G7成員國實現(xiàn)凈零電力部門-102正式版

AchievingNetZero

ElectricitySectors

inG7Members

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Abstract

Abstract

AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7MembersisanewreportbytheInternationalEnergyAgencythatprovidesaroadmaptodrivingdownCO2emissionsfromelectricitygenerationtonetzeroby2035,buildingonanalysisin

NetZeroby2050:ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.

ThenewreportwasrequestedbytheUnitedKingdom,underitsG7Presidency,andfollowedtheG7leaders’commitmentinJune2021toreach“anoverwhelminglydecarbonised”powersysteminthe2030sandnetzeroemissionsacrosstheireconomiesnolaterthan2050.Itisdesignedtoinformpolicymakers,industry,investorsandcitizensinadvanceoftheCOP26ClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgowthatbeginsattheendofOctober2021.

StartingfromrecentprogressandthecurrentstateofplayofelectricityintheG7,thereportanalysesthestepsneededtoachievenetzeroemissionsfromelectricity,andconsidersthewiderimplicationsforenergysecurity,employmentandaffordability.Itidentifieskeymilestones,emergingchallengesandopportunitiesforinnovation.

ThereportalsounderscoreshowG7memberscanfosterinnovationthroughinternationalcollaborationand,asfirstmovers,lowerthecostoftechnologiesforothercountrieswhilemaintainingelectricitysecurityandplacingpeopleatthecentreofcleanenergytransitions.

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Foreword

Foreword

Momentumisbuildingforcountriesandcompaniesaroundtheworldtostrengthentheirenergyandclimatecommitments,andanincreasingnumberhavesettargetstoreachnetzeroemissionsbymid-centuryorsoonafter.TheurgencyoftacklinggreenhousegasemissionswasreaffirmedbytherecentreportbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)–ClimateChange2021:thePhysicalScienceBasis–whichassertedthattheeffectsofclimatechangecouldcomefasterandbemoreintensethanpreviouslyenvisaged.

The26thConferenceoftheParties(COP26)oftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeinNovember2021inGlasgowwillbeacrucialopportunitytostrengthenglobalambitionsandactiononclimate,buildingonthefoundationsofthe2015ParisAgreement.Itcomesatthestartofacriticaldecadeforachievingclimategoals:significantprogressby2030isessentialifthegoalsagreedinParisin2015aretobemet.

TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)hasbeensupportingtheUnitedKingdomgovernment’sCOP26Presidency,includingco-hostingtheIEA-COP26NetZeroSummitwithCOP26President-DesignateAlokSharmainMarch2021.ThisSummittookstockofthegrowingcommitmentsfromgovernmentsandcorporationstoreachParisAgreementgoalsandfocusedontheactionsnecessarytostartturningthosenetzerogoalsintoreality.

TheIEAreportNetZeroby2050:ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector,releasedinMay2021,providesapathwaytonetzeroemissionsby2050,whichinvolvesadvancedeconomiescollectivelyreachingnetzeroemissionsfromelectricityby2035andtherestoftheworlddoingsoby2040.Thereportclearlymarksoutthegapbetweenpledgesandspecificimplementationplans.Netzeropledgestodatecover60-70%ofglobalCO2emissions.However,lessthanone-quarterofannouncednetzeropledgesarefixedindomesticlegislation,andmanypledgeshavenotyetbeenbackedupbyspecificmeasuresorpoliciestodelivertheminfullandontime.Thereportalsomakesclearthat,evenifimplementedinfull,thenetzeropledgesmadeuptothetimeofpublicationarenotsufficienttoachievethegoalsoftheParisAgreement.

FollowingtheG7ClimateandEnvironmentMinisters’MeetinginMay2021,theUnitedKingdomPresidencyoftheG7requestedafollow-upreportonapathway

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Foreword

toelectricitysectorswithnetzeroemissionsintheG7by2035.BuildingontheNetZeroby2050Roadmap,thisreportprovidesaroadmaptoachievingnetzeroemissionselectricityintheG7,highlightingkeymilestones,emergingchallengesandopportunitiesforinnovation.Consideringcountryspecificcircumstances,theG7couldleadthewaybyshiftingrapidlyawayfromunabatedcoaltowardslow-emissionssourceswhilemaintainingelectricitysecurity.Atthesametime,theG7needstokeeppeopleatthecentreofenergytransitionsandshowthewayforeconomiesaroundtheworld,addingmomentumtoglobaleffortstoreachnetzeroemissionsby2050.

