高三英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀拓展訓(xùn)練閱讀拓展訓(xùn)練（五）

第=page1717頁(yè)，共=sectionpages1717頁(yè)第=page1616頁(yè)，共=sectionpages1717頁(yè)閱讀拓展訓(xùn)練（五）1Thequestionofhowtruckingcapacityisgrowingordecliningiscommoninindustry,buttherealityisthatdemandfluctuationsarefarmoreimportanttomonitorastheyswingmuchmoreviolently.SinceDecemberof2018,thetotaltractorcountfromfor-hirefleets(non-private)hasgrown18%,accordingtotheFMCSA,buthasnevershownamonthlychangeofover2%.Bycontrast,theOutboundTenderVolumeIndex(OTVI),ameasureoftotaltruckloaddemand,hasgrown12%overthesameperiod,butmonthlyfluctuationstopped20%attimes.Evenbeforethepandemic,theOTVIhad5-7%monthlyswingsindemand.GiventheOTVImeasurestotaltendersandisnotapureproxy(指標(biāo))forshipments,itisreflectiveofhowfastdemand-sideconditionschangeintrucking.Thepointisthatcapacityshiftsareslowandstable,whiledemandchangesmuchmorerapidlyandisveryunpredictableovertime.Thisistheconsummatestruggleofsupplychainsandtransportationcompaniesacrosstheglobe—howmuchinfrastructure(capacity)isneededtobeabletoflexupbutnothavetoomuchoverheadwhendemandsoftens?Theprocessoforderingandseatingatrucktakesclosetoayear.Thattruckcanhaulroughlyseven500-mileloadsperweek,or360loadsperyear.Thisonlyoccursifshippingpatternsareconsistentanddriversarereadilyavailable,andneitheraretrue.Soitisn’tapurequestionofhowmuchcapacityisavailableinaggregate,butarethosetrucksavailableintherightplacesattherighttimesingeneral?Thismetricisextremelydifficulttoattain.Sincedemandisunevenandspreadunevenlythroughoutthecountry,trucksanddriversneedtoexceedthenumberofshipmentsavailable.Soevenifcapacitygrowsby1%,itjustincreasesthechancesthatloadswillbecoveredmarginally.Probablymoreimportantthananyofthepreviouspointsisthattherearealreadymeasuresoftherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemandintrucking.Tenderrejectionrates(OTRI)andspotrates(NTI)measurewhencapacityismeetingdemandinthecontractandspotmarkets,respectively.

Thereislittleuseforknowinghowmuchcapacityisavailableinthefor-hirefreightmarketotherthanbeinginteresting.Butthereisexceptionalvalueinknowinghowwellcapacityanddemandareliningupandinwhatdirectiontheyaretrending.SinceDecember2021tenderrejectionrateshavefallenfromover20%tounder4%,whilespotratesaredown27%.Demand-sideindicatorsareprobablythemostcrucialtogettingtheearliestsignsofmarketshifts,whilerejectionratesandspotratesanswerthetwomostimportantquestionsthatcompanieswantanswered:CanIgetatruckandhowmuchwillitcostme?1．TheOutboundTenderVolumeIndex________.A．isaproxyforshipmentsonlyB．isameasuretotracktruckloaddemandC．cantellthecurrenttruckingcapacityintheUSD．cantelltherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemandintrucking2．Whatproblemdosupplychainsandtransportationcompaniesfacecommonly?A．Howcapacitycanmeetthechangingdemand.B．Howcapacityanddemandcanbepredicted.C．Whatfacilitiesareneededtoshipthegoods.D．Whattruckscanfunctionthebest.3．WhatcanwetellaboutOTRIandNTI?A．Theyarebothmeasuresinthecontractandspotmarkets.B．Theyareoflittleusetoknowthecapacityanddemand.C．TheycanchangetheunevendemandsituationintheUS.D．Theycanhelptotellthecompanieshowmarketmightchange.4．Wherecanweprobablyfindthispassage?A．Inaschoolnewspaper. B．Inabook. C．Inabiography. D．Inamagazine.【重點(diǎn)詞匯】capacityswingviolentlyreflectivestruggleconsistentavailableaggregateexceedrejectioncrucial【認(rèn)知詞匯】fluctuationcontrastpandemicinfrastructure【中譯英翻譯】如果你有時(shí)間，請(qǐng)積極參加各種課外活動(dòng)，這對(duì)你的全面發(fā)展發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。