讀外刊學英語How does a pandemic end

Howdoesapandemicend?The1918fluoffersahint

大流行如何結束？1918年的流感提供了一個線索

ByOliviaB.Waxmanpandemic[p氏n'demik]記憶技巧：pan廣泛的+dem人民，人們+ic某種藥f在人民中廣泛〔存在〕的f廣泛流行的noun（全國或全球性）流行?。淮罅餍胁diseasethatspreadsoverawholecountryorthewholeworld【派生詞】pandemicadj.apandemicdisease大范圍流行的疾病MorethansixMonthsaftertheWorldHealthOrganizationdeclaredCOVID-19apandemic,onequestionremainsdecidedlyunanswered:Howwillitcometoanend?在世界衛(wèi)生組織宣布COVID-19大流行6個多月之后，一個仍然沒有答案的問題：它如何結束？Itseemssafetosaythatsomeday,somehow,itwillend.Afterall,otherviralpandemicshave.Take,forexample,theflupandemicof1918-19.Thatearlierpandemicwasthedeadliestinthe20thcentury;itinfectedabout500millionpeopleandkilledatleast50million,including675,000intheU.S.Andwhilesciencehasadvancedsignificantlysincethen,theuncertaintyfeltaroundtheworldtodaywouldhavebeenfamiliaracenturyago.Infact,evenafterthatvirusdiedout,itwouldbeyearsbeforescientistsbetterunderstoodwhathadhappened,andsomemysterystillremains.似乎可以肯定地說，有一天，不知何故，它會結束。畢竟，其他病毒大流行就是這樣。以1918年的流感為例。那場早期大流行是20世紀最致命的一次；它感染了大約5億人，造成至少5000萬人死亡，其中包括美國的67.5萬人。盡管自那以后科學有了長足的進步，但當今世界所感受到的不確定性在一個世紀前就已經(jīng)很熟悉了。事實上，即使在這種病毒消失之后，科學家們也需要數(shù)年時間才能更好地了解發(fā)生了什么，一些謎團仍然存在。viral[vairsl]adj.病毒的；病毒性的；病毒引起的likeorcausedbyavirusaviralinfection病毒性感染aviralemail（=thatissentonfromonepersontoothers,whothensenditonagain）傳播病毒郵件infect[in'fekt]記憶技巧：in使…；加以…；飾以…+fect做f使…做f影響verb[VN]~sb/sth（withsth）1傳染；使感染tomakeadiseaseoranillnessspreadtoaperson,ananimaloraplantItisnotpossibletoinfectanotherpersonthroughkissing.接吻不可能把這種病傳染給他人。peopleinfectedwithHIV染上乂滋病病毒的人[usuallypassive]使攜帶病菌tomakeasubstancecontainharmfulbacteriathatcanspreaddisease同義詞：contaminateeggsinfectedwithsalmonella帶沙門氏菌的雞蛋傳染，使感染（計算機病毒）tomakeacomputervirusspreadtoanothercomputerorprogram使感染（某種感情）；影響tomakesbshareaparticularfeelingSheinfectedthechildrenwithherenthusiasmformusic.她對音樂的熱愛感染了孩子們。dieout逐漸消亡;滅絕;絕種；（火）逐漸熄滅；（風等）逐漸停止

句型"It+willbe+時間段+before???”句型中，表示“要過多久才…"其否定形式"Itwill/wouldnotbe+時間段+before…”表示“不久就，過不了多久就”。Itwasfivedaysbeforehecameback.五天后他才回來。Itwassixdaybeforewegottothebeach.八天后我們才至U達海灘。Here'swhatwedoknow:inorderforapandemictoend,thediseaseinquestionhastoreachapointatwhichitisunabletosuccessfullyfindenoughhoststocatchitandthenspreadit.Inthecaseofthatpandemic,thoughit'sfamousforsweepingtheworldin1918and1919,casesspikedagaininearly1920.Aswithotherflustrains,itmayhavebecomemoreactiveinthewinterbecausepeoplewerespendingmoretimeindoorsincloserproximitytooneanotherandbecausevirusescanentercracksinskindriedoutbyartificialheatandfires,accordingtoHowardMarkel,physiciananddirectoroftheCenterfortheHistoryofMedicineattheUniversityofMichigan.