelopsintoBAdiffersfromBAinsteadofBAisknowntobeBAislessthanBAisthoughttobeBDistinguishAfromBEstimateAtobeBMistakeAforBLinkingTreatlinkingverbasaparallelmarker.Linkingverbincludes:Tobe,appear, e,grow,remain,represent,resemble,seems,stay,turn,feel,look,taste,smell,soundChapter5Theantecedentmustexist,makesenseandagreeinPOSSESSIVENOUNwithNON-POSSESSIVEPRONOUNisNOTOKBUTALLOTHERCOMBINATIONSareok.Thisthat,these,and“It”referstotheactualthing.“That”or“those”indicatea“newcopy”andthecopymustbeThenewcopyagreesinnumberwiththepreviousversion.Ifnot,youneedtorewriteit.Hercomputerisbetterthanthatofhissister“This”and“those”can’tbeinceofEvery“it”and“its”mustrefertothesamesingularantecedentinaEvery“they”and“them”and“their”mustrefertothesamepluralantecedentinaChapter6Adj&ThingscanbeAdjmodifiesonlyanounoraAdvmodifiesanythingexceptanounoraPayattentiontothethingthatis[Adj+adj+noun]:Both2adjmodifythenoun[Adj+adv+noun]:advmodifiestheadjseparate;significant;supposed請注意這些形容詞與相應(yīng)副詞的區(qū)別！Adjfollowslinkingverbsandidentifiesaqualitywiththenounsubject.Eg:Amyfeelwell(wellisanadjandmodifyAmy)Amydancewell(wellisanadvandmodifyNounThethingthatismodifiedbyanopeningmodifiermustimmediayfollowtheopeningEg：Tiredfromchasingmice,thecattookaPositionofNounAnounanditsmodifiermusttoucheachother.(Anappositivecanbeputbetweenthearelativeclauseandamodifiednoun)Averbmodifierdoesn’thavetotouchtheHowtohandlesequencesofTwoormorelongmodifiersinarow[modifier+modifier+noun]→awkwardor[modifier+noun+modifier]→BetterRephraseandeliminateamodifier→best*小結(jié)：NounModifiersorVerbModifiersmakesense，再根據(jù)是NounModifiers還是VerbModifiers，判斷位置是否需要緊挨著！Possessivesnounsfunctionasadjandcannotbemodifiedbyanounmodifier. Bill’sscore,Mama’sdress.BillandMamafunctionasadj Who,whom,WhomcanbeomittedwhenitrefertotheintheThat,which,ThatcanbeomittedwhenitrefertotheobjecttheInEg:condition,situation,case,When,inForanouneventortime,eg:period,age,decade,whenandinwhicharebothEssential&Non-essentialnounEssentialmodifiersprovidenecessaryinformation.Usethatandnocommasifthemodifierisessential.Non-essentialmodifiersprovideextrainformation.Usewhichandcommaifthemodifierisnon-essential.Typeofverbprepositionphrase-ing,or,-ingTypeofverbprepositionphrase-ing,or,-ingsuggestthatthesubjectMakesurethesubjectandthemodifiermakesensetogether.ThereisnosubjectinmainclauseofVerbmodifierscanbeced Whichvs.Whichcanbeusedonlytorefertothenounimmediayprecedingit--nevertorefertoa–ingformasV.anditsIreadthebook,Crimehasdecreasedintheneighbourhood,leadingtoariseinpropertyvalues.Aslongastheclauseconvertedintoanounphrasefunctionasthesubjectoftheverb.Acommaisneededbeforethe–ingThe–ingformmeanstheresultof注意baseonbecauseofBecauseof

Chapter7tense,mood,UsethePresentPerfectwith：withinthepast…,inthelast….,since…,PastPerfect:1)toshowanactionbeforeapast2)toshowtheeffectofapastactionafterapastaction.p108Subjunctivemoodin2Usehadbeen/haddonetoindicatethepasttenseofHypotheticalSubjunctive.Usewere/didtoindicatethepresenttenseofHypotheticalSubjunctive.