2FungiCanHelpConcreteHealItsOwnCracksCracksareverycommoninconcretestructuresduetovariouschemicalandphysicalphenomenathatoccurduringeverydayuse.Andtinycrackscanbequiteharmfulbecausetheyprovideaneasyrouteinforliquidsandgasses—andtheharmfulsubstancestheymightcontain.Forinstance,micro-crackscanallowwaterandoxygentoinfiltrateandthencorrodethesteel,leadingtostructuralfailure.Butcontinuousmaintenanceandrepairworkisdifficultbecauseitusuallyrequiresanenormousamountoflaborandinvestment.Scientistshavebeentryingtofigureouthowtheseharmfulcrackscouldhealthemselveswithouthumanintervention.Theideawasoriginallyinspiredbytheamazingabilityofthehumanbodytohealitselfofcuts,bruisesandbrokenbones.Apersontakesinnutrientswhichthebodyusestoproducenewsubstitutestohealdamagedtissues.Inthesameway,canweprovidenecessaryproductstoconcretetofillincrackswhendamagehappens?Throughlongtimeresearch,scientistshavefoundanunusualcandidatetohelpconcretehealitself:afunguscalledT.reesei.Itisfoundthatascalciumhydroxidefromconcretedissolvedinwater,thepHofthefungalgrowthmediumincreasedfromaclose-to-neutraloriginalvalueof6.5allthewaytoaveryalkaline13.0.Ofallthefungitested,onlyT.reeseicouldsurvivethisenvironment.DespitethedrasticpHincrease,itssporesgerminatedintothreadlikehyphalmyceliumandgrewequallywellwithorwithoutconcrete.Scientistsproposeincludingfungalspores,togetherwithnutrients,duringtheinitialmixingprocesswhenbuildinganewconcretestructure.Whentheinevitablecrackingoccursandwaterfindsitswayin,thedormantfungalsporeswillgerminate.Astheygrow,they’llworkasacatalystwithinthecalcium-richconditionsoftheconcretetopromoteprecipitationofcalciumcarbonatecrystals.Thesemineraldepositscanfillinthecracks.Whenthecracksarecompletelycaulkedandnomorewatercanenter,thefungiwillagainformspores.Ifcracksformagainandenvironmentalconditionsbecomefavorable,thesporescouldwakeupandrepeattheprocess.T.reeseiiseco-friendly,posingnoknownrisktohumanhealth.Infact,T.reeseihasalonghistoryofsafeuseinindustrial-scaleproductionofcarbohydraseenzymes,suchascellulase,whichplaysanimportantroleinfermentationprocessesduringwinemaking.Ofcourse,researcherswillneedtoconductathoroughassessmenttoinvestigateanypossibleimmediateandlong-termeffectsontheenvironmentandhumanhealthpriortoitsuseasahealingagentinconcreteinfrastructure.5．Accordingtothepassage,tinycracksinconcretestructuresmayleadto________.A．DisfunctionevencollapseoftheentirestructureB．ContinuousmaintenanceandrebuildingC．LeakageofliquidsandgassesD．Wasteofwaterandoxygen6．WhatcanweknowaboutT.reesei?A．Itiswidelyusedinbuildingconcretestructures.B．Itcansurviveinextremeenvironment.C．Itcanhelptheconcretecracksheal.D．Itisanewlydiscoveredfungi.7．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．T.reeseimightbeusedonhuman.B．Theresearchisstillatitsinitiallystage.C．T.reeseiisunreplaceableinwinemaking.D．T.reeseihaslong-termeffectsonhumanhealth【重點(diǎn)詞匯】maintenanceoriginalsurvivepriorto【認(rèn)知詞匯】oxygencorrodeenormousgerminatecatalystprecipitationdepositagent3Ifyou’rereachingforthelastpieceofpizzaataparty,andmeanwhileseeanotherhandgoingforit,yournextmoveprobablydependsonhowyoufeelandwhomthehandbelongsto.Yourlittlesister—youmightjustgrabthepizza.Yourboss—youprobablywillgiveup.Butifyou’rehungryandfeelingparticularlyconfident,youmightgoforit.Nowresearchershavemadeprogressinunderstandinghowmammals’brainencodessocialrankandusesthisinformationtoshapebehaviours—suchaswhethertofightforthatlastpizzaslice.Theydiscoveredthatanareaofthebraincalledthemedialprefrontalcortex(mPFC)wasresponsibleforrepresentingsocialrankinmammals;changestoamouse’smPFCaffectitsdominance(支配)behaviour.ButitwasunknownhowthemPFCrepresentedthisinformationandwhichneurons(神經(jīng)元)wereinvolvedinchangingdominancebehaviour.Inthenewstudy,ProfessorKayTyeletgroupsoffourmiceshareacage,allowingasocialhierarchy(等級(jí))tonaturallydevelop—somemicebecamemoredominantandothersmoresubordinate.Assoonasthemicewerepairedup,hediscovered,theactivityoftheirmPFCneuronscouldpredict—with90percentcertainty—therankoftheiropponent.