世界銀行-韓國(guó)工業(yè)部門能源效率政策的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)（英）-2023.8

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SeoulCenterforfinanCeandinnovation

LessonsfromKorea’s

EnergyEfficiency

Policiesinthe

IndustrialSector

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WorldBankGroup

Finance,CompetitivenessandInnovation

GlobalPractice

LessonsfromKorea’s

EnergyEfficiencyPolicies

intheIndustrialSector

SeoulCenterforfinanCeandinnovation

june2023

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LessonsfromKorea’s

energyefficiencyPoLicies

intheindustriaLsector

Acknowledgment

ThisreportwaspreparedbyateamledbyAnwarAridi(SeniorPrivateSectorSpecialist,WorldBank’sFinanceCompetitivenessandInnovationGlobalPractice),whichincludedKibumKim(Pri-vateSectorSpecialist,WBFCIGP),JooSuebLee(SeniorEconomist,WBFCIGP),NahYoonShin(Consultant,WBFCIGP),DaeinKang(Consultant,WBFCIGP),DavidvonHippel(Consultant),andHyunjiRoh(Consultant,WBEnergy&ExtractivesGP).

ThenotebenefitedfromtheguidanceoftheWorldBankManagement,ZaferMustafaoglu(PracticeManager)andJasonAllford(CountryManager),andfromfeedbackandcommentsprovidedbyIn-chulHwang(SeniorEnergySpecialist,WBEnergy&ExtractivesGP),YanchaoLi(EnergySpecialist,WBEnergy&ExtractivesGP).WilliamShaweditedthereport.TheteamisthankfultoJiyongEom(Professor,KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology),JiYongPark(ResearchFellow,KoreaEnergyEconomicsInstitute),KanghoonLee(DemandSidePolicyDivisionTeamLeader,Ko-reaEnergyAssociation),andYiYongPark(DeputyDirector,KoreaMinistryofTrade,Industryand

Energy)forprovidingusefulinput.RyosunJang(Consultant,WB)andWilliamShaw(Consultant,WB)editedthereport.

ThisknowledgenotewasmadepossiblebyagrantfromtheKoreanMinistryofEconomyandFi-nance,providedthroughtheSeoulCenterforFinanceandInnovationandtheWBGKoreaOffice.

