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Email:InputInput5011million11millionFanJ,ThepresentationinSWU,認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家Michael認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家MichaelPosner于2009年被ThetemporaldynamicsofvisualworkingmemoryguidanceofselectiveattentionTheneuraldynamicmechanismsofasymmetricswitchcostsinacombinedStroop-task-switchingparadigmDisentanglingtheimpactofoutcomevalenceandoutcomefrequencyonthepost-errorThetemporaldynamicsofvisualworkingmemoryguidanceofselectiveattentionTheneuraldynamicmechanismsofasymmetricswitchcostsinacombinedStroop-task-switchingparadigmDisentanglingtheimpactofoutcomevalenceandoutcomefrequencyonthepost-errorMemoryguidanceonvisualWeoftensearchafaceinacrowdorforaparticularobjectinaclutteredenvironment.Ourattentionisoftenguidedbyourmemory.HowtostudyWMguidanceinTheselectionspeedisslowedTheselectionspeedissloweddownwhenthecueinWMre-appearsininvalidtrials;however,nothiseffectwhenthecueismerelyattendedbutnotheldinWMforalaterreport.Sotoetal.,AmatchbetweenastimulusandaWMrepresentationisassociatedwithincreasedresponsesintheinferiorandmedialtemporalcortex:averagetimeofsaccadeonset,300msafterarrayonset(Chelazzietal.,1993,1998).P1istheearliestERPcomponentTheamplitudesoftheP1andN1componentswereconsiderablyenlargedfortargetspresentedtotheattendedspatiallocationrelativetotargetsinunattendedlocations(Mangunetal.,1993).N2pcindexestheWMN2pcweremodulatedbyWMTheseearlycomponents(P1,N1)werenotin?uencedbyWMcontents.Kumaretal.,Semanticrepresentation,noP1orNeithertheP1northeN1inactivityacrossthetargetstatusanddistractorcondition(Tellingetal.,2010).TheirlimitationandourTheordinarylifeobjects(e.g.,fish)andgeometricshapesasexperimentmaterials,itispossiblethatparticipants’familiaritywithmaterialscontributestotheverbalencodingofcontentsinWM,whichunderminestheeffectofobjectmemory-basedattentionalguidance.StimuliandcomplexirregulartasksetsERP+sLORETA+ThetraditionalERPwaveformThesourcelocalizationanalysiswithsLORETAThetime–frequencydomainevent-relatedspectralperturbation(ERSP)ERPandtime-frequencyERP:time-andphase-locked,averageepochsofEEGdataassociatedwitheventsofinterest.Time-frequency:thetime-locked,extractthepowerofmultiplefrequencybandsintheongoingEEGasafunctionoftime.TheERSinalphainthealpha-band(8–13Hz)isoftenrelatedtotop-downinhibitorycontrolprocessing(Klimeschetal.,2007;JensenandMazaheri,2010).TheERPP1andSourcelocalizationusingrepeatThescalptopographiesoftheSummaryTheP1reflectedthatthereappearanceofastimulusheldinWMenhancedactivityintheoccipitalareas.LargerN1amplitudecorrespondstostrongersuppressionprocessing.Alphapowermightreflecttheinhibitionofsensory(bottomup)processingareasviaattentional(top-down)controlmechanisms.ThetemporaldynamicsofvisualworkingmemoryguidanceofselectiveattentionTheneuraldynamicmechanismsofasymmetricswitchcostsinacombinedStroop-task-switchingparadigmDisentanglingtheimpactofoutcomevalenceandoutcomefrequencyonthepost-errorSwitchingbackandforthbetweendifferenttasksiscommonindailylife.Atfirstsight,peopleseemtocopequitewellinsituationsinvolvingseveraltasks.Switchingfromreadinganewspapertoansweringaphone,forexample,isnotexperiencedasbeingdifficult.SwitchRTRTdigittask:classifythedigitaslettertask:classifytheletterasThetaskwascuedconsistentlybylocationonthe RogersandMonsell,Switchingfromonetasktoanotherisslowerandmoreerrorpronethanrepeatingthesametask.Thedifferenceofresponsetimesbetweenswitchandrepeatconditionnamedswitchcosts.Namethe ReadtheNamethe ReadtheReadReadthe NametheInacolor-wordStrooptask,theswitchcostforcW(comparedtowW)shouldbelargerthanthatforwC(comparedtocC).