我們所知道的是:為了結束一場大流行，這種疾病必須達到一個臨界點，即它不能成功地找到足夠的宿主來感染它，然后傳播它。以那次大流行為例，盡管它在1918年和1919年席卷了全世界，但病例在1920年初再次激增。根據(jù)密西根大學醫(yī)學史中心主任霍華德?馬克爾(HowardMarkel)的說法，與其他流感病毒一樣，這種病毒在冬季可能變得更加活躍，因為人們在室內(nèi)的時間變長，彼此接觸更密切，而且皮膚因暖氣和灶火而變得干燥，病毒就可以進入皮膚裂縫中，。inquestion被提及的;討論中的湘關的host[hsust]noun1[C]主人apersonwhoinvitesgueststoameal,aparty,etc.orwhohaspeoplestayingattheirhouse——hostess女主人[C]東道主；主辦國（或城市、機構）acountry,acityoranorganizationthatholdsandarrangesaspecialeventThecollegeisplayinghosttoagroupofvisitingRussianscientists.學院正在接待一批來訪的俄羅斯科學家。[C]（電視或廣播的）節(jié)目主持人apersonwhointroducesatelevisionorradioshow,andtalkstoguests同義詞：compereseealsoannouncer（1）,presenter（1）aTVgameshowhost電視游戲節(jié)目主持人[C]（technical術語）（寄生動植物的）寄主，宿主ananimaloraplantonwhichanotheranimalorplantlivesandfeeds[C]~ofsb/sth許多；大量alargenumberofpeopleorthingsahostofpossibilities多種可能性[C]（計算機網(wǎng)絡的）主機，服務機themaincomputerinanetworkthatcontrolsorsuppliesinformationtoothercomputersthatareconnectedtoittransferringfilesfromthehosttoyourlocalcomputer從主機向你的本地機傳送文件theHost[sing.]（成圣體的面餅）祭品，祭餅thebreadthatisusedintheChristianserviceofCommunion,afterithasbeenblessedverb[VN]1主辦，主持（活動）toorganizeaneventtowhichothersareinvitedandmakeallthearrangementsforthemGermanyhostedtheWorldCupfinals.德國主辦了世界杯決賽。主持（電視或廣播節(jié)目等）tointroduceatelevisionorradioprogramme,ashow,etc.同義詞：compere作為主人組織（聚會）；做東toorganizeapartythatyouhaveinvitedgueststotohostadinner設宴招待客人4(通常收費在與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接的計算機上)存儲網(wǎng)站tostoreawebsiteonacomputerconnectedtotheInternet,usuallyinreturnforpaymentacompanythatbuildsandhostse-commercesites在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上建立并存儲電子商務網(wǎng)站的公司spike[spaik][C]尖狀物；尖頭；尖刺athinobjectwithasharppoint,especiallyapointedpieceofmetal,wood,etc.Herhairstoodupinspikes.她的頭發(fā)一縷一縷地翹著。[C,usuallypl.](防滑)鞋釘ametalpointattachedtothesoleofasportsshoetopreventyoufromslippingwhilerunningspikes[pl.](賽跑用的)釘鞋shoesfittedwiththesemetalspikes,usedforrunningapairofspikes一雙釘鞋[C]穗；穗狀花序alongpointedgroupofflowersthatgrowtogetheronasinglestem[C,usuallysing.](informal,especiallyNAmE)猛增；急升asuddenlargeincreaseinsthaspikeinoilprices油價的急劇上漲verb1[VN]用尖物刺入(或扎破)topushasharppieceofmetal,wood,osb/sth;toinjuresthonasharppoint同義詞：stab~sth(withsth)在…中偷偷摻入(烈酒、毒藥或毒品)toaddalcohol,poisonoradrugtosb'sdrinkorfoodwithoutthemknowingHegaveheradrinkspikedwithtranquillizers.他給了她一杯偷偷放了鎮(zhèn)靜劑的飲料。(figurative)Herwordswerespikedwithmalice.她的話暗含惡意。[VN]拒絕發(fā)表；阻止…傳播；阻撓torejectsththatapersonhaswrittenorsaid;topreventsthfromhappeningorbeingmadepublicThearticlewasspikedforfearoflegalactionagainstthenewspaper.因擔心被提起訴訟，報社未發(fā)表那篇文章。[V](especiallyNAmE)迅速升值；急劇增值torisequicklyandreachahighvalueTheUSdollarspikedtoathree-monthhigh.美元猛然升值到三個月來的最高價。習語spikesb'sguns(BrE)打亂對手的計劃tospoiltheplansofanopponentproximity[pra:k'simsti]noun[U]~(ofsb/sth)(tosb/sth)(formal)(時間或空間)接近，鄰近，靠近thestateofbeingnearsb/sthindistanceortimeahouseintheproximityof(=near)themotorway靠近高速公路的一座房子TheproximityofthecollegetoLondonmakesitverypopular.這所學院因靠近倫敦而備受歡迎。Theareahasanumberofschoolsincloseproximitytoeachother.這個地區(qū)有許多學校比鄰而立。thedeathoftwomembersofherfamilyincloseproximity她的兩個親人在短時間內(nèi)的相繼去世strain[strein]noun1[U,C]壓力；重負；重壓之下出現(xiàn)的問題(或擔憂等)pressureonsb/sthbecausetheyhavetoomuchtodoormanage,orsthverydifficulttodealwith;theproblems,worryoranxietythatthisproducesTheirmarriageisundergreatstrainatthemoment.眼下他們的婚姻關系非常緊張。Theserepaymentsareputtingastrainonourfinances.償還這些債務對我們的財務狀況形成了壓力。Relax,andletustakethestrain(=dothingsforyou).你歇一下，我們來頂一會兒。[U,C]壓力；拉力；張力；應力thepressurethatisputonsthwhenaphysicalforcestretches,pushes,orpullsitTheropebrokeunderthestrain.繩子給拉斷了。Thegroundherecannottakethestrainofalargebuilding.這塊地承受不住大型建筑的壓力。Thecablehasa140kgbreakingstrain(=itwillbreakwhenitisstretchedorpulledbyaforcegreaterthanthis).這種纜索的斷裂應變力為140公斤。[C,U]勞損；拉傷；扭傷aninjurytoapartofyourbody,suchasamuscle,thatiscausedbyusingittoomuchorbytwistingitacalf/groin/legstrain腿肚子/腹股溝/腿部拉傷musclestrain肌肉勞損[C](動、植物的)系，品系，品種；(疾病的)類型aparticulartypeofplantoranimal,orofadiseasecausedbybacteria,etc.anewstrainofmosquitoesresistanttothepoison對這種毒藥有抗藥性的新品種蚊子Thisisonlyoneofthemanystrainsofthedisease.這種病有許多類型，這只是其中之一。[C,usuallysing.]個性特點；性格傾向；稟性aparticulartendencyinthecharacterofapersonorgroup,oraqualityintheirmanner同義詞：streakHehadadefinitestrainofsnobberyinhim.他這個人明顯有一股勢利小人的氣味。[C,usuallypl.](formal)樂曲；曲調(diào)；旋律thesoundofmusicbeingplayedorsungShecouldhearthestrainsofMozartthroughthewindow.她能聽見窗戶里飄出的莫扎特的旋律。[VN]損傷；拉傷；扭傷toinjureyourselforpartofyourbodybymakingitworktoohard~(sth)(forsth)|~(sth)(todosth)盡力；竭力；使勁tomakeanefforttodosth,usingallyourmentalorphysicalstrength[VNtoinf]Istrainedmyears(=listenedveryhard)tocatchwhattheyweresaying.我豎起耳朵去聽他們在說些什么。