“Weexpectedanimalsmightonlysignalrankwhentheyareinacompetition,”saysco-researcherNancy.“Butitturnsoutanimalswalkaroundwiththisrepresentationofsocialrankallthetime.”WhentheresearchersnextaskedwhethertheactivityofthemPFCneuronswasassociatedwithbehaviour,theyfoundsomethingsurprising.Thebrainactivitypatternswerelinkedwithslightchangesinbehaviour,suchashowfastamousemoved,andtheyalsocouldpredict—afull30secondsbeforethecompetitionstarted—whichmousewouldwinthefoodreward.Thewinnerwasnotalwaysthemoredominant,buttheoneengagedina“winningmindset”.Justasyoumightsometimesbeinamorecompetitivemoodandbemorelikelytosnatchthatpizzaslicebeforeyourboss,asubordinatemousemightbeinamore“winningmindset”thanamoredominantmouseandendupwinning.TheareasofthemPFCassociatedwithsocialrankand“winningmindset”arenexttooneanotherandhighlyconnected.Signalsonsocialrankimpactthestateofthebraininvolvedin“winningmindset”.Inotherwords,asubordinatemouse’sconfidenceand“winningmindset”maypartiallydecreasewhenfacedwithadominantone.“Thisisfurtherevidencetosuggestthatweareindifferentbrainstateswhenwearewithotherscomparedtowhenwe’realone,”saysTye.“Regardlessofwhoyou’rewith,ifyou’reawareofotherpeoplearoundyou,yourbrainisusingdifferentneurons.”8．TheauthorwritesParagraph1inorderto________.A．tellaninterestingstory B．presentatypicalexampleC．introduceamajortopic D．provideaconvincingproof9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inParagraph5referto?A．ThemPFCneurons. B．Theresearchers.C．Thebrainactivitypatterns. D．Thechangesinbehaviour.10．Whatcanwelearnfromthenewstudy?A．mPFCneuronschangedominancebehaviour.B．Brainactivitiescaninfluencesocialhierarchy.C．Dominantopponentsboost“winningmindset”.D．Socialrankand“winningmindset”affectbehaviour.11．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Thoseeagertowinmaysucceed. B．Whenalone,wearemoreconfident.C．Socialrankguidescompetitivebehaviour. D．“Winningmindset”establishesdominance.4Itwaswidelybelievedthat,inordertogetthefirstlanguagesofftheground,ourancestorsfirstneededawaytocreatenovelsignalsthatcouldbeunderstoodbyothers,relyingonvisualsignswhoseformwasdirectlysimilartotheintendedmeaning.Somegesturescanbeunderstoodalmostanywhere:pointingtodirectsomeone’sattention,forinstance.However,aninternationalresearchteam,ledbyexpertsfromtheUniversityofBirminghamandtheLeibniz-CentreGeneralLinguistics(ZAS),Berlin,havediscoveredthatcertainvocalizations(發(fā)聲法)canalsobeiconicandrecognizabletopeoplearoundtheworld—evenwhenaspeakerisnotsimplyimitatingawell-knownsound.Thesefindings,publishedinScientificReports,mayhelpexplaintheriseofmodernspokenlanguage.In2015,languageresearcherschallengedsomeEnglishspeakerstomakeupsoundsrepresentingvariousbasicconcepts(“sleep”,“child”,“meat”,“rock”,andmore).WhenotherEnglishspeakerslistenedtothesesoundsandtriedmatchingthemtoconcepts,theywerelargelysuccessful.But“wewantedtobeabletoshowthatthesevocalizationsareunderstandableacrosscultures,”saysstudyco-authorandUniversityofBirminghamcognitivescientistMarcusPerlman.SoPerlmanandhiscolleaguesconductedonlineandin-personexperimentsinsevencountries,fromMoroccotoBrazil.Theyrecruitedmorethan900participants,whospokeatotalof28languages,tolistentothebest-understoodvocalizationsfromthe2015investigationandselectmatchingconceptsfromasetofwordsorimages.Vocalizationsthatcalledforthwell-knownsounds—forexample,drippingwater—performedbest.Butmanyotherswerealsounderstoodatratessignificantlyabovechanceacrossalllanguagestested,theteamfound.“Thereisanotabledegreeofsuccessoutsideofjustonomatopoeia(象聲詞),”P(pán)erlmansays.Thisislikelybecausecertainpatternsrelatedtosoundareuniversal,theteamsuggests.Forexample,shortandbasicsoundsoftenconveytheconceptof“one”andrepeatedsoundsaretypicallyassociatedwith“many”.Likewise,low-pitchedsoundsaccompanysomethingbig,andhigh-pitchedsoundsconveysmallsize.Thesefindingsof“iconic”soundscouldhelpscientistsunderstandhowhumanancestorsstartedusingrichacoustic(傳音的)communication,saysco-authorAleksandra?wiek,alinguistattheLeibniz-CenterGeneralLinguisticsinBerlin.Thehumanvoice,shesays,might“affordenoughiconicitytogetlanguageofftheground.”UniversityofTübingenlinguistMatthiasUrban,whowasnotinvolvedintheresearch,agrees.“It’sunclearhowwordscameintobeinginthefirstplace,”hesays.Iconicvocalizationsare“potentiallyonepathwaythatcouldhavebeeninvolved.”12．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“iconic”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Symbolic. B．Comic. C．Magic. D．Classic.13．ThefindingofPerlman’sresearchmay________.A．wellexplaintheriseofEnglishcultureB．throwlightontheoriginofspokenlanguageC．demonstratethatonomatopoeiamaybepopularD．showhowourancestorsimitateunknownsounds14．Whatcanwelearnfromtheexperimentsinthispassage?A．TheEnglishlanguageisuniversallyunderstood. B．Soundpatternsmayberelatedtotheirmeanings.C．Signlanguageappearedearlierthanspokenlanguage. D．Wordswereevolvedfromvocalizationsinancienttimes.15．Whichmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．FromHandtoMouth:TheOriginsofLanguageB．IconicVocalizationsareCreatedforCommunicationC．Made-upSoundsConveyMeaningsacrossCulturesD．HowLanguageBegan:GestureandSpeechinEvolution5Somepeopleprefertohaveabitetoeatbeforehittingthegym,knownasafedworkout.Otherswouldliketowaituntilafterexercisingtorefueltheirbodies,calledafastedworkout.16Manyexpertssaythere’snoeasyanswerbecauseitdependsontheperson.Ifyouwantenergyandstrengthforanidealworkout,youneedfuel.Afedworkoutwillprovideyourbodywithpower.Eatingbeforeexercisemayhelpyousustainlongersessionsandliftheavierweights.17Musclepreservationisalsoanessentialcomponentofstrengtheningyourbody.Nitrogen(氮)iscriticalforprocessingproteinthatbuildshealthymuscles.Peopletendtoloselessnitrogenduringafedworkoutthanafastedone.Manyfitnessenthusiastsarenotonboardwiththisidea.Theyreportfeelingsickandinactivewhiletryingtoexerciseaftereating.Withafastedworkout,youmaynotgettheusualindigestion.Expertsforfastedworkoutsfurtherclaimthateatingafterwardsmakesyourbodyuseitsfatreservesforenergy,meaningyouwillburnmorefat.18Itcancauseasuddendropinyourbloodglucose(葡萄糖)levels,andyoumayfeeldizzy.Youmayevenbemorelikelytoovereat.19Notallfoodsarecreatedequal.Forexample,ifyouchooseafedworkout,you’llprobablylosealotofwaterduringanintensetraining,soyoushouldconsiderdrinkingsomebeforehand.Withafastedworkout,itwouldhelpifyouhadsomenutritionrightafteryoursessioniscomplete.Drinksomewater.Then,havealightmealornutritionalsnack.Decidingwhentoeatforanidealworkoutisapersonalchoice.Bothfastedworkoutsandfedactivitieshavetheirbenefitsandshortcomings.20A．However,afastedworkoutmightnotworkforyou.B．Howyourbodywillrespondisbasedonyourworkoutintensity.C．Thesebenefitscanresultinburningmorefatandshapingaslimmerbody.D．Toeatornottoeat,thatisthequestiononmanyfitnessenthusiasts’minds.E．Thinkthoroughlyanddiscusswithyourfitnessinstructorbeforetakingachoice.F．Knowingwhattoeatforanidealworkoutisjustasimportantasknowingwhentoeat.G．Apersondoinga30-minutesessionadaymaynothaveaproblemwithfastedworkouts.【重點(diǎn)詞匯】enthusiastreservecritical【認(rèn)知詞匯】workoutsessionindigestioncomponent【中譯英翻譯】1.無(wú)論遇到什么挑戰(zhàn)，我們都需要對(duì)生活充滿熱情，這對(duì)于我們的未來(lái)是很關(guān)鍵的。2.我建議我們應(yīng)該努力建立更多的自然保護(hù)區(qū)，這有利于保護(hù)更多的瀕危動(dòng)物免于滅絕。(extinction滅絕)6Wehaveallbeenguiltyofbeingoveroptimisticwhenpredictinghowlongataskwilltakebecauseoftheplanningfallacy.Firstidentifiedin1977,theplanningfallacywasdefinedas:“thetendencytounderestimatetheamountoftimeneededtocompleteafuturetask,dueinparttotherelianceonoverlyoptimisticperformancescenarios(預(yù)測(cè)).”Itisextremelycommon.21