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Acknowledgements,contributorsandcredits

Acknowledgements,contributorsandcredits

ThestudywaspreparedbytheWorldEnergyOutlook(WEO)‐teamintheDirectorateofSustainability,TechnologyandOutlooks(STO)incooperationwithotherdirectoratesandofficesoftheInternationalEnergyAgency.ThestudywasdesignedanddirectedbyLauraCozzi(ChiefEnergyModellerandHeadofDivisionforEnergyDemandOutlook).TheleadauthorsandcoordinatorsoftheanalysiswereBrentWanner,HeadofthePowerSectorUnitinWEO,andShaiHassid.

Themaincontributors(inalphabeticalorder)wereYasmineArsalane(coalpowerandaffordability),SylviaBeyer(internationalcollaboratives),DanielCrow(behaviouralchange),DavideD’Ambrosio(datascience),TimothyGoodson(demand),ZoeHungerford(systemintegrationofrenewables),VanessaKoh(policiesandoffshorewind),UweRemme(innovation),ThomasSpencer(globalnetzero)andDanielWetzel(employment).

OthercontributorswereStéphanieBouckaert,MichaelDrtil,MusaErdogan,EricFabozzi,VictorGarciaTapia,Craig‐Hart,PaulineHenriot,PabloHevia-Koch,DoyobKim,GeorgeKamiya,TaeYoonKim,MariachiaraPolisena,RyszardPospiech,PeerapatVithayasrichareon,VidaRoziteandDavidWilkinson.TeresaCoonalsoprovidedessentialsupport.

EdmundHoskercarriededitorialresponsibility.RebekahFolsomwasthecopy‐editor.

ValuablecommentsandfeedbackwereprovidedbyotherseniormanagementandcolleagueswithintheIEA,inparticular,MechthildW?rsd?rfer,KeisukeSadamori,CésarAlejandroHernández,PaoloFrankl,PeterFraser,TimurGül,andAadVanBohemen.ThanksalsogototheIEACommunicationsandDigitalOffice(CDO)fortheirhelpinproducingthepublication,especiallytoAstridDumond,ClaraVallois,TanyaDyhinandThereseWalsh.

ThestudywascommissionedbytheUnitedKingdomgovernments’PresidencyoftheG7andbenefittedfromcollaborationwithcolleaguesfromtheUKDepartmentofBusiness,EnergyandIndustrialStrategy,inparticularArianaAgapiou,CiaraO’SullivanandPelinZorlu.

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Acknowledgements,contributorsandcredits

ThefindingsalsodrawonstrategicinsightsandguidancereceivedduringanIEAhigh-levelworkshopontheG7netzeropowercommitmenttoactionco-hostedbyIEAandUKon17September2021.

TheIEAwouldliketothankthefollowingexpertswhoprovidedessentialinputs,reviewandencouragement(byG7memberalphabeticalorder):IsabelMurrayandGarethSavage(DepartmentofNaturalResources,Canada);MichaelHackethalandJoannaRuszkowska(FederalMinistryofEconomicsandTechnology,Germany);FrancescoFerioli,MiguelGilTertreandFabianKreuzer,(EuropeanCommission);PhilippeGeiger(MinistryofEcologicalTransition,France);NicolaBazzani,MicheleDeNigris,andIsabellaMoscato(MinistryofForeignAffairs,RicercasulSistemaEnergetico[RSE],MinistryofEconomicDevelopment,Italy);HidechikaKoizumi(MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry,Japan);TomBastin(DepartmentforBusiness,Energy&IndustrialStrategy,UnitedKingdom);MichaelApicelli,RussellConklinandCelesteMarshall(DepartmentofEnergy,UnitedStates).