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Contents

Acknowledgment 4

AcronymsandAbbreviations 6

ExecutiveSummary 8

01

Introduction 12

02

Globaltrendsinindustrialenergyefficiency:Benefits,challenges,andpolicies 16

2.1Globaltrends 17

2.2Benefitsofenergyefficiencyimprovements 20

2.3Challengesandbarriers 21

2.4Modalitiesofpublicpolicysupporttoenergyefficiency 25

03

Korea’strendsinindustrialenergyefficiency 27

04

IndustrialenergyefficiencypoliciesinKorea 37

4.1OverviewofKorea’senergypolicyframework 38

4.2Institutionalframework 40

4.3Keyenergyefficiencypoliciesandprograms 42

05

LessonslearnedfromKorea’senergyefficiencypolicyexperience 64

References 69

Annexes 75

1Digitalizationandothertechnicalsolutionsinenergyefficiency 76

2Korea’songoingenergyefficiencyprograms 79

3Korea’sterminatedenergyefficiencyprograms 97

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AcronymsandAbbreviations

CHP

CO2

COP22

DSM

EEIS

EIP

EnMS

ESCO

ESP

ETS

FEMS

GDP

GGGI

GGP

GHG

GIR

HVAC

IEA

IPR

ISO

KATS

KDHC

KEA

KECO

KEEI

KEPCO

KESIS

KETEP

KICOX

KIER

KOGAS

KRX

KSIC

KVER

CombinedHeatandPower

CarbonDioxide

22ndsessionoftheConferenceofthePartiestotheUNFCCC

Demand-sideManagement

EnergyEfficiencyInformationStrategy

EcoIndustrialPark

EnergyManagementSystem

EnergyServiceCompany

EnergySavingthroughPartnership

EmissionTradingScheme

FactoryEnergyManagementSystem

GrossDomesticProduct

GlobalGreenGrowthInstitute

GreenGrowthPartnership

GreenhouseGas

GreenhouseGasInventory&ResearchCenterofKorea

Heating,Ventilation,andAirConditioning

InternationalEnergyAgency

IntellectualPropertyRight

InternationalOrganizationforStandardization

KoreanAgencyforTechnologyandStandards

KoreaDistrictHeatingCorporation

KoreaEnergyAgency

KoreaEnvironmentCorporation

KoreaEnergyEconomicsInstitute

KoreaElectricPowerCorporation

KoreaEnergyStatisticalInformationSystem

KoreaInstituteofEnergyTechnologyEvaluationandPlanning

KoreaIndustrialComplexCorporation

KoreaInstituteofEnergyResearch

KoreaGasCorporation

KoreaExchange

KoreanStandardIndustryCode

KoreaVoluntaryEmissionReduction

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LEEN

LearningEnergyEfficiencyNetwork

MAC

MarginalAbatementCost

MEPS

MinimumEnergyPerformanceStandards

MKE

MinistryofKnowledgeEconomy

MOE

MinistryofEnvironment

MOEF

MinistryofEconomyandFinance

MOLIT

MinistryofLand,Infrastructure,andTransport

MOTIE

MinistryofTrade,IndustryandEnergy

MRV

Monitoring,reportingandverification

MtCO2e

MillionTonnesCarbonDioxideEquivalent

Mtoe

MillionTonofOilEquivalent

OECD

OrganizationforCooperationandEconomicDevelopment

RD&D

Research,DevelopmentandDemonstration

ROI

ReturnonInvestment

SMEs

SmallandMediumEnterprises

TDR

Turn-downratio

TMS

TargetManagementScheme

toe

TonofOilEquivalent

UNFCCC

UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange

*Theexchangerateusedinthisreportisthe2022annualaverageatUS$1=KRW1,291.7,basedon

/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-ex-

change-rates

.

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ExecutiveSummary

Theindustrialsectorisamajorconsumerofenergyandemitterofgreenhousegases(GHG)worldwide.Energyefficiencyistypicallyknownastheleastexpensiveandthefastestroutetogreengrowthandsustainabledevelopment.Despiteitspromise,adoptionofenergyefficiencysolutionsbyfirmsandindustriesisoftenriddledwithacomplexsetofeconomic,technical,andinformationalbarriers.Publicpolicyhasakeyroleinalleviatingtheseburdens,andKorea’senergyefficiencypoliciesofferanopportunityforlearninggiventheirdiversityandcoverage.

RisingenergyconsumptionandGHGemissionsfromtheindustrialsectorhavebeenakeymotivationforpursuingenergyefficiencypolicyintheRepublicofKorea.Asof2021,Koreaaccountsforapproximately1.5percent(616milliontonsofCO2)oftheworld’stotalCO2emissions(37.12billiontonsofCO2)anditsindustrialsectorisresponsibleforoverhalfoftheGHGandotherpollutantemissions.Energy-intensivemanufacturingsectors,namelypetrochemicals,ironandsteelwhichareoftenhard-to-abateindustrysectors,playakeyroleasthebackboneofKorea’sindustrystructure,makingenergyefficiencyimprovementevenmorechallenging.Moreover,asignificantamountofenergyconsumptionoriginatesfromenergy-intensivefirmsthatconsumemorethan2,000tonsofoilequivalent(toe)peryear.Despitetheincreasedelectrificationintheindustrialsector,energyintensivefirmsstillheavilyrelyonfossilfuels.Notwithstandingthesechallenges,Korea’senergyintensityfortheindustrialsectorwasmaintainedatarelativelystableleveloverthepastdecade.

Reducingtheenergyintensityofindustrialproductionposesseveralpublicpolicychalleng-es.Subsidiestoenergyconsumptionandtaxpoliciesthatdonotreflectthetrueenvironmentalandsocialcostofenergyproductionimpedeeffortstoimproveenergyefficiency.Imperfectmar-ketcompetition(forexampleduetodominantstate-ownedenterprisesinenergyintensivesec-tors)andinformationalbarriersincreasethetransactioncostsfacingindustrialfirmsattemptingtoreduceenergyuse.Lackofprotectionofintellectualpropertyrights,aswellasimporttariffpolicies,posesignificantbarriers.Thelackofappropriateinstitutionsandinformationcanimpedetheeffectivenessofenergyefficiencyprograms.Inadequateaccesstofinance,theshortpaybackperiodsoftenrequiredbyindustrialfirms,volatileenergyprices,andlackofenergyinfrastructurewithadvancedtechnologylimitinvestmentinenergyefficiency.Firmsoftenfailtounderstandthevalueofenergyefficiencyimprovementsandlacktheabilitytoevaluatethemproperly.Finally,successinincreasingenergyefficiencyandtheconsequentialcostsavingscanincreaseenergyuseifthecostsavingsareusedtoexpandproduction(thereboundeffect).

