美國文學史之填空題

====Word行業(yè)資料分享--可編輯版本--雙擊可刪====源-于-網(wǎng)-絡-收-集填空題Part1EarlyAmericanLiterature:ColonialPeriodto1815Chapter1TheLiteratureoftheNewWorld1.Originstoriesarethosedramatizing______ofhowtheearthoriginatedorofhowpeopleestablishedrelationshipswithplants,______andthecosmos.(tribalinterpretations,animal)2.Trickstertalesarehumoroustalesfeaturing______.(trickstercharacters)3.Historicalnarrativesarediverseinkinds.Someofthemaretribalrecordsofhistoricalevents.Manyothernarrativesfeature______thatmoveinrecognizablehistoricalsettings.(legendaryfigures)4.ThenameofCaptainJohnSmithisnowassociatedwiththeEnglishexpeditionthatfoundedthe______in1607.(Jamestowncolony)Chapter2TheLiteratureofColonialAmerica:1620-1763Thecolonialperiodcoversalmosttheentiretyof______andagreatportionof______.(the17thcentury,the18thcentury)Theyear1620sawthePilgrimssettlinginthetinycolonyofPlymouthinMassachusettswhich,duetoWilliamBradford’sinfluentialwork______,isnowregardedasasymbolforPuritancultureduringcolonialsettlement.(OfPlymouthPlantation)Intheearliercolonialperiod,muchoftheliteraturewasproducedby______and______.(Puritan,Pilgrimwriters)Theterm“Puritan”wasfirstappliedtothose______whorejectedQueenElizabeth’sreligioussettlementsof1560becausetheyweredeterminedto“purify”theirreligion.(Protestantreformers)CalvinismisaspecificandratherrigidbrandofPuritanism.Calvinistsarethosewhofollowtheteachingsof______,areligiousreformerinFrance.(JohnCalvin)AnneBradstreet’s“domestic”poemsand______aretodayrecognizedasherbestliteraryachievement.Inthem,sheconveyedherpersonalfeelingsforNewEnglandand______.(theContemplations,familylife)Ingeneral,meditativepoetryisacontemplationofselfandexpressionofhoped-forunionwithGodorwitha______.ButEdwardTaylor’spoetryalsoshowsananguishedsearchforGod,anintensepersonalstrugglewithhis______andwith______.(transcendentreality,spirituality,Satan)CottonMather’smostimportantbookis______.(MagnaliaChristiAmericanaOfthequarrelswithPuritanbeliefsinthe17thcentury,thecasesofAnneHutchinsonand______areofparticularsignificance.(RogerWilliams)JonathanEdwardwasacomplextheologianinwhomthefervorofthe______andthethinkingof______converged,ifnotcoexisted,incontradiction.(GreatAwakening,Enlightenment)Today,JonathanEdwardisgenerallyregardedasapioneeringphilosopherandthegreatestmindofthe______period.(colonial)TheMiddlecoloniesare______and______morediverse.(culturally,ethnically)Chapter3LiteratureandtheAmericanRevolution:1764-1815LiteratureintheperiodofAmericanRevolution(before,duringandafter)waspredominantlypublicand______.(utilitarian)TheemergenceofDeisminthe18thcenturyAmericacamedirectlyfromthe______.(Enlightenment)Inhislifetime,BenjaminFranklinwasaninventor,scientist,______,______,______,anexemplaryself-mademan,arevolutionaryhero,and,ofcourse,an______.(printer,politicalstatesman,diplomat,author)Withhisrestlessenergy,hisoptimismandhisinnovativespirit,FranklinexemplifiestheAgeof______orwhatFranklinhimselfcalledtheAgeofExperiment.(Enlightenment)Partlybecausehewasverygoodatpromotinghimself,Franklinestablishedforthepublictheimageofa______man,andanarchetypalAmericansuccessstorythathassincebecomepartofAmericanpopularculture.(self-made)AlthoughPoorRichard’sAlmanacsarenotreallyintheveinoffiction,______couldbetheearliestcharacteroffictioncreatedbyanAmericanauthor.(PoorRichard)Perhapsthebest-knownportionofFranklin’sAutobiographyiswherehespeaksofthe______heembracedandhowhetranslatedthemintodailypractices.(13virtues)______,draftedinJune,1776,isatonceanationalsymboloflibertyandamonumenttoJeffersonasastatesmanandauthor.(TheDeclarationofIndependence)WilliamHillBrown’snovel______followedthesentimentalmodeanditscharacteristicthemeofseduction.