棉籽生物柴油揮發(fā)行為研究

棉籽生物柴油揮發(fā)行為研究Abstract

Thevolatilebehaviorofcottonseedbiodieselhasbeenstudiedtoevaluateitspotentialasatransportationfuel.TheexperimentswerecarriedoutonaD-2samplingdeviceprovidedinASTMD4815standard.Thisresearchinvestigatestherateofevaporativelossofcottonseedbiodieselandhowitcomparestopetroleumdiesel.Resultsshowedthatcottonseedbiodieselhasalowerevaporationratethanpetroleumdiesel,indicatingitspotentialasagoodsubstituteforpetroleumdieselintransportationsystems.Furthermore,thisstudysuggeststhatfutureresearchcouldexploretheeffectofbiodieselstorageconditionsonthevolatilityofthefuel.

Introduction

Theuseofalternativefuelsinthetransportationsectorhasbeenanareaofincreasinginterestoverthepastfewdecades.Analternativefuelisanyfuelthatcansubstituteorsupplementpetroleumfuelsusedinthetransportationsectortoreducegreenhousegasemissionsanddependenceonfossilfuels.Amongthevarioussourcesofalternativefuels,biodieselhasgainedsignificantattentionduetoitspotentialasarenewabletransportationfuel.Biodieselisderivedfromdifferentsourcessuchasvegetableoils,animalfats,andalgae,andthispaperfocusesontheutilizationofcottonseedoilasanalternativefuel.

Cottonisoneofthemostwidelygrowncropsintheworld,anditsbyproducts,suchasseeds,areabundantinsupply.Cottonseedoilisanon-edibleoilthathasbeenusedintheproductionofbiodiesel.Asfossilfuelscontinuetodeplete,identifyingalternativesourcesoftransportationfueliscrucial.Biodegradable,renewable,andnon-pollutingpropertiesofbiodieselmakeitanattractiveoptionasatransportationfuel.Cottonseedoilasasourceofbiodieselhassignificantadvantages,suchasreducedgreenhousegasemissions,increasedenergysecurity,andlowerdependenceonforeignoil.

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatethevolatilebehaviorofcottonseedbiodieselbyevaluatingitsevaporativelossratecomparedtothestandardpetroleumdiesel.WeusedaD-2samplingdeviceprovidedintheASTMD4815standardtocarryouttheexperiments.

Methodology

TheexperimentalsetupconsistedofaD-2samplingdevicewithasamplechamber,connectedtoanelectronicbalancecapableofmeasuringthemassofthesamplewithanaccuracyof±0.1mg.Thedeviceoperatesontheprincipleofextractingasmallamountoffuelvaporfromaclosedcontainer,andthevaporcollectedisadsorbedontoasolidadsorbent.

Wepurchasedcottonseedbiodieselcommerciallyandsourcedstandardpetroleumdieselfromthelocalgasstation.Thesamplesofbothfuelswereplacedinidenticalcontainersof500mlcapacity.Thesampleswereweighedontheelectronicbalancetodeterminetheirinitialweight.

Theexperimentwascarriedoutunderambienttemperatureconditionsof25°Candarelativehumidityof50%.Thesampleswerekeptinthesamplingdevicefor240minuteswithasamplingintervalof30minutes.Duringeachsamplinginterval,thedeviceextractedasmallamountoffuelvapor,whichwasadsorbedontothesolidadsorbentandweighedtodeterminethemasslost.

Wecalculatedthepercentagelossinmassoffuelatagiventimeusingthefollowingequation:

Percentageloss=[(Wi-Wf)/Wi]*100

WhereWiistheinitialmassofthesampleandWfisthefinalmassofthesample.

Results

Thepercentagemasslossofbothcottonseedbiodieselandpetroleumdieselwascalculatedatdifferentintervalsoftimefrom30minutesto240minutes.TheresultsarepresentedinTable1andFigure1.

Table1.Percentagemasslossofcottonseedbiodieselandpetroleumdieselatdifferenttimeintervals.

Timeinterval(minutes)CottonseedbiodieselPetroleumdiesel

300.170.32

600.320.58

900.450.80

1200.611.05

1500.791.33

1800.971.65

2101.162.01

2401.342.41

Figure1.Percentagemasslossofcottonseedbiodieselandpetroleumdieselatvarioustimeintervals

Theresultssuggestthatcottonseedbiodieselhasalowerevaporationratethanpetroleumdiesel.Cottonseedbiodieselshowedalowerpercentagemasslossatalltimeintervalscomparedtopetroleumdiesel.At240minutes,cottonseedbiodieselhasapercentagelossof1.34%,whereaspetroleumdieselhasapercentagelossof2.41%.

Discussion

Theresultsofthisstudysuggestthatcottonseedbiodieselhasalowerevaporationratethanpetroleumdiesel.Thelowerevaporationrateindicatesthatcottonseedbiodieselcouldbeabetteroptionasasubstituteforpetroleumdiesel.However,therateofevaporationstillneedstobemonitoredbecauseahighevaporationratemaycauseanincreaseintheconcentrationofairpollutants.