Allportetal., Martinetal., TwoaccountsfortheTask-setinertia:theASCsreflectthetimeneededtoresolveinterferenceresultingfromapersistingactivationofapreviouslyactivetask-setintaskswitching(Allportetal.,1994).Controlinput:theASCsreflectacombinationofthetaskprimingeffectandcontrolinputs(Yeung&Monsell,Taskprimingisanalogoustotheconceptoftask-setinertia,whichrepresentsacarryovereffectfrompriortask-sets.Controlinputsservestogivetop-downactivationoftherelevanttask-settoensureappropriatetaskperformance.Evidencesfortask-setAlatefrontalnegativity(LFN)waspresentduringpreparationforaswitchtothedominanttask,butwasabsentwhenswitchingtothenon-dominanttask(Muelleretal.,2009).Evidencesfortask-setTothe1stlanguageThick:switchThin:Tothe2ndThick:switchJacksonetal.,TheattenuationoftheP3b(450-600ms)mayreflectafullyconfiguredcognitiveset,theattenuationisinducedwhenanewsethadtobeengaged(Kieffaber&Hetrick,ThecurrentBothinhibitorycontrolandendogenouscontrolwouldbeinvolvedintheASCsInhibitorycontrolwouldtaskplacebeforeendogenouscontrol.Stimuli,designandparadigm:pair-wisetaskTasktype:colorOfnote:S2isalwaysThreefactors[type(C,W)*transition(NS,S)*S1congruency(I,N)]within-subjectdesignMeasurements:RT+ERP+frequency-specificoscillatoryactivityinducedbyneuronalsynchronization–oscillatoryactivityinvolveseitheradecrease(event-relateddesynchronisation,ERD)orincrease(event-relatedsynchronization,ERS)inacertainfrequencyband.ERDandSausengetal.,

ERSandERDareassociatedwithcorticalactivation,inhibition,andbindingprocessing.TheERDinthealphaband(8-13Hz)hasbeenshowntoplayanimportantroleintaskswitching.ThecurrentAswitch-relatedfrontalN2effectconfinedtothewordtaskreflectingtheovercomingofthepersistingtask-setinhibition,andthiseffectwasnotexpectedtoevidentinthecolortask.TheengagementofendogenouscontrolwouldbereflectedbyaparietalP3bcomponentandasustainedpotential(SP).Amodulationofalphaactivitywouldbeobtainedduringtaskswitching.(cW-wW)>(wC-AreliableinteractionbetweenS2tasktypeandtasktransition(F(1,17)=4.63,p<.05).Post-hocshowedthattheswitchcostsforthewordtask(mean,71ms;SD,18)werelargerthanforthecolortask(mean,26ms;SD,12).ERPresults:AmorenegativedeflectionofthefrontalN2componentinthecWtrialsrelativetothewWtrialswasobserved,whichmayreflecttheprocessofovercomingpersistingtask-setinhibitionappliedduringthepreviouscolortaskperformance.ERPresults:P3bamplitudeswereenhancedinwCtrialscomparedwithcCtrials,whichmayreflecttheresolutionoftheinterferencefrompreviouswordtask-set.ERPresults:SPamplitudeswerelargerinwCtrialsthanincCtrials;however,theSPwasmorenegativeincWtrialsthaninwWtrials.A:Thegrand-averagetime-frequencyrepresentationsinthetwoS-ROIsB:Themostpronouncedinteractioneffectsinthelowerband(9-11Hz,280-530ms)andupperalphaband(11-13Hz,600-900ms)Time-frequencyanalyses:thealphaband(9-11Hz),280-530Theright-prefrontalregions,theintervalof280-530mspost-Ssraisedtheirlevelofalertnessduringswitchingtothewordtask,reflectingtherequirementofattentionalresourcestoovercomepersistinginhibition.Time-frequencyanalyses:thealphaband(11-13Hz),600-900TheincreaseinthealphafrequencypowerinthewCcondition,iscloselyrelatedtothetop-downcontrolofcorticalactivation.SummaryTheinhibitorycontrolappearstotakeplacebeforetheendogenouscontrolInhibitorycontrolisamoretime-consumingprocesswhichonlytakesplaceduringswitchingtothewordTherecruitmentofendogenouscontrolprocessesimprovesperformancewhenswitchingfromthewordtasktothecolortask,resultinginrelativelysmallswitchcostsforthecolortask.ASCscanbecausedbyacombinationoffactorsrelatedtoinhibitorycontrolandendogenouscontrol.ThetemporaldynamicsofvisualworkingmemoryguidanceofselectiveattentionTheneuraldynamicmechanismsofasymmetricswitchcostsinacombinedStroop-task-switchingparadigmDisentanglingtheimpactofoutcomevalenceandoutcomefrequencyonthepost-errorafterdetectinganerror,theresponsemonitoringsystemwillinitiateremedialactionstoavoidfutureaversiveoutcomes.Rabbitt,NoconsensusonthemechanismsofThecognitivecontrolaccountsassumethattheslowingisspecifictoerrors.Theattentionalorientingaccountproposesthattheslowingisduetotheattentionalorientinginducedbyinfrequentevent.ThecognitivecontrolErrorsignalsinitiatecognitivecontrolmechanismstoimprovesubsequentperformancebyactivatingtheanteriorcingulatecortex(Botvinicketal.,2001,2004;Holroyd&Coles,2002),inwhich,errorsignalsareassociatedwithasubsequentintensificationoftop-downcontrol.Botvinicketal., TheorientingInfrequentoutcomesdrawawaytheattentionalresources,andthenparticipantsneedtotakemoretimetoreorientthesubsequenttrials.Thus,post-errorslowingisjustaspecialcase,evenwhenthecorrectresponsesareinfrequentevents,post-correctslowingwillbeobserved.Notebaertetal.,components:ERNanderrorpositivityERNisassociatedwitherrordetectionmechanismandPeisassociatedwithbehavioraladjustment.Gehringetal.,observerERN(oERN)andobserverGrandaverageresponse-lockedERPwaveformsatelectrodeFCzandcorrespondingtopographicalmaps(Kobanetal., FunctionalsignificancesofAlphaCarpandCompton, Haegensetal.,aneuralindicatorofmentalalertnessorarousal,behavingasreducedalphapowerfollowingthewarningcue(left).themodulationofattentionalallocationaswellasthemodulationofattentionalorienting(right).ThePESstriggeredbyother'sandone’sownerrorsaretheNú?ezCastellaretal.,Themonitoringofone’sownandvanSchieetal.,withERPandtime-frequencyandValence(error,correct)*frequency(50%,So,wevariedlevelofoutco