=when..If…(then)Had../IfhadThecommandBossyverbsandrules.Tip:prohibitfrom Demand,dictate,insist,mandate, mend,request,Ask,beg,intend,CommandSubjunctivetoIndicateurgency:Itisadj+that(subjunctiveclause).Eg:itisadvisablethatGarybereadyfortherace.Wordsincluded:essential,advisable,crucial,desirable,fitting,imperative,important,mandatory,necessary,preferable,urgent,vital.ActiveandpassiveUsebyonlyfortheactualdoersoftheChapter Comparisonsignals: like/unlike,more/lessthan, asadjas, thesameas, differfrom,incontractto/withLikevs.Ascanbeeitherapropositionoraconjunction.AscanbefollowedbyaLogicallyparallel.Ithastocomparethesimilarthing.That/thosecanbeusedasapronounTom’sshoesaremoreexpensivethanPutintheomittedwordsorappropriatehelverb(be,do,have)onlyifyouneedtoremovetheambiguity.Compareanadverbendingwith-lybyadding“more”infrontit.Don’tchange–lyinto–ier:Eg:quick→morequicklyChapter9Abilitytodo…=canActasfunction Actlike=behaveinasimilarway AidAidto/forwiththeaimof Allowsb.Todo=permit允許做某 sb.Isallowedto AllowforpermittheexistenceofAandA,C,andClauseA,andclauseB(comma+andcanlinktwoAnxietyaboutAppearassth.=showupassth.Appearadj.=seemsadjAppeartodoItappearsthatwereadj.Applytosb./sth.AsIwalked, emorenervous(Just)Aswedidinthelastyear,wewillwinthisyear(inthesameway)Astheinthe,heworkshard(intheroleof)Asachild,Ideliverednewspaper(=inthestageAspartof… (not)Asadjas與。一樣Threetimesasmanyas三倍Atleastasmanyas至少多達(dá)Aboutasmanyas Notsomuch..as…不如那么多As/solongasSimplePresent只要（條件句）ProvidedthatSimple(Just)As =inthesamewayorJustas=inthesameway;thesituationsareAsk(sb.)forAsksb.todoAskthat..do..( NoAttributeAtoBAAverageadjAwareofsth.=awarethat….:Beginassthwasborn Beginwithsthsthisthefirst sthBelievethat…Believesbtobeadj.SbisbelievedtobeItisbelievedthat…BetweenAandB(2者)Amongsth3者或以上Withinthe 邊界內(nèi)用Bothand…IstudyhardbuttakebreaksbutIstudyhardbutItakebreakscomma+butbutconj.)Itakefrequentnaps,yetIstudyefficiently.(yet作conj)Hecanrun.Claimthat…cando..ClaimtodoComparedConceiveofAasB將A ABConsiderAB 將A看做BConsiderA 將A看做adj Continueto CostsbsthinCreditAwith 相信ABeindangerof DateAat 確定ADecidetoDeclareAB,declareA Declinein Demandthat DependonDetermineAbyBB決定ADevelopinto developAintoDifferfrom=bedifferentfromDifferenceinsth.sth上有差別 A和BBedisinclinedtodoDonotdoubtthat… doubt用于否定句中（No,not）接thatDoubtwhether.. doubt用于肯定句中應(yīng)該直接接whetherBeduetoresult Aisdueto A是由BDuetoresulting Adueto Duetobecause AdjenoughforsbtodoBeequippedtoEstimatesthtobeIamevenricherthanaIearnedasmuchaseventhewealthiest Expectsb.Todo sb.IsexpectedtodoExpectthatsbwilldoItisexpectedthatsbwillThereisanexpectationthatsbwilldoBemorethanexpectedExpandonBeatfaultfor FindThegoalistoHeardthatHelp(to)do. Helpsb.(to)doHelpinngthelawholdwiththeintent/intentionofngwiththeintenttodoInveststh.In Beisolated knowsbtobeBelackingofsth =lacksthThelackofsth.Lieinreside *lie-lied-lied-lyingbelikelytoItislikelyMorethanlikelyAismorelikelythanB(is)todoAistwiceaslikelyasB(is)tolossof:declineoflossin:declineofanmakesthmakeitpossibleforsb.toAisameanstoB A是做B 將Athesecondnativeto… usedforanimals,ntsnativeof… usedforpeoplenot…butrather…not…;instead,….Notonly…(,)butNotjust…butAnumberof+pluralThenumberof+singularOnlyshouldbecedcloselybeforetheworditmodified.Eg：HisperformanceisexceededonlybyTom.OrdersbtodoOrderthat… OweAtoBfor 因為CABPersuadesb.todong Maybe<beprobablyPerhaps/maybeadvProhibitsbfromPronounceA ProposesthProposetodo RangefromAtoB從A到BWidelyrangingchangingovertimeWiderangeof=avarietyRank Ratefor Rateoftheft率rate=frequencyorAreasontodoAreasonforsthAreasonRecognizeAasmendedthat…doAreductioninRegardAasberegardedasadjberegardedasngBereluctantto ReportthatRequestthat..do(subjunctive)RequiresthtodoRequiresbtodo要求做。Requirethat…do(subjunctive)Requireofsbthatdosubjunctive) BearesultofAsaresultTheresultofAwasthatResult ， ，Arisein riseasaTherisingof risingasaRuledthatThesametoAastoAtthesametime SeemtoItseemsthatItseemsasif審判不說shouldShowthat…SoadjAdjenoughforsbtodoSothat Sotoo后面倒 Bellbottomsarecomingbackinstyle,sotooare A代替SucceedinSuchthese SuchasSuggestthat….DoOnthesurfaceThinkofAas A是BBethoughttobe B被認(rèn)為是Atoolforng=atooltoTwice/doubleasadj/advassth.DoublethenumberthatA A的兩倍Sthdouble sth翻倍Double sth翻倍這種用法并不是比較關(guān)系UseAtodoDoBwithA 使用工具A做BUseAasB 用A作為B ViewAas WayofngWaytodoWeighlessthan=islighterIdon’tknowwhetherIwillIdecidetogotobed,whetherIamsleepyorBeworried