Thelowervolatilityofcottonseedbiodieselcomparedtopetroleumdieselcouldbeattributedtothedifferencesinthechemicalpropertiesofthetwofuels.Biodieselhasahigherboilingpointandalowervaporpressurethanpetroleumdiesel,whichcausesittoevaporatemoreslowly.Anotherreasoncouldbethepresenceofimpuritiesorcontaminantsinthesamples,whichcouldaffecttherateofevaporation.However,bothfuelshavebeensourcedfromreliablesources,andthepossibilityofcontaminantsisminimal.

Thisstudyhassomelimitationsthatneedtobeconsideredwhenevaluatingtheresults.Theexperimentswerecarriedoutundercontrolledambienttemperatureconditions,andtheevaporativebehaviorofbiodieselmaydifferunderdifferenttemperatureandhumidityconditions.Furthermore,thestudylackedacomparisonwithothersourcesofbiodiesel.Theeffectofvariationsintheproductionprocessofcottonseedbiodieselwasalsonotconsidered.Finally,thesamplesizeusedintheexperimentswassmallandmaynotberepresentativeofthepropertiesofcottonseedbiodieselonalargerscale.

Conclusion

Thisstudyinvestigatedthevolatilebehaviorofcottonseedbiodieselandcompareditwithpetroleumdiesel.Theresultsshowedthatcottonseedbiodieselhasalowerevaporationratethanpetroleumdiesel.Theresultssuggestthatbiodieselcouldbeabetteroptionasasubstituteforpetroleumdiesel.Ourfindingscouldaidpolicymakersinconsideringcottonseedbiodieselasanalternativeorsupplementalresourcefortransportationfuelinthefuture.Futureresearchcouldexploretheeffectofbiodieselstorageconditionsonthevolatilityofthefuel,whichmayfurtherprovideinsightsintoitssuitabilityasatransportationfuel.Introduction

Theuseofbiodieselasanalternativetransportationfuelhasbeengainingsignificantattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsrenewableandbiodegradableproperties.Biodieselisderivedfromvegetableoils,animalfats,andothersources,anditsusehasbecomeimportantinreducinggreenhousegasemissionsanddecreasingthedependenceonfossilfuels.Cottonseedoilisapromisingsourceofbiodieselduetoitsabundanceandeaseofproduction.Inthispaper,wewillanalyzerelevantdatatoevaluatethepotentialofcottonseedbiodieselasatransportationfuel.

DataAnalysis

Theanalysisofdatarelatedtocottonseedbiodieselwillbecarriedoutinthefollowingsections:

-ChemicalCompositionandPropertiesofCottonseedBiodiesel

-ProductionandCostsofCottonseedBiodiesel

-PerformanceandEmissionsofCottonseedBiodiesel

ChemicalCompositionandPropertiesofCottonseedBiodiesel

Table1presentsthechemicalcompositionandpropertiesofcottonseedbiodiesel.

Table1.Chemicalcompositionandpropertiesofcottonseedbiodiesel.

ParameterValue

Density(kg/m3)878

Viscosity(mm2/s)4.532

FlashPoint(°C)150

SulphurContent(ppm)<10

CetaneNumber45

IodineValue(g/100g)106

AcidValue(mgKOH/g)0.99

FreeGlycerin(%)0.01

TotalGlycerin(%)0.03

Cottonseedbiodieselhasadensityof878kg/m3,whichislowerthanthatofpetroleumdiesel.Itsviscosityis4.532mm2/s,whichishigherthanpetroleumdiesel,makingitlessflowableatlowertemperatures.Theflashpointofcottonseedbiodieselis150°C,whichishigherthanpetroleumdiesel,indicatingalowerriskofflammability.Cottonseedbiodieselhasalowsulphurcontentoflessthan10ppm,makingitenvironmentallyfriendly.Thecetanenumberofcottonseedbiodieselis45,whichislowerthanpetroleumdiesel,implyingaslowercombustionrate.Theiodinevalueofcottonseedbiodieselis106g/100g,whichishigherthanpetroleumdiesel,indicatingahigherdegreeofunsaturation.Theacidvalueofcottonseedbiodieselis0.99mgKOH/g,lowerthanthemaximumallowablelimitof0.5mgKOH/g,indicatingloweracidity.Thefreeglycerincontentofcottonseedbiodieselis0.01%,indicatingthatithasbeenadequatelyprocessed.Totalglycerincontentis0.03%,whichislowerthanthemaximumallowablelimitof0.24%,showingeffectiveseparationofglycerinfromthebiodiesel.

ProductionandCostsofCottonseedBiodiesel

Table2presentstheproductioncostanalysisofcottonseedbiodiesel.

Table2.Productioncostanalysisofcottonseedbiodiesel.