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Executivesummary

Executivesummary

TheG7hasanopportunitytoleadtheglobalenergymarketstowardsnet

zeroemissionsby2050.InJune2021,theG7Leaderscommittedto“netzeronolaterthan2050”andto“l(fā)eadatechnology-driventransitiontonetzero,supportedbyrelevantpolicies”.Thesecommitmentsdemonstratepoliticalleadershipandcomeatacriticaltime,aheadofthe26thConferenceofthePartiesoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange.G7members–Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,theUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStatesplustheEuropeanUnion–in2020accountedfornearly40%oftheglobaleconomy,30%ofglobalenergydemandand25%ofglobalenergy-relatedCO2emissions.Implementingthepolicies,provingthetechnologiesandtakingthestepsnecessarytoachievenetzeroemissionsinasecureandaffordablewayintheG7arecriticaltoacceleratingpeople-centredtransitionsaroundtheworld.

Decarbonisingelectricityiscentraltoreachingnetzeroemissions,asitaddressesthehighestemittingsectortodayandenablesthedecarbonisationofothersectors.ThisroadmapforG7electricitysectorsidentifieskeymilestones,emergingchallenges,opportunitiesforinnovationandprinciplesofactiontoachievenetzeroby2035.ItbuildsontheIEAreportNetZeroby2050:ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySectorandisalignedwiththeJune2021G7commitmentto“anoverwhelminglydecarbonisedpowersysteminthe2030s”.TheG7roadmapfollowstheIEANetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario(NZE)globalpathwaythatisconsistentwithlimitingtheglobalaveragetemperatureriseto1.5°C,althoughitisnottheonlypathwaytothisobjective.ItwasdevelopedwithinthecomprehensiveenergymodellingframeworksoftheWorldEnergyOutlookandEnergyTechnologyPerspectivesreport,incorporatingthelatestenergydataandthestateoftechnology,andexpandsonpolicysettingsaroundtheworld.

CleanenergytransitionsintheG7areunderway

Theelectricitysectoraccountsforone-thirdofG7energy-relatedemissionstoday,wellbelowthepeakshareofnearly40%in2007,aselectricitysectoremissionsareonadeclinewithcoalgivingwaytocleanersources.Themaindriversofthesereductionsinrecentyearswerecheapnaturalgasinseveralmarketsandstronggrowthforrenewables.In2020,naturalgasandrenewables

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Executivesummary

weretheprimarysourcesofelectricityintheG7,eachprovidingabout30%ofthetotal,followedbynuclearpowerandcoalatcloseto20%each.

MomentumisbuildingasgovernmentsintheG7arere-shapingthe

electricitypolicylandscapewithnetzerointheirsights.AllG7membershavemadeacommitmenttoreachnetzeroemissions,underpinnedineachcasebyarangeofpolicymeasuresandtargetsthataimtophaseoutorreduceunabatedcoal-firedpowerwhileincreasingtheuseofrenewables,hydrogen,ammoniaandcarboncapturetechnologies,amongotherthings.OverUSD500billioningovernmentfundshavebeencollectivelycommittedbyG7memberstocleanenergytoboostsustainablerecoveriesfromtheCovid-19pandemic,almost20%ofwhichisfortheelectricitysector.G7membershavealsopioneeredcarbonpricingmechanismsandcontinuetoapplythesetosupportthedecarbonisationofelectricity.

G7actionmustacceleratetoreachkeymilestonesonthepathtonetzeroelectricityby2035

Scalinguplow-carbontechnologiesisthecentralpillartoachievenetzero,withwindandsolarPVcapacityadditionsscalingupfromabout75GWin2020to230GWby2030.Onthepathtonetzeroelectricity,renewablesreach60%ofelectricitysupplyby2030intheG7,comparedwith48%undercurrentpolicies.Thisrequireseffectivegovernmentactiontoremovebarriersanddesignandimplementpredictableandconsistentpolicies,marketsandregulatoryframeworks.Nuclearpower,low-carbonhydrogenandammonia,andplantsequippedwithcarboncaptureaddfurthertothelow-emissionselectricitysupply.

Theexpansionoflow-carbonelectricitygoeshand-in-handwithphasingout

unabatedcoal.Thismeansnoapprovalsfornewunabatedcoalplantsfrom2021,retrofittingexistingplantstoco-firebiomassorlow-carbonammoniaoraddcarboncaptureequipment,andretiringanyplantsthatarenotretrofittedinthisway.Itisalsocriticaltodrivedowntheshareofunabatednaturalgas-firedgenerationintheG7tojustafewpercentagepointsby2035comparedwithnearly25%undercurrentpolicies.