[VN]Neckswerestrainedforaglimpseofthestranger.大家伸長了脖子想看一看這個陌生人。[Vtoinf]Peoplewerestrainingtoseewhatwasgoingon.人們翹首企足看發(fā)生了什么事。[V]Hebursttothesurface,strainingforair.他沖出水面，使勁吸氣。Bendgentlytotheleftwithoutstraining.輕輕向左彎，不要用力。[VN]過度使用；使不堪承受totrytomakesthdomorethanitisabletodoThesuddeninfluxofvisitorsisstraininghotelsinthetowntothelimit.游客突然涌入，城里的旅館全都爆滿。Hisconstantcomplaintswerestrainingourpatience.他沒完沒了的抱怨讓我們?nèi)虩o可忍。[V+adv./prep.]用力推(或拉)；拉緊topushhardagainststh;topullhardonsthShestrainedagainsttheropesthatheldher.她使勁掙了掙拴著她的繩子。Thedogswerestrainingattheleash,eagertogettothepark.幾條狗用力拽著皮帶，急于要去公園。[VN]~sth(off)濾；過濾topourfood,etc.throughsthwithverysmallholesinit,forexampleasieve,inordertoseparatethesolidpartfromtheliquidpartUseacolandertostrainthevegetables.把蔬菜放在漏筐里控控水。Strainoffanyexcessliquid.濾掉多余的液體。

習語strainattheleash(informal)急于；迫不及待towanttodosthverymuchLikeallyoungsters,he'sstrainingattheleashtoleavehome.跟所有年輕人一樣，他也急于從家里出去。straineverynerve/sinew(todosth)(formal)竭盡全力(做某事)totryashardasyoucantodosthcreakunderthestrain因負擔過重而效率低下；由于壓力過大而運轉(zhuǎn)不靈ifasystemorservicecreaksunderthestrain,itcannotdealeffectivelywithallthethingsitisexpectedtodoorprovideItwasn'tuntilthemiddleof1920thatthepandemicwasfinallyoverinmanyplaces,thoughtherewasnoofficialdeclarationthatthecoastwasclear.“Theendofthepandemicoccurredbecausetheviruscirculatedaroundtheglobe,infectingenoughpeoplethattheworldpopulationnolongerhadenoughsusceptiblepeopleinorderforthestraintobecomeapandemiconceagain,”saysmedicalhistorianJ.AlexanderNavarro,Markel'scolleagueandassistantdirectoroftheCenterfortheHistoryofMedicine.直到1920年中期，大流行才在許多地方最終結束，盡管當時沒有官方聲明沒有危險。"大流行的結束是因為病毒在全球傳播，感染了足夠多的人，這樣就不再有足夠的易感人群而使病毒株再次成為大流行.”醫(yī)學歷史學家J.亞歷山大?納瓦羅，馬克爾的同事和醫(yī)學史中心的助理主任這樣說。circulate['s3：kjeleit]記憶技巧:circ圓，環(huán)+ul+ate使…-*繞圈走-*循環(huán)verb1(液體或氣體)環(huán)流，循環(huán)whenaliquid,gas,oraircirculatesoriscirculated,itmovescontinuouslyaroundaplaceorsystem[V]Theconditionpreventsthebloodfromcirculatingfreely.這種病阻礙了血液的循環(huán)暢通。2傳播；流傳；散布ifastory,anidea,information,etc.circulatesorifyoucirculateit,itspreadsoritispassedfromonepersontoanother[V]Rumoursbegantocirculateabouthisfinancialproblems.有關他財務困難的謠言開始流傳開來。[alsoVN]3[VN]~sth(tosb)傳送；傳遞；傳閱tosendgoodsorinformationtoallthepeopleinagroupThedocumentwillbecirculatedtoallmembers.這份文件將在所有成員中傳閱。4[V](尤指在聚會上)往來應酬，周旋tomovearoundagroup,especiallyataparty,talkingtodifferentpeopleinfect[in'fekt]記憶技巧：in使…；加以…；飾以…+fect做f使…做f影響verb[VN]~sb/sth(withsth)1傳染；使感染tomakeadiseaseoranillnessspreadtoaperson,ananimaloraplantpeopleinfectedwithHIV染上乂滋病病毒的人[usuallypassive]使攜帶病菌tomakeasubstancecontainharmfulbacteriathatcanspreaddisease同義詞：contaminateeggsinfectedwithsalmonella帶沙門氏菌的雞蛋傳染，使感染(計算機病毒)tomakeacomputervirusspreadtoanothercomputerorprogram使感染(某種感情)；影響tomakesbshareaparticularfeelingSheinfectedthechildrenwithherenthusiasmformusic.她對音樂的熱愛感染了孩子們。susceptible[ss'septsbl]記憶技巧:sus下+cept抓+ible…的f容易被〔病〕抓住的f易患病的

adj.1[notusuallybeforenoun]~(tosb/sth)易受影響(或傷害等)；敏感；過敏verylikelytobeinfluenced,harmedoraffectedbysb/sthHe'shighlysusceptibletoflattery.他愛聽恭維話。Someoftheseplantsaremoresusceptibletofrostdamagethanothers.這些植物中有一些較其他的易受霜凍危害。Saltintakemayleadtoraisedbloodpressureinsusceptibleadults.鹽的攝入可能導致易病的成年人血壓升高。2好動感情的；感情豐富的；善感的easilyinfluencedbyfeelingsandemotions同義詞：impressionableShewasbothcharmingandsusceptible.她迷人而多情。3~(ofsth)(formal)容許…的；可能…的；可以…的allowingsth;capableofsthIsthissituationnotsusceptibleofimprovementbylegislation?這種狀況有無可能通過立法加以改善？Eventually,with"fewersusceptiblepeopleoutandaboutandmingling,”Navarrosays,therewasnowhereforthevirustogo—the"herdimmunity"talkedabouttoday.Alltold,awhoppingthirdoftheworld'spopulationhadcaughtthevirus.Today,abouthalfapercentoftheglobalpopulationisknowntohavebeeninfectedwiththenovelcoronavirus.納瓦羅說，最終，隨著易感人群的減少，病毒無處可去---也就是現(xiàn)在所說的“群體免疫”?？偟膩碚f，全球三分之一的人口感染了這種病毒。今天，已知全球約有一半的人口感染了這種新型冠狀病毒。outandabout（尤指一段時間無法自由行動后）四處走動，外出活動；（常因工作）奔波mingle['miggl]記憶技巧：ming混淆+le使…f（使）混合；相交往verb1~(A)(withB)|~(AandB)(together)(使)與…結合；使混合；使聯(lián)結tocombineormakeonethingcombinewithanother[V]Thesoundsoflaughterandsingingmingledintheeveningair.笑聲和歌聲父織在夜空中。Theflowersmingletogethertoformablazeofcolour.鮮花錦簇，色彩絢爛。[VN]Hefeltakindofhappinessmingledwithregret.他感到既高興又遺憾。2[V](尤指在社交場所)相交往，混雜其中tomoveamongpeopleandtalktothem,especiallyatasocialevent同義詞：circulateTheprincesswasnotrecognizedandmingledfreelywiththecrowds.公主沒有人認出，隨意混雜在人群之中。Ifyou'llexcuseme,Imustgoandmingle(=talktootherguests).對不起，我得去和其他客人聊聊。whopping['wopig]alsowhoppinggreatadj.[onlybeforenoun](informal)巨大的；很大的verybigThecompanymadeawhopping75milliondollarloss.公司遭受了7500萬元的巨額損失。Theendofthe1918pandemicwasn't,however,justtheresultofsomanypeoplecatchingit.Socialdistancingwasalsokeytoreducingitsimpact.Public-healthadvicebackthenwasstrikinglysimilartothatoftoday—urgingmaskwearing,frequenthandwashing,quarantiningandisolatingofpatients,andtheclosureofschoolsandpublicspaces.然而，1918年大流行的結束并不僅僅是因為有那么多人感染了它。社交距離也是減少其影響的關鍵。當時的公共衛(wèi)生建議與今天的建議驚人地相似，敦促戴口罩、頻繁洗手、隔離和隔離病人，以及關閉學校和公共場所。