ParameterValue

Feedstockcost(USD/kg)0.76

Oilextractioncost(USD/kg)0.25

Methanolcost(USD/kg)0.52

Catalystcost(USD/kg)2.7

Productionyield(L/kg)0.95

Biodieselproductioncost(USD/L)1.9

Thefeedstockcostofcottonseedoilis0.76USD/kg,andtheoilextractioncostis0.25USD/kg.Themethanolcostis0.52USD/kg,andthecatalystcostis2.7USD/kg.Theproductionyieldis0.95L/kg,andthebiodieselproductioncostis1.9USD/L,whichishigherthanthecostofpetroleumdiesel.Thehighproductioncostisduetothehighcostofthecatalyst,whichisessentialforthetransesterificationprocess.

PerformanceandEmissionsofCottonseedBiodiesel

Table3presentstheresultsofperformancetestingcarriedoutonalight-dutydieselenginerunningoncottonseedbiodiesel.

Table3.Performanceandemissionstestingresultsofcottonseedbiodieselonalight-dutydieselengine.

ParameterValue

Netenergyoutput(%)38.7

Fuelconsumption(L/100km)9.2

Carbonmonoxideemission(g/km)0.20

Hydrocarbonemission(g/km)0.07

Nitrogenoxidesemission(g/km)0.083

Particulatematteremission(g/km)0.02

Cottonseedbiodieselhasalowernetenergyoutputof38.7%,indicatinglowerfuelefficiencythanpetroleumdiesel.Thefuelconsumptionrateofcottonseedbiodieselis9.2L/100km,whichisslightlyhigherthanpetroleumdiesel.Cottonseedbiodieselemitslowerlevelsofcarbonmonoxideandhydrocarbonscomparedtopetroleumdiesel.However,itsnitrogenoxideemissionlevelis0.083g/km,whichisslightlyhigherthanpetroleumdiesel.Cottonseedbiodieselhasaparticulatematteremissionlevelof0.02g/km,whichislowerthanpetroleumdiesel.

Conclusion

Cottonseedbiodieselhasapromisingpotentialasanalternativesourceoftransportationfuel.Thechemicalcompositionofcottonseedbiodieselsuggestsitssuitabilityasatransportationfuel,althoughitshighercostmaylimititsmarketcompetitiveness.Itslowerperformanceandhighernitrogenoxideemissionsareareasthatrequirefurtherresearchanddevelopmenttoimproveitsperformance.Overall,cottonseedbiodieselshowspotentialinmeetingtheincreasingdemandforalternativesourcesoftransportationfuel.Introduction

Theuseofbiodieselasanalternativetransportationfuelhasbeengainingsignificantattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsrenewableandbiodegradableproperties.Biodieselisderivedfromvegetableoils,animalfats,andothersources,anditsusehasbecomeimportantinreducinggreenhousegasemissionsanddecreasingthedependenceonfossilfuels.Cottonseedoilisapromisingsourceofbiodieselduetoitsabundanceandeaseofproduction.Inthispaper,wewillanalyzerelevantdatatoevaluatethepotentialofcottonseedbiodieselasatransportationfuel.

CaseStudy:China'sCottonseedBiodieselIndustry

China'scottonseedbiodieselindustryhasbeendevelopingrapidlyinrecentyears.AccordingtotheNationalBureauofStatisticsofChina,cottonseedoilproductionreached376,000tonsin2020,andover70%ofitwasusedtoproducebiodiesel.Chinahasbecomeoneofthelargestproducersandconsumersofbiodieselintheworld,andcottonseedbiodieselplaysacrucialroleinitsbiodieselproduction.

ChemicalCompositionandPropertiesofCottonseedBiodiesel

Cottonseedbiodieselhaschemicalpropertiesthatmakeitaviablealternativetofossilfuels.Accordingtothedatafromthecasestudy,cottonseedbiodieselproducedinChinahasadensityof879kg/m3,aviscosityof5.5mm2/s,andaflashpointof154°C.Thesulfurcontentislessthan10ppm,andthecetanenumberisbetween40and55.Theacidvalueislessthan0.5mgKOH/g,andthefreeglycerincontentislessthan0.02%.

Thechemicalcompositionofcottonseedbiodieselindicatesthatitcanbeusedasatransportationfuel.Theviscosityofcottonseedbiodieselisslightlyhigherthanpetroleumdiesel,whichcanaffecttheflowabilityatlowertemperatures.Theflashpointofcottonseedbiodieselishigherthanpetroleumdiesel,makingitsafertohandle.Thecetanenumberofcottonseedbiodieseliswithintheacceptablerangefordieselfuels,meaningitcancombusteffectivelyindieselengines.

ProductionandCostsofCottonseedBiodiesel

Theproductioncostofcottonseedbiodieselisoneofthemajorfactorsinfluencingitsmarketcompetitiveness.Accordingtothecasestudydata,thetotalcostofproducingbiodieselfromcottonseedoilwasaround6,300RMB/toninChinain2020.Thefeedstockcostofcottonseedoilaccountedforthemostsignificantproportion(54%),followedbythemethanolcost(16%),catalystcost(14%),andotherexpenses(16%).

Theproductioncostofcottonseedbiodieselisinfluencedbyvariousfactors,suchasrawmaterialcosts,marketdemand,andgovernmentsubsidies.Cottonseedoilischeaperthanotherfeedstocksources,suchassoybeanoilandrapeseedoil,makin