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ThisreportoffersacomprehensiveoverviewofKorea’senergyefficiencypolicyexperienceforthebenefitofpolicymakersandindustrypractitionersaimingtopromoteandscaleupenergyefficiencyintheindustrysector,particularlyinmanufacturing.Itintroducesthecoun-try’soverarchingenergypolicyframeworkandreviewsitsenergyefficiencypolicymix.Amongthe22energyefficiencyprogramsreviewed,sixexemplaryprogramswereselectedasgoodprac-ticesbasedonexperts’opinionandperceivedeffectiveness,andaredescribedindetail.Korea’senergyefficiencypolicymix,developedoverthelastthreedecades,leveragesacombinationofmodalitiesofpublicpolicysupportincludingregulatoryandvoluntaryincentivestargetingbothenergysupplyanddemandactors.Korea’sexperiencehighlightsthatindividualindustrialenergyefficiencyprogramsaremoreeffectivewhencloselylinkedwithcomplementarypoliciesthrough-outtheirdesignandimplementation.Ontheenergydemandside,mandatoryenergyauditstargetenergy-intensivefirmsthatconsumemorethan2,000toeannuallywhilevoluntaryprogramsaretailoredforsmallandmediumenterprises(SMEs).Onthesupplyside,energysuppliers(utilities)aremandatedtosetenergysavingstargetseveryyearandinvestinenergyefficiencyimprovementprojects.Atthesametime,Koreahasbeenplacinggreateremphasisonmarket-basedapproach-essuchastheGHGEmissionTradingScheme(ETS)whichputspricesoncarbonwiththeobjectiveofindirectlyimprovingaccesstofinanceandinducingbehavioralchangeinfirms.TheEnergyStandardsandLabelingProgramsetsthestandardsforacceptableenergyefficiencyinappliancesandcreatesopportunitiesforenergyefficiencyimprovementsbyprovidinginformationforcon-sumersandincentivesforfirmstoimprovetheirproducts.Thenationaleco-industrialpark(EIP)andthesmartgreenindustrialcomplexprogramsaimtoincreaseenergyefficiencyofthemanu-facturingsectorinKoreathroughimprovedenergymanagementsystemsandresourcecircularityattheindustrialparklevel.Whilethereismuchroomforfurtherreducingtheenergyintensityofitsindustrysectorandfullyinternalizingenvironmentalcosts,policyeffortstodateindicatethecountry’scommitmenttotheenergyefficiencyagendaandarecorrelatedwithanoveralldecreaseinKorea’senergyintensity.

Thereportconcludeswithsixkeypolicylessonsthatcouldberelevantforothereconomies,particularlythosewitheconomicstructuresthatareheavilyreliantonmanufacturing:

1.Alignenergyefficiencypoliciesandprogramswithnationallong-termgoalsandestablishawell-designedcoordinationmechanismbetweenvariousstakeholders.

Energyefficiencyislinkedtodifferentpolicygoals,suchasenergysecurity,industrialcompeti-tiveness,greengrowth,mitigationofclimatechange,andothers.Koreasystematicallytackledthesecoordinationproblemsbyestablishingaregulatory,legal,andinstitutionalframeworkwhichservedasafoundationforcoordinatedactionandalignmentwithnationallong-termgoals.Also,Korea’sinstitutionalframeworkclearlydelineatedthelinesofauthorityandre-sponsibilityforenergyefficiencyamonglineministriesandimplementingagencies.Thispro-videdamorecoherentapproachacrossdifferentministries,allowingpoliciestoworktowardsaunifyinggoal.

2.Incorporateenergyintensityimplicationsintoindustrialpolicyandeconomicplanstoavoidthedevelopmentofcaptiveeconomicstructuresthatconstrainenergyefficiencygainsinthelongrun.

Theeconomicstructureandthesectoralcompositionoftheindustrialsectordictatethede-greeofenergyefficiencyimprovementsacountrycouldachieve.InKorea,hard-to-abatesec-

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torssuchaspetrochemicals,ironandsteelproductionaccountforaround90percentoftotalenergyconsumptionwithinthemanufacturingsector.Moreover,firmsthatconsumemorethan2,000toeannuallyareresponsibleforapproximatelyhalfoftotalenergyconsumption.ThewiderangeofenergyefficiencypoliciesintroducedbyKoreahasledtoimprovementsinin-dustrialenergyintensitybutisyetslowedbystructuralconstraintsinenergyefficiencygains.Transformationoftheeconomicstructurepostindustrializationislikewisechallenging,consid-eringtheshareofenergyintensivesectorsinKorea’sGDP.Assuch,industrializingeconomiestodayareatanadvantageanddohaveachoicetoavoiddevelopmentpathwaysthatcanpre-determinethelimitsofenergyefficiencygains.Industrialpoliciesandeconomicplanstarget-ingindustrialsectorsthataregreenercouldalloweconomiesamorefeasibleroutetowardsenergyefficiencygains.

3.Graduallyandincrementallydeveloptheenergyefficiencypolicymixtoleveragecomple-mentaritiesamongprogramsandinducebehavioralchangeamongfirmsandindustries.

Korea’sindustrialenergyefficiencypolicieshavebeengraduallydevelopedandregularlyre-visedandupdated.Althoughthereisaneedforfurtherresearchtorigorouslyassesstheeffec-tivenessofprograms,theexperimentalpolicyapproachresultedinadiverseandcomprehen-sivepolicymixthatservesasalearningresourceforothercountries.Korea’spolicymixtodayischaracterizedbyacombinationofmandatoryandvoluntaryprogramsthatcollectivelyincen-tivizefirmsofalltypesandsizestoparticipateinenergysavingpractices.Korea’sexperiencealsodemonstratesthatindividualpolicyprogramsandmodalitiesofpublicpolicysupportaremoreeffectivewhentheyarecloselylinkedandcomplementarybydesign.

4.Establisheffectivemonitoring,reportingandverification(MRV)systemsandleveragedig-italtechnologiestocollect,analyze,andmonitorenergydata.

ContinuousdevelopmentandimprovementstotheMRVsystemisoneofthenotablefeaturesoftheKoreaenergyefficiencypolicyexperience.Collectingdataonenergyconsumptionandturningthisdataintousefulinformationavailableforpolicymakers,utilities,firmsandindi-vidualconsumerscouldhelpaddressinformationasymmetrybetweentheenergysuppliersandconsumers,aswellascontributetoprogramevaluation.Evidenceonwhichprogramsareeffective,andwhy,willbecriticaltoimprovingKorea’senergyefficiencyprograms’outcomesandprovidevaluableknowledgetopolicymakersglobally.

5.Leveragevoluntaryagreementsandlocalknowledgesharingactivitiestofacilitatetech-nologytransferandcollectiveactions.

Energyefficiencypolicycanplayanimportantroleinfacilitatingknowledgesharingandtrans-ferbypromotingnetworkingamongfirms.TheKoreangovernmenthasintroducedlocalini-tiativesandvoluntaryagreementstoimproveinformationflowandawarenessraisingamongfirmsregardingthebestpracticestoenhanceindustrialenergyefficiency.However,therearesignificantimpedimentstoknowledgespilloversfromtheseactivities.Animportantissueisreluctancetoshareinformationorknow-howwithcompetitors.Toovercomethischallenge,publicpolicycanconsiderdiverseoptionstopromotecooperation,suchasthroughincentivestoparticipateinknowledge-sharingactivitiesandleveraginglocalgovernments,localindustri-alassociations,researchnetworks,andexistingconsortiums.

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6.Developpolicydesignandimplementationcapabilitiestoeffectivelyexecuteacompre-hensiveenergyefficiencypolicymix.

Effectivedesignandimplementationofenergyefficiencypolicyistoalargeextentafunctionofcapableimplementingagencieswithaclearmandate,abundantfinancialandtechnicalre-sourcesandstrongorganizationalcapabilities.TheKoreaEnergyAgency(KEA)hasbeenkeytothedevelopmentandimplementationoftheenergyefficiencypolicymix.ThreelessonscanbeextractedfromKEA’spolicyimplementationexperience.First,providingaclearmandateforKEAandconductingregularmonitoringandevaluationhelpedKEAestablishitselfasthekeyenergyefficiencypolicyimplementationagency.Second,settingrealistictargetsalongwithtechnicalguidelines,methodologies,andmetricstomeetsuchtargetswascrucial.Third,giv-enthecomplexityoflegalandeconomicarrangements,communicationwiththeindustriesanddisseminatingrelevant,timelyinformationisessential.

01

Introduction

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12

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01Introduction

Inthefaceoftherecentenergycrisis,improvingenergyefficiencyhasregainedattentionasoneofthekeystrategiestoachievesustainablegrowthoftheindustrysectorandcarbonneutralitytargetssetbygovernments.Energyefficiencymeansincreasingproductivityandout-putforthesameamountofenergyinputandismeasuredintermsoftheamountofoutputthatcanbeproducedwithagiveninputofenergy.Itisoftenreferredtoasthe“firstfuel”ofasustain-ableglobalenergysystembytheIEA(IEA2019).Theterm“industrialenergyefficiency”meanstheenergyefficiencyderivedfromcommercialtechnologiesandmeasurestoimproveenergyefficien-cyortogenerateortransmitelectricpowerandheat,includingelectricmotorefficiencyimprove-ments,demandresponse,directorindirectcombinedheatandpower,andwasteheatrecovery(USDepartmentofEnergy2015).Asof2021,industrialactivityaccountedfor25percentofglobalemissions,or9.4GtofCO2(IEA2022c).1Energyconsumptionintheindustrysectorhascontinu-ouslyrisenoverthepastdecadeduetotheglobaltrendofrisingproductioninenergy-intensiveindustrysubsectors(chemicals,ironandsteel,andcement).

Energyefficiencymeasuresareconsideredthefirstandmostcost-effectiveresponsestoaddressenergy-relatedchallengeswhilemeetingtheclimategoals.Fortheindustrialsector,especiallyforenergy-intensivesectorssuchascement,steelandiron,chemicals,foodprocess-ing,paperandpulpindustries,energyefficiencymeasurescanhelpreduceproductioncostsbyloweringenergybillsandovercomemarketpressuresfollowingtheinternationalclimatechangeagreementsandactivegreengrowthpoliciesimplementedaroundtheworld.2TheSharmel-SheikhImplementationPlanadoptedduringtheCOP27inEgyptcalleduponalltheparticipatingmembercountriestoacceleratedevelopmentandadoptionofpoliciesandtechnologiesthatwillhelprapidlyscaleupthedeploymentofenergyefficiencymeasuresandcleanpowergenerationacrossallsectorsincludingtheindustrialsector(UNFCCC2022).

However,progressinimprovingenergyefficiencyintheindustrialsectorisslow,andchal-lengesremainunresolvedacrosstheworld,especiallyinemergingmarkets.IEAreportsthatenergyefficiencyprogressintheindustrialsectorisoccurringfartooslowly.Whileindustrialener-

1Theseemissionsdonotincludeindirectemissionsfromtheelectricityuseinthesector.

2Asenergyisnotthemostsignificantexpenseeveninthemostenergyintensivesectors,therearelimitationstothesavingsgainsthroughenergyefficiency.However,improvingenergyefficiencystillhasmeritinthatthesectorsareneverthelessthelargestconsumersofallsourcesofenergy,exceptoilwheretransportationdwarfsotherdemands.

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gyefficiencyneedstoincreasebyapproximately3percentannuallyuntil2030toachievetheNetZerotarget(IEA2022c),improvementsinenergyefficiencyhavebeenmodestduetolowenergyandcarbonprices,lackofaccesstofinance,lackofpublicandprivatestakeholders’awarenessofgoodpractices,browneconomicstructure,andlimitedmarketcompetition(detailsarediscussedinSection2).Knowledgegapsstillexistintermsofwhathasworkedandwhatdidnot,andhowdifferentpolicyinstrumentscanhelptacklebarrierstoimproveindustrialenergyefficiency.