quarantine「kworentim]記憶技巧：quarant四十+ine抽象名詞f被隔離數(shù)〔四十〕天f隔離檢查noun[U](為防傳染的)隔離期；檢疫aperiodoftimewhenananimalorapersonthathasormayhaveadiseaseiskeptawayfromothersinordertopreventthediseasefromspreadingThedogwaskeptinquarantineforsixmonths.這條狗被檢疫隔離了六個月。quarantineregulations檢疫的規(guī)定verb[VN](對動物或人)進行檢疫，隔離toputananimalorapersonintoquarantineimpact['imp芒kt,im'p^kt]noun[C,usuallysing.,U]1~(ofsth)(onsb/sth)巨大影響；強大作用thepowerfuleffectthatsthhasonsb/sthHerspeechmadeaprofoundimpactoneveryone.她的講話對每個人都有深遠的影響。Businessesarebeginningtofeelthefullimpactoftherecession.工商企業(yè)開始感受到了經(jīng)濟衰退的全面沖擊。2撞擊；沖撞；沖擊力theactofoneobjecthittinganother;theforcewithwhichthishappenscratersmadebymeteoriteimpacts隕石撞擊而成的隕石坑TheimpactoftheblowknockedJackoffbalance.這一記猛擊把杰克打了個趔趄。Thebombexplodesonimpact(=whenithitssomething).炸彈受至U撞擊就爆炸。Thecarisfittedwithsideimpactbars(=toprotectitfromablowfromtheside).這輛車的兩側都安裝了保險杠。verb1~(on/upon)sth(對某事物)有影響，有作用tohaveaneffectonsth同義詞：affect[V]Herfather'sdeathimpactedgreatlyonherchildhoodyears.父親去世對她的童年造成巨大影響。[VN](business商)Thecompany'sperformancewasimpactedbythehighvalueofthepound.公司的業(yè)績受到了英鎊高值的沖擊。事實上，2007年發(fā)表在《美國醫(yī)學會雜志》(JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation)上的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，較早實施以上控制措施并持續(xù)時間較長的美國城市，其死亡率要低于較晚實施這些措施的城市。公共衛(wèi)生官員采取了這些措施，盡管不確定他們是在處理病毒還是細菌感染;直到事實上，2007年發(fā)表在《美國醫(yī)學會雜志》(JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation)上的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，較早實施以上控制措施并持續(xù)時間較長的美國城市，其死亡率要低于較晚實施這些措施的城市。公共衛(wèi)生官員采取了這些措施，盡管不確定他們是在處理病毒還是細菌感染;直到20世紀30年代，證明流感源自病毒而非細菌的研究才出現(xiàn)。直到2005年，《科學》和《自然》雜志上的文章才結束了對1918年流感菌株基因組圖譜的繪制。Infact,astudypublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationin2007foundthatU.S.citiesthatimplementedmorethanoneofthesecontrolmeasuresearlierandkepttheminplacelongerhadbetter,lessdeadlyoutcomesthancitiesthatimplementedfewerlater.Public-healthofficialstookthesemeasuresdespitenotknowingforsurewhethertheyweredealingwithavirusorabacterialinfection;theresearchthatprovedinfluenzacomesfromavirusandnotabacteriumdidn'tcomeoutuntilthe1930s,anditwasn'tuntil2005thatarticlesinScienceandNaturecappedofftheprocessofmappingthe1918strain'sgenome.inplace在正確的位置;在通常的位置;身在…的處境;處于…的位置；(法律、政策、行政體系等)正在運作，就位implement美['impliment,'impliment]記憶技巧：im使…+ple滿的；填滿+ment結果f使圓滿f實現(xiàn)verb[VN]使生效；貫徹；執(zhí)行；實施tomakesththathasbeenofficiallydecidedstarttohappenorbeused同義詞：carryouttoimplementchanges/decisions/policies/reforms實行變革；執(zhí)行決議/政策；實施改革【派生詞】implementationnoun[U]theimplementationofthenewsystem新體制的實施noun工具；器具；（常扌旨）簡單的戶外用具atooloraninstrument,oftenonethatisquitesimpleandthatisusedoutdoorsagriculturalimplements農(nóng)具influenza[.influ'enzs]n.