(ThePowerofSympathy)Part2AmericanRomanticism:1815-186Chapter1TheAgeofAmericanRomanticismNationalismoftengoeshandinhandwith______.Butthespecialpsychologicalmake-upofAmericannationalismalsogaveAmerican______itsownparticularcharacteristics.(romanticism,romanticism)AmericanromanticismwasinfluencedbyEuropeanromanticism,particularlyGerman,______and______.WhileshowingcharacteristicsofEuropeanromanticism,AmericanromanticwritersdifferedfromtheirEuropeancounterpartsinthattheydidnotshowthekindof______asseeninEuropeanromanticism.(English,French,politicalradicalism)Chapter2EarlyRomanticism______wasthefirstAmericanstorytellercreatedinaliterarytext,andasastorytellerheresembleshisauthor,WashingtonIrving.(Rip)______and______aretodaytwoofIrving’sbestknownstories.Bothareincludedin______,acollectionofsketchesandstories.(RipVanWinkle,TheLegendOfSleepyHollow,TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,TheLeather-stockingSeriesconsistsoffivenovelswhich,intheorderofpublications,are:______,______,______,______,and______.(ThePioneers,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePrairie,ThePathfinder,TheDeerslayer)“Leather-stocking”isthenicknamefor______whoisinthehabitofwearinglongdeerskinleggings.(NattyBumppo)NattyBumpooisboththefriendandfoeof______.Heseemstorespectthem,butheretainshis______superioritywhilelivingwiththem.(AmericanIndians,Christian)Startingwith______,Copperwrote11seastories.Amongthem,______isataleoftheadventureofCaptainHeideggerwhogivesupprivacyinordertoaidtheAmericans.(ThePilot,RedRevor)______,oneofBryant’sbestpoems,servedasabridgeoverwhichtheyoungpoetmovedtowardshisfather’sreligiousliberalism(DeismandUnitarianism)andtowardsWordsworth’snature.(“Thanatopsis”)Chapter3TranscendentalismandSymbolicRepresentationThetranscendentalClubsponsoredtwomajoractivities.First,theypublished16issuesof______,aquarterly,between1840ad1844.______wasthefirsteditor.(TheDial,MargaretFuller)______istodayregardedasthe“Father”ofAmericanliterature.(Emerson)AstheleadingspokesmanforTranscendentalism,Emersononceexplainedthatthisphilosophymeant______.(alittlebeyond)“TheOver-Soul”presentsthemoremysticalsideofEmersonadthebasisof______.The“Over-Soul”referstotheprofoundandall-encompassing______towhicheachindividualsoulshouldlieupon.(Transcendentalism,spiritualnature)TodayThoreauisprimarilyrememberedbytwoofhisworks:______andtheessay______.(Walden,CivilDisobedience)Chapter4Hawthorne,MelvilleandPoeHawthornewrotewelloverahundredstories,essaysandsketches,andistheauthoroffourremarkablenovels:______,______,______and______.(TheScarletLetter,TheHouseoftheSevenGables,TheBlithedaleRomance,TheMarbleFaun)InHawthorne’swritingsthereisaconsistentconcernwiththepsychologicalcurrentsbeneaththe______.______isatypicalHawthornianmetaphorforthisconcern.(conscious,Adream-likejourneyatnight)Hawthornedepicts“sin”notforitsownsake.Heallowsustostudytheeffectsofsinonthe______andonpeoplerelatedtothem.(sinners)ManyofHawthorne’smalecharacterslivein______.Itseemsextraordinarilydifficultforthemtoknowsomeoneelseandtodisclosethemselvestoanotherperson.(isolation)Iftherewasanythinginthe19thcenturyclosetobeingtheAmericanepic,itwas______,publishedoneyearafterTheScarletLetter.(MobyDick)ThenovelMobyDicktellsthestrangestoryofthepossessedandimplacableCaptain______riskinghislife,thoseofhiscrewandhisshipontheroughseasinsearchofamonstrous______.(Ahab,whitewhale)Poeisacritic,poetandshortstorywriter,andheisimportantinallthreeaspects.HiscontributiontoFrenchsymbolistpoetrywasmadenotprimarilythroughhis______buthis______.(poetry,storiesandcriticism)“TheRaven”capturesthemourningofthenarratorforthelossofhisbelovedwhenaravenmonotonouslyrepeatstheword______.(Nevermore)Chapter8WhitmanandDickinson______and______weretwomajorpoetsinthelate19thcentury.(WaltWhitman,EmilyDickinson)Technicallyspeaking,Whitman’spoetryis“freeverse”inthatthelackof______and______isknownashismajortechnicalinnovation.(meter,rhyme)ThespeakerinmanyofDickinson’spoemsisin______and______.Frequently,thespeakerspeaksofa______.(anguish,pain,recurringpain)______isthelongestandoneofthebestinWhitman’scanon.(“SongofMyself”)EmilyDickinsonwrotenearly______poems,althoughfewerthan20ofthemwereprintedinherlifetime.(2000)Chapter9AHouseDivided:WritingAgainstSlavery______boostedabolitionistsentimentsandshooktheconscienceoftheSouth.(UncleTom’sCabin)thenovel’sappealcomesfromtheextremesentimentalitythatderivesfromthedeathsoflittleEvaSt.Clareand______aswellasfrommelodramaticeventssuchas______’sescapeacrosstheiceoftheOhioRiver.(UncleTom,Eliza)FrederickDouglasswrotethepowerfulautobiography______.(NarrativeoftheLifeofFrederickDouglass,anAmericanSlave)HarrietAnnJacob’sfirst-personaccount,______,istheonlyslavenarrativewrittenbyawoman.(IncidentsintheLifeofaSlaveGirl)Part3AmericanRealism:1865-1914Chapter1TheAgeofRealismRealismreactsagainstromanticism’semphasisonintuition,______,adreary(orinnocent)senseofwonder,______,______,andgeneraloptimisticbeliefinthegoodnessofthings.(imagination,idealism,faithinnature)Chapter2RegionalandLocalColorWritings1.______and______writingsmaybeconsideredtheearlystageofliteraryrealism.Theywereinstancesofrealisminsofarastheydepictedcontemporarylife,usedthespeechof______andavoided,ingeneral,fantasticplotlines.(Regional,local,thecommonpeople)ErnestHemingwayonceremarked:“AllmodernliteraturecomesfromonBookbyMarkTwaincalled______.”(HuckleberryFinn)Asanironist,MarkTwainallowsustoseetheadultthroughtheeyesofa______,andtoseethechildthroughan______’sperspective.(child,adult)TomSawyeristhestoryoftheboyTomSawyerandhisfriends______and______.(HuckleberryFinn,JoeHarper)“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaveraCounty”isa“talltale”filledwiththekindofexaggerationandcomedythatcharacterize______life.(thefrontier)Thereweremanyotherregionalistsandlocalcolorists.Someoftheprominentonesinclude_____inNewEngland,______and______inthedeepSouth,and______whowroteofthefarWestminingcamps.(SarahOrne,GeorgeWashingtonCable,KateChopin,BrettHarte)Chapter3HenryJamesandWilliamDeanHowellsInHenryJames’stexts,______and______aretwodifferentsocietiesandculturalforcesbroughtintocontact.(Europe,America)HenryJameswrote36volumesoffictionalworks.Adozenorsoarelongernovels.Themorecompleteversionsofthreeofthebest--______,______,TheGoldenBowl—werepublishedposthumously.(TheWingsofDove,TheAmbassadors)HenryJameshadalikingfortheshort-storyform.However,hiselaborationondetailsoftenledtotheexpressionofshortstorythemesintoshortnovelsornovellas.Thetwobest-knownnovellasare:______and______.(DaisyMiller,TheTurnoftheScrew)WhileWilliamDeanHowellswasajournalistfortheOhioStateJournalhewrote______,abookwhichhelpedLincolnbecomeelectedandwhichbroughtHowellsrecognitionandanappointmentasAmericanCounselinVenice.(TheCampaignLifeofAbrahamLincoln)InTheRiseofSilasLapham,Laphamisasturdycountry-bredmanwhobecomessuccessfulasapaintmanufacturerandhasanopportunitytorisein______society.(Boston)Chapter4LiteraryNaturalismUndertheinfluenceofEuropeanwriterssuchasEmileZola,ThomasHardy,GeorgeEliot,Americanliterary______emergedinthe1890sasanoutgrowthofAmericanrealism.(naturalism)Innaturalistfiction,thecharactersareoften______inthesocialstratum.(thelowest)Thenaturaliststoriesareoftenaboutthoserenderedhelplessbyuncontrollableforces.Themoodisdarkand_____.(pessimistic)JackLondon’smasterpiece______issomewhatautobiographical.