Increasingindustrialenergyefficiencyhasbeenthegovernment’spriorityinKorea,withitsbroadpolicycommitmenttothegreengrowthmodel.Despitemixedresultsingeneratingim-pacts,thegreengrowthmodelhasunderpinnedarangeofeconomicpoliciesimplementedinKo-rea,includingbothindustrialandenergypolicies.IndustrialenergyefficiencyprogramshavebeenimplementedasakeyelementofKoreangovernment’seffortstogreenindustrieswhilestrength-eningtheircompetitiveness.Likeitspeers,Koreahassetatargetofreachingcarbonneutralityby2050andseekstosignificantlyimproveenergyefficiencywhilerampinguptheshareofrenewableenergysourcesandfosteringinnovativegreentechnologies.Toachieveneutralityby2050,indus-trialemissionsmustbecutby80percentfromthe2018level,orareductionof210millionoutof686.3millionCO2eqinnationwideemissions(PresidentialCommissiononCarbonNeutralityandGreenGrowth2021).In2022,PresidentYoonSuk-yeol’sadministrationinKoreareaffirmedthecountry’scommitmenttoenergyefficiency,strengtheningexistingpoliciesandintroducingnewinitiatives,someofwhichhaveaparticularfocusonindustrysuchasstrengtheningmarket-basedapproachestopromoteinnovationinenergy-intensiveindustrysectors(MOTIE2022).3Withatrackrecordofenergyefficiencypolicies,Korea’sexperiencecouldprovidelessonsandilluminatechallengesandbarriersthatmayneedtobeaddressedwhendesigningandimplementingenergyefficiencymeasurestargetingindustrialsectors.

ThisreportaimstogiveanoverviewofKorea’senergyefficiencypolicyexperienceforthebenefitofpolicymakersandindustrypractitionersaimingtopromoteandscaleupenergyefficiencyimprovementsintheindustrysector,particularlyinmanufacturing.Thereportalsoaimstoprovideindustrypractitionerswithlessonsdrawnfrompracticesimplementedbyindustrysubsectorsandgroupsofenergy-intensivefirmsinKorea(seeSection5).Thereportdrawsuponpubliclyavailabledata,literature,andpolicydocuments,andhasbeenenrichedwithqualitativeinterviewswithenergypolicyexperts,researchers,andpractitioners.Thereportislaidoutasfol-lows:

—Section1discussestheobjectivesofthereportandintroducesthedefinitionsofenergyeffi-ciencyandthescopeoftheindustrialsectorexaminedinthisreport.

—Section2discusseswhyindustrialenergyefficiencyhasbecomeevermoreimportantinthefaceofglobalstrugglestoensureenergysecurity,lowerenergycosts,andtackleclimatechangeandothersustainabledevelopmentissues.Itreviewscurrentworldwidetrendsinin-

3ThroughthefivenewenergypolicydirectionsandCarbonNeutrality&GreenGrowthStrategyannouncedinJulyandOctober,2022,respectively,theKoreangovernmentemphasizedoptimizingenergydemandandstreamliningthemarketstructurebasedonmarketprinciples.Regardingthepowermarketandrates,thepriorityisestablishingamarketthatrunsonthebasicprinciplesofcompetitionandfairness.Thepolicydirectionalsoemphasizedtheimportanceofimprovingthecarbonemissiontradingsystem,promptingautonomouscarbonreductionmarkets.

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dustrialenergyuseandefficiency,identifiesthebenefitsofimprovingindustrialenergyeffi-ciency,andlaysoutthetypologiesofpolicyinstrumentsusedinimprovingindustrialenergyefficiency.

—Section3examinesKorea’soveralltrendsinindustrialenergyuseandefficiencyovertime.GHG

emissions,energyconsumption,andenergyintensityintheindustrialsectorarereviewed.

—Section4providesatypologyofKorea’spoliciesandprogramsthatspecificallytargetimprov-ingenergyefficiencyintheindustrysector,withanexampleofeachtypeofprogram.

—Section5provideslessonslearnedfromKorea’scasethatmaybeapplicabletodevelopingandtoadvancedeconomies.

02

Globaltrendsinindustrial

energyefficiency:Benefits,

challenges,andpolicies

LessonsfromKorea’s

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16

17

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Unit:%

4

3

2

1

0

02Globaltrendsinindustrialenergy

efficiency:Benefits,challenges,and

policies

2.1

Globaltrends

Thepaceofglobalenergyintensity4improvementshasslowed.COVID-19hasposedauniquesetofchalle