同flu;流行性感冒;流感記憶技巧：in進入+flu流動+enza病f流行病f流行感冒bacterium[b芒k'tirism]n.纟田菌;bacteria的單數(shù)cap[k^p]noun帽子hat1（尤指男用有帽舌的）便帽，制服帽atypeofsoftflathatwithapeak（=ahardcurvedpartstickingoutinfront）.Capsarewornespeciallybymenandboys,oftenaspartofauniform.aschoolcap學生帽seealsobaseballcap,clothcap,mobcap（usuallyincompounds通常構成復合詞）軟帽asofthatthatfitscloselyandiswornforaparticularpurposeashowercap浴帽（大學師生在特別場合戴的）方帽asofthatwithasquareflattopwornbysomeuniversityteachersandstudentsatspecialceremoniescomparemortarboard（BrE）（校隊、國家隊等的）隊員帽；（被選入國家隊等的）運動員acapgiventosbwhoischosentoplayforaschool,country,etc.;aplayerchosentoplayfortheircountry,etc.Hewonhisfirstcap（=wasfirstchosentoplay）forEnglandagainstFrance.他首次被選為英格蘭隊的隊員與法國隊比賽。Therearethreenewcapsintheside.這一方有三名新隊員。（鋼筆、瓶子等的）帽，蓋acoverortopforapen,bottle,etc.alenscap鏡頭蓋（可用或可借資金的）最高限額anupperlimitonanamountofmoneythatcanbespentorborrowedbyaparticularinstitutionorinaparticularsituationThegovernmenthasplacedacaponlocalcouncilspending.政府給地方議會的經(jīng)費支出規(guī)定了最高限額。（玩具槍的）火藥帽，火藥紙asmallpapercontainerwithexplosivepowderinsideit,usedespeciallyintoyguns習語gocapinhand（tosb）USgohatinhand謙卑地要，恭敬地討（尤指錢）toasksbforsth,especiallymoney,inaverypolitewaythatmakesyouseemlessimportantifthecapfits（,wearit）NAmEiftheshoefits（,wearit）（informal）有貝V改之ifyoufeelthataremarkappliestoyou,youshouldacceptitandtakeitasawarningorcriticismIdidn'tactuallysaythatyouwerelazy,butifthecapfits-我并沒有真的說你懶，但有則改之。afeatherinyourcap可弓I以自豪的行為anactionthatyoucanbeproudof【詞源】ThisidiomcomesfromtheNativeAmericancustomofgivingafeathertosbwhohadbeenverybraveinbattle.此習語源自美國土著的風俗，把一根羽毛獎賞給在戰(zhàn)斗中表現(xiàn)英勇的人。verb（-pp-）[VN]覆蓋頂部1[usuallypassive]~sth（withsth）用…覆蓋頂部（或端部）tocoverthetoporendofsthwithsthmountainscappedwithsnow積雪皚皚的山峰snow-cappedmountains

[oftenpassive](especiallyBrE)限額收取(或支出)tolimittheamountofmoneythatcanbechargedforsthorspentonsthacappedmortgage限額按揭超越(especiallyBrE)勝過；超過；比…更…tosayordosththatisfunnier,moreimpressive,etc.thansththathasbeensaidordonebeforeWhatanamazingstory.Cananyonecapthat?這真是個精彩的故事！還有人能講得更精彩嗎？4[usuallypassive]包(牙)toputanartificialcoveringonatoothtomakeitlook