Chapter10Odds&Acorrectsentencealwayscontainsatleastonemainclause.Ifyouhavetwomainclauses,youmustusetherightconnectingverbtojointhem.Coordinateconjunctions:and,but,or,for,nor,yet,so.Togetherwithacomma,theycanlinktwomainclauses.Thetwomainclausescoexistwitheachotherasequal.Subordinators:although,because,before,after,since,when,if,unless,that,though,while.Subordinatorsachieveharmonywithinasentencebyreducingoneofthecausestoasubordinateclause.Acommabyitselfcannotconnecttwocompletesentences.(“themore…themore..”isanexception)ThesemicolonisoftenfollowedbyaConjunctiveAdverborothertransitionexpression,suchashowever,therefore,inaddition.Thesemicoloncanbeusedtoseparateitemsthatthemselvescontaincommas.Eg:IlistentoEarth,Wind&Fire;Wow,Owls;andBlood,Sweat&Tears.Thecolon(:)canbeusedtoequatealistwithitscomponents.Thepartbeforecolonmustbeabletostandalone.Eg:Ilovelisteningtomanykindofmusic:Jazz,classical,rock,rap,andpopAclausecanbeputafterthecolon.ItmustexinwhatprecedestheThesemicolonconnectstwoindependentclauses,butthesecondonedoesn’texinthefirstone.Incontrast,thecolonconnectsasentencewithafurtherexAdashcanbeusedinthesamewayascomma,semicolonand (,and)2 2Closely Clause:n.,n.andn.Clause:clauseEquatealist;ThepartbeforecolonmusttostandWhateverneedstobeexshouldbecedclosetoAll+Bothokay Much,little,amountof,More,most,enough,Thenumberof Anumberof .Chapter11GM/S-Concision:specificpatternof eg:apply>Tackalongthoughtontoanoun:Thatclause>aseriesof Thehypothesisthattheuniverseislargelycomposedofdarkenergyseemsstrange.>ThehypothesisaboutthecompositionoftheuniverseaslargelydarkenergyseemsstrangeIdeaworkarewellappliedtothisrule,include:hypothesis,idea,suggestion,belief,discovery,evidence,indicationandreport.Asforthesamewordorigin:Verb>tobeEg:Thewasinfluencedthemovement.>ThewasinfluentialtotheDescribeanounornounphrase: adj>noun(derivedfromtheadj.)Eg:Sheisdisinclinedtostay.>Shehasadisinclinationtostay.Modifyaverbphrase:adv.>prepositionalphrase Considerably>toaconsiderableextent Significantly>toasignificantdegreeAdjclausethatcontainstobe:Adj>adjclausewithRemove“itis…Concision:Don’tmakeittooUsually,youcanchangethe“of”phraseintoanadjfornoun.Exception:whenyouhavetimeperiod,ty,ormeasurementasthefirstword,keepofprepositionalphrase.Eg:theyearofgraduate,thedensityofthepopulation,theamountofoxygenKeep“thatof”,“thoseof”ifyouneedKeepthatafterareportingverb(indicate,claim,contend,report,agree,declare,find,indicate,rule,show,announce,assert,believe,confess,demonstrate,doubt,expect,hold,know,mention,observe,proclaim,reason,recognize,repeat,state,think,warn).Concretenounsrefertothings,ces,people,timeorcertainevent.Eg:rock,continent,Actionnounsrefertoactions,oftenformedfromverb.Eg:corruption,change,development,growth,pollutionSimpleGerundPhrase:“verbsontheInside,nounsontheoutside”.Insidethephrase,thewordsarearrangedasiftheyfollowaverb.Eg:“drinkingabeer”ComplexGerundPhrases:“NounsthroughNouns”,itisoftenprecededbyarticlesororfollowedbyprepositionalphrase.Eg:marathonrunning,therunningofWhatisconsiderableInfinitives(the“to”canbeomittedinthelaterClausesandclauses(alltheclausesmuststartwiththesameChapter12Pronouns&Modifiers:OtherTheremeans“inthatce”.It’santecedentceisrefertoinaprepositionalphraseshouldbeaEg:OilinAntarcticamaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellscanbedugItselfandthemselvesareusedasobjectstoreferdirectlybacktothesubjecttoindicatewhenthesubjectactsuponitself.Itselfandthemselvescanalsobeusedtointenseanoun.Eg:Thecommissionitselfwaswrong.OneindicatesaninfinitecopyoraninfinitepartofacollectionWhileit/they/themindicatethedefiniteselectionofanentireobjectorcollection.One作代詞必須跟modifierDosorefertoanentireactionincludingaverb,objectanditsmodifier.Eg:Tomdidnothavedinnerontime,butJackdidso.Doit:itreferstoanactualnounPostponeinfinitivesubject.Eg:Tohavedinnerontimeisimportant.Itisimportanttohavedinnerontime.PostponeThat-clausesubjects:Eg:Thatwehavedinnerontimeisimportant.Itisimportanttohavedinnerontime.PostponeinfinitiveorThat-clauseobject:Eg:ShemadeitpossibleforustohavedinneronDon’tlookfortheantecedentofitintheabovethreeNuancesofpronounGenderRepeat:everyitanditsinthesamesentencemustrefertothesamesingularnoun.Everythey,themandtheirmustrefertothesamepluralnoun.Proximity:Thepronounshouldrefertotheclosesteligibleantecedent.Sometimes,thepronouncomesshortlybeforetheantecedent.Case:thepronounandantecedentshouldagreeincaseiftheyareinparallelModifiers:exceptionstothetouchA“mission-critical”modifierfallsbetween.ItisoftenanOf-Phrase.WithoutthisthenounisalmostEg:ThewayofdodgingopponentthatimpressedtheEg:Anicesheetcovers80percentofthesurfaceofGreenland,anarearoughlythesizeofEg:AnewCEOhasbeenhiredwhoisdedicateandwisdomenoughtosavetheEg:Oursystemofialelectionsfavorsstates,suchasDelaware,thatbypopulationareover-representedintheElectoralCollege.Themodifierispartofaseriesofparallelmodifiers,oneofwhichtouchesthe Theterm“tincture”referstoacoloremblazonedonacoatofarmsandlabeledwithaspecialFrenchword.Abelongsto BofThisconstructionisusedtodescribeapartofalargegroupwitha ,someofwhich+Eg:Themodelexinsalltheknownparticles,someofwhichwererecently .......,someofthemEg:Themodelexinsalltheknownparticles,someofthemonlyrecently Eg:Themodelexinsalltheknownparticles,somerecentlyMoreonRelativeclausesvs.Presentparticiplesgettheirtensefromthemainverbinthesentence.Eg:Isawamancleaningthesteps.(cleaningtakesceinthepast)Eg:Iwillseeamancleaningthe (cleaningtakesceintheTherelativeclause(who,where,that....)andapresentparticiplemodifierareinterchangeableonlywhentwoactionssharethesametense.Eg:Iseethemancleaningthesteps=IseethemanwhocleantheEg:Iseethemancleanedthesteps Absolute mainclause,noun+noun (CommacanberecedbyAbsolutephrasemodifythewholemainclause.It’sanotherwaytolinkasecondsentencetothefirst.Hel

Chapter13Verbs&Primaryhelverb:Be,Do,andTense:Thefirstinstanceofverbshouldusuallymatchthehelverb.Ifnot,repeatthewholeverbinthenewtense.Eg:Ihaveseenanaardvark,butmyfathersawitVoice:Thehelverbsalwaysstandforpositiveform.Usethemonlyifyoumeanthepositiveformofverb.Verbalareusedasadj,advandWhenuseinfinitivestoexpressapurpose,todo=inordertoWhenuseinfinitivestoexpressapurpose,thesubjectshouldbeconsistentintheactivevoiceandtheobjectshouldbeconsistentinthepassivevoice.Eg:activevoice:Thecontractorsdemolishedthebuildingtokeepitfromfallingdown(Thesentenceimpliesthatthecontractors