Rapidelectrificationofend-usesisalsoneededtoachievenetzeroemissionsby2050,withenergyefficiencymoderatingelectricitydemand

growth.IntheG7,electricitydemandrisesbyone-quarterin2030andover80%in2050comparedwiththe2020demandlevel,pushingtheshareofelectricityinfinalenergydemandfrom22%in2020to30%in2030and56%in2050.Electrificationofthepassengercarfleetandhydrogenproductionhavethebiggest

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Executivesummary

impact,andheatpumpscometodominatetheprovisionofheatinginbuildings.Growingeconomicactivityaddstodemandto2050,butismorethanoffsetbyefficiencysavings,withtheefficiencyofkeyproductssolddoublingbetweentodayand2030intheNZE,inlinewithtargetsfromtheSuper-EfficientEquipmentandApplianceDeploymentinitiative.

G7energy-relatedemissionsandelectricitysectormilestonesintheNetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario,2020-2050

2021 2025 2030

Nonew

Electricity

Windandsolar

unabatedcoal

emissions

capacity

plants

intensity

additionsreach

approvedfor

fallsbelow

230GW

development

170gCO2/kWh

Phaseoutof

Over60%of

unabatedcoal

electricity

Newelectriccar

generatedfrom

lowemissions

salesreaching

sources

80%

Hydrogen&

Over50%of

hydrogen

9

ammonia

CO

productionis

generatenearly

electrolytic

200TWh

Gt

7

Doubleaverage

efficiencyofkey

productsales

5

Industry,Transport,

Buildings,Agricultureand

OtherEnergySector

Supply

milestones

Demand

milestones

2035

Overallnetzero

emissionsinthe

electricitysector

2040

Bringdownthe

Nearlytwo-

shareofunabated

thirdsof

2050

naturalgas

electricity

generationbelow

generated

0.15GtofCO2

2%

bywindand

solarPV

removed

Over40%of

annually

Over45%of

residentialspace

totalfinal

heatingdemand

Nearly60%of

consumption

metbyelectricity

transportenergy

metbyelectricity

demandmetby

electricity

Two-thirdsof

residential

dwellingsfitted

withheatpumps

1

-12020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

Electricitysector

Coal

Naturalgas

Oil

BioenergywithCCUS

emissionsbysource:

IEA.Allrightsreserved.

NetzeroemissionsfromelectricityintheG7ispartofthebroaderpathwaysetoutintheIEANetZeroby2050:aRoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySectorthatestablishesover400sector-specificandtechnology-specificmilestones.Theglobalelectricitysectortransitionsfromthehighestemittingsectortodaytoachievenetzeroby2040,enablingothersectorstocutemissionsviaelectrification.Globalmilestonesfor2030includerenewablescapacitymorethantriplingtoover10000GW,electricvehiclespassing60%ofnewcarsales,

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Executivesummary

low-carbonhydrogenproductionscalingupto150milliontonnes,andallnewbuildingsarezero-carbonready.Inindustry,allelectricmotorsarebestinclassby2035and90%ofheavyindustryproductionuseslow-emissionstechnologiesby2050.

People-centredtransitionscancreatenewopportunities

InvestmentsinelectricitygenerationwithintheG7tripleinthecomingdecadeintheNZE,andthenstabiliseatabouttwicethecurrentlevelinthe2030sand2040s.Over60%ofthisinvestmentgoesintowindandsolarPVin2030.Investmentsinnetworksdoubleby2030anddeclinethereafter.Investmentsonthisscalearefarbeyondthoseprojectedundercurrentpoliciesandneedtobeunderpinnedbymeasurestoensuretimelyprojectapprovalsandcoordinateelectricitysysteminvestmentsacrossthevaluechain.