(MartinEden)Norris’snovel______hasbeencalled“thefirstfull-bodiednaturalisticAmericannovel”and“aconsciouslynaturalisticmanifesto”.(McTeague)ThefirstnovelofTheodoreDreiserwas______.(SisterCarrie)TheprotagonistofDreiser’sTrilogyofDesireis______.(FrankCowperwood)Chapter5WomenWritingonthe“WomanQuestion”Inliterature,writingonthe“womanquestion”mostlymeantcritiquingtheVictorianistculturalcodeandpromoting______.(women’sliberation)TheAwakeningpresentsthestoryof______’sdoomedattempttofindherownfulfillmentthroughpassion.(EdnaPontellier)TheAwakeningissimultaneouslya______novel,a______novel,a______novel,anda______novel.(localcolor,realist,romantic,feminist)LikeFlaubert’sMadameBovary,KateChopin’s______wascondemnednotbecauseitwassexybutbecauseitdeviatesfromthesexualcodesof“goodsociety.”(TheAwakening)Asafictionalizedversionof“restcure,”“TheYellowWallpaper”isapowerfulfeministindictmentofthenormsina______culture.(patriarchal)Thematically,EdithWharton’snovelsreflectthestrugglesoftheindividualmembersof______intheirattemptstoactualizethemselveswithintherigidbehavioralmoresoftheir______.(elitesocieties,class)Part4AmericanModernism:1914-1945Chapter15ModernismintheAmericanGrainInitsmostapparentsense,“modernism”indicatesanimpulsetowardscreatingsomething______.(new)Inmodernfiction,______pointofview—representingagivenperspective—isusedmoreoften.(thefirstperson)IfAmericanRomanticismwasthefirstfloweringofAmericanliterature,American______wasthesecondflowering.(modernism)Freudboldlyandnaturalisticallyexplainedthathumanbehaviorislargelytheresultofinstinctualdrives,suchas______and______urges.Iftheindividualwishedtoenjoythebenefitsofcivilization,he/shemustcontroltheseurges.(sexual,aggressive)Chapter16TheEvolutionofModernismEdwinArlingtonRobinsoncreatedthe______and______characterswhobelievetheyhavefailed.Hismainthemeseemstobetheagonyoflifeandahopelesswishfor______.(alienated,disillusioned,happiness)______isthemostpopularmodernpoetinAmerica.Towardstheendofhislife,hereceivedmoreliteraryawards,governmentrecognitions,andinstitutionalhonorsthananyotherpoetofthe20thcentury.(RobertFrost)ItwasinEnglandthatRobertFrostpublishedhisfirstcollectionofpoetry______in1913.EzraPound,whomhemetinEngland,helpedhimpublishhissecondvolume______whichcontainssomeofFrost’smoststunningpoems,including______,______,______and______.(ABoy’sWill,NorthofBoston,“MendingWall,”“HomeBurial,”“TheRoadNotTaken,”“Apple-Picking.”)WillaCather’smajornovelsfallintothreegroups.Inthreeofhernovels--______,______and______--CatherexploresthepioneerexperienceinthelandscapeofNebraska,theMidwestandColorado.(OPioneers!TheSongoftheLark,MyAntonia)WecangetbetteracquaintedwithCather’sliterarystylebyreviewing______,anditwaswiththisnovelthatCathermadecraft.(MyAntonia)SherwoodAndersonisprimarilyrememberedastheauthorof______,Gatheredintoalooselyconnectednovelarestoriesof______or______characters.(Winesburg,Chapter17AmericanModernisminEuropeIn1936,GertrudeSteinremarked,“AmericaismycountryandParisismyhometownanditisasithascometobe.”Shespokenotjustforherselfbutalsoforagenerationof_____.(Americanexpatriates)Asevidenceofheroriginality,SteinwasthefirstAmericanwritertotrytotranscribebanaldailyspeechintoliterature.Specifically,in______andin______,sheusedthiskindof“natural”conversationinprosenarrative.(ThreeLives,TheAutobiographyofAliceB.Toklas)______issofartheonlywriterintheWesternculturewhohasbeenabletoturnthecharacteristicsoftheChineselanguageintoaspecificand“new”componentinEnglish/Americanpoetry.(Pound)Poundwastheleaderofanewmovementinpoetrywhichhecalledthe______movement.(Imagist)EzraPound’smajorworkofpoetryisthelongpoemcalled______.(TheCantos)HildaDoolittlealwayssignedhername______.(H.D.)Chapter18ModernFictionbetweentheWarsItisgenerallybelievedthatthemodernistinnovativenessinAmericanpoetrywasexemplifiedby______,______andafewotherswhoseparadigmatictextsexertedapowerfulinfluenceonfictionwriters.(T.S.Eliot,WallaceStevens)UnderAnderson’sguidance,WilliamFaulknerpublishedhisfirstnovel______,buthisfirstmajorsuccesswas______.(Soldier’sPay,TheSoundandtheFury)ThefirstthreesectionsofTheSoundandtheFuryarenarratedbythreeCompsonbrothers:______,______,______.(Benjy,Quentin,Jason)AsILayDyingisacomedywithaprofoundly______.ThenovelisalsoFaulkner’sattempttotranslate______inpaintingintoafictionalform.(tragiccenter,cubism)InLightinAugustFaulknermakesanindictmentofracismintheSouthbyofferingaprofoundanalysisofthe“truths”inaculturaldiscoursethatminglesreligiousfanaticism,______and______,adiscoursesharedbySouthernersatvariouslevels.(sexism,racism)“ARoseforEmily”seemstobea______story,atleastinitially.(detective)Hemingway’striptoAfricaonahuntingexpeditionin1933-14becamethebasisfor______.HewenttoSpaintwicetocovertheCivilWarin1936-37,whichprovidedmaterialforhisnovel______.(GreenHillsofAfrica,ForWhomtheBellTolls)“TheBigTwo-HeartedRiver”,includedin______,shows______who,bearingtraumasofthewarwithinhim,hasreturnedtoasmalltownwherehefindstheriverandtroutasheremembersthem.(______isthemostimportantworkFitzgeraldwrote.Thetitlecharacter,______isaveryrichmanwhofoughtinWorldWarI.(TheGreatGatsby,JayGatsby)TenderistheNightisFitzgerald’s______novelanditisanovelabout______.(mature,maturity)Thebest-knownworkbyDosPassosis______,atrilogyconsistingof______,______,and______.(U.S.A.TheForty-SecondParallel,1919,TheBigMoney)JohnSteinbeckisamodernwriter,nodoubt,buthecanalsoberegardedasa______anda______.(regionalist,naturalist)Today,Steinbeckisprimarilyrememberedbythreeofhismanynovels:______,______,and______.(InDubiousBattle,OfMiceandMen,TheGrapesofWrath)Steinbeckconsciouslyusesstylisticdevicesofthe______andattemptstocreatehisnew______.(folktale,folklore)Chapter19ModernAmericanPoetryThecharmofEliot’spoetryliesnotonlyinthe______butalsointhe______hehascreated.(images,mellowcadence)The“waste”inthetitleisnotonlyareferencetothedevastationandbloodshedof______,butalsototheemotionalandspiritualsterilityofthe______.(WorldWarI,Westernman)Eliotwrotesevenplays,thebestofwhichis______,averseplayonanancienthistoricalsubject,writtenin1935.(MurderintheCathedral)Eliot’slastimportantworkwas______,aprofoundmeditationontimeandtimelessness,writteninfourparts.(FourQuartets)“SundayMorning”isoneofthebest-knownpoemsbyStevens.ThepoemintroducesawomanwhodoesnotgotochurchonSundaymorningbutstaysathometoenjoy______andtocontemplate______.(thesunshine,whatdivinityis)ThethemesofWilliamCarlosWilliams’spoemsarebroadranging,includingtheemergenceoflife,______,______initsmanyguises,sexualityandtheerotic,therichnessofeverydayexperience,and,lastbutnotleast,therealitiesofindustrialAmerica.(thenatureofpoetry,theunfortunatehumanity)TheoddappearanceofE.E.Cummings’versesonthepageismeantasanaidtooralreadingor,morespecifically,asaguidetotiming,accentuation,syllabusstresses.Toindicatestress,forexample,hewould______or_______.(breaklines,capitalizekeywords)Chapter20AfricanAmericanLiteratureandModernismJeanToomer,poetandnovelist,wasforsometimeregardedasthemosttalentedwriterinthe_______.(HarlemRenaissance)Between1922and1929,Toomerwroteseveralplaysinwhichheexperiencedwith_______techniques.(impressionist)ThemostimportantstageinLangstonHughes’sdevelopmentwaswhenhediscoveredHarlem,NewYork,andtheculturalandliterarycircleofthe______writers.(“NewNegroTheirEyeswereWatchingGod,Hurston’sbestwork,tellsofJanie’sstory,ayoungblackwoman’ssearchfor______.(self-knowledge)NativeSonisanovelthatexploresthecomplex______and______factorsinvolvedinablackboy’shorrendouscrimes.(social,psychological)BlackBoyissubtitled______.Thisisanautobiographicalnovelthatbeginswith______’sChildhoodandstopsatthepointwhenheleavestheSouthtoheadfortheNorth.(“ARecordofChildhoodandYouth”,Wright)TheMenWhoLivedUndergroundappearedinitsfinalforminacollectionofshortstories,______.(EightMen)Part5AmericanLiteratureDiversified:1945totheNewMillenniumChapter21LiteratureDiversifiedUnderNewConditionsContemporaryAmericanliteratureisinclusiveof______,______andwhatiscoveredunderthebroadtitle“postmodernliterature.”(ethnicliterature,postcolonialliterature)Existentialismis,strictlyspeaking,aphilosophyformulatedinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,with______,______and______beingthethreemainrepresentatives.(Heidegger,Sartre,Camus)Ingeneral,thedistinctionbetweenpostmodernismandmodernismisperhapslessamatterofstylisticdifferencesthanamatterofattitudetowards______and______.(culture,literature)Derridacitesthreethinkersastheprecursorsofdeconstruction:______,______and______.(Nietzsche,Heidegger,Freud)ThefatherofdeconstructionistheFrenchthinker______whodidnotspecificallyconcernhimselfwithliteratureorliterariness.(JacquesDerrida)Readingandwritingareboundinthesignifyingprocesswhichismultilayered,continuousandnever-ending.Forthisinsight,Derridacoinedtheword______.(différence)Chapter22AmericanTheater:ThreeMajorPlaywrights______wasAmerica’sfirstdramatistofworldrenown.Inthecourseofalongandprolificcareer,hewonfourPulitzerprizes,gainedinternationalrecognition,andin1936wontheNobelPrize.(EugeneO’Neil)Asanexpressionistplay,TheHairyApemakesaprotestagainstthe______and______intheindustrializedworld.(dehumanization,alienation)______wasthemostimportantdramatistthatemergedafterworldWarII.LikeArthurMiller,headoptedmanyoftheexperimentaldevicesfromthe______andotheravant-gardedramatistsofthe1920s,butheintegratedthemintoaentirelyindividualized.(TennesseeWilliams,expressionists)Indeed,______isTennesseeWilliams’sautobiographicalplaybasedonthefamilycircumstancesin1935-1936.(TheGlassMenagerie)Asseeninthemajorityofhisplays,Miller’sfavoritematerialistheconflictintheAmericanmiddle-classfamily,withthetensionoftenanchoredonthefather-sonrelationshipasin______and______or,sometimes,onthestrainedrelationshipbetweenafatherandhisstepdaughter,asin______.(AllMySons,DeathofaSalesman,AViewFromtheBridge)Chapter23MajorFictionWriters:1945tillthe1960sIftherewasatraditionofnovelsthatstudiedthewasteofwarandmadnessofwarmentally,NormanMailerappearedtobealeader,withhis______and______beingtherepresentativeworks.(TheNakedandtheDead,ArmiesoftheNight)Untilhediedin1994,Ellisonpublishedoneepic-scopenovel,______,andcollectionsofshortstoriesandessays.(InvisibleMan)Baldwinisbothabrilliantfictionwriterandabrilliantessayist.Hisbest-knownnovelis______,publishedin1953.(GoTellItontheMountain)O’Connor’sfirstnovelWiseBloodconsistsofmanygratuitousadunrelatedincidents.Butitdoeshaveafocuson______.(Hazel(Haze)Motes)ThedifferencesamongBellow’sworksshowtheversatilityofhistalents.Hisearlierworksinclude______,acomicandmordantexistentialisttalesetinwartimeAmerica,and______,aparableofGentileandJew,andanunsentimentalstudyof______.(DanglingMan,TheVictim,anti-Semitism)TospeakofSalingeristospeakof______.(TheCatcherintheRye)Thephrase,“Catch-22,”istodayametaphoricalexpressionintheEnglishlanguage,meaninga______dilemma.Theexpressionoriginatesfrom______’snovel.(self-contradictory,Heller)Chapter24PoeticTendenciesSince1945Confessionalpoemsareconversational,bleak,brooding,showingaclearsenseofalienation.Therecognizedconfessionalsinclude__