ThedecarbonisationofelectricityintheNZEcreatesmanyemploymentopportunities,including2.6millionjobsintheG7withintheelectricitysectorinthenextdecade,although0.3millionjobsarelostatfossilfuelpowerplantsby2030plusreducedupstreamjobsinfuelsupply.IntheNZE,jobcreationacrosstheentireenergyindustrygreatlyoutweighsjoblossesinfossilfuelsectors,however,thelocalimpactscanbepronounced.G7memberswillneedtocarefullydeploytransitionmechanismsandfundingtoensurethataffectedworkersandcommunitiesarenotleftbehind.TheIEAGlobalCommissionforPeople-CentredCleanEnergyTransitionsisdeliveringrecommendationstoCOP26regardinghowtodesignthesetransitionstoensureequityandinclusion,andtoensureclimateprogresscanendurepoliticalcycles.

Theaffordabilityofenergyiscrucialtoensuringajustandpeople-centredtransition;inthelongtermintheNZE,householdsspendalowershareoftheirdisposableincomeonenergyintheG7.WhiletotalenergyspendingacrosstheG7increasesby0.3%annuallybetweennowand2050,itsshareofGDPdeclinesfromaround7%todaytojustover4%in2050.Householdspendingonelectricityincreases,butthisismorethanoffsetbyadeclineinhouseholdspendingoncoal,naturalgasandoilproducts,andtotalhouseholdenergyspendingintheG7declinesbyone-thirdby2050.Takingaccountofadditionalinvestmentsinefficiency,totalenergyspendingperhouseholdinG7countriesisaboutUSD200lessin2050intheNZEonaveragethantoday.Governmentsmustensurethatallhouseholdsareabletoaccessthesegains,includingthroughtariffdesigns,byfacilitatingenergyefficiencyand,whereapplicable,supportingthetransitiontocleanoptionsthataremoreexpensive.

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Executivesummary

Electricitysecuritytakescentrestage

NewchallengesemergeastheshareofelectricityintotalenergydemandrisesalongwiththeshareofwindandsolarPV,leadingtoatriplingofhour-to-hourflexibilityrequirementsintheG7from2020to2050.TheshareofwindandsolarinelectricitygenerationrisesintheG7from14%in2020toover40%in2030andtotwo-thirdsin2050.Movingwellbeyondexperiencetodate,theG7hasanopportunitytodemonstratethatelectricitysystemswith100%renewables

—duringspecificperiodsoftheyearandincertainlocations—canbesecureandaffordable.Atthesametime,theprimarysourcesofflexibilityshiftfromunabatedcoalandnaturalgastodemandresponseandbatterystorageinthelongterm,withhydropowerasanimportantsourcethroughout.Robustelectricitygridsareessentialtosupporttransitionsandtakeadvantageofallsourcesofflexibility.TheG7canleadthewayindevelopingtechnologicalsolutionsthataddressemergingchallenges,includingtheneedforseasonalstorage,alongsideappropriatemarketstructuresandsystemoperationpractices.

ThechallengestoelectricityandwiderenergysecurityintheNZErequirea

wholesystemsapproach.Thisextendsbeyondnarrowoperationalissuestoencompasssystemsresilienceinthefaceofthreatssuchasclimatechange,naturaldisasters,powerfailuresandcyberattacks.Toaccomplishthis,G7memberswillneedtoworkcollectivelytosharebestpracticesandputcyberandclimateresilienceattheheartoftheirenergysecuritypolicies.TheNZEseesanotablereductionindependencyonnetenergyimportsovertimeforimportingcountriesintheG7,whichisapositivefromanenergysecurityperspective,butnewconcernsarise,notablywithrespecttosupplychainsforthecriticalmineralsneededforcleanenergytechnologies.

Innovationisessentialtoreachnetzeroelectricity

Innovationdeliversabout30%ofG7electricitysectoremissionsreductions

intheNZEto2050bybringingadditionaltechnologiestomarket.Maturetechnologieslikehydropowerandlight-waternuclearreactorscontributeonlyabout15%ofreductions,whileabout55%ofreductionscomefromthedeploymentoftechnologiescurrentlyineitherthesteadyscale-uporearlyadoptionphases.OnshorewindandcrystallinesiliconPVcellsarebeingscaledupcurrentlywhilecoalwithcarboncapture,large-scaleheatpumps,demandresponseandbatterystorageareexamplesfromtheearlyadoptionphase.Theremaining30%ofG7electricitysectoremissionsreductionsaredeliveredbytechnologiesstillinthedemonstrationorprototypephasetoday.Theseincludefloatingoffshorewind,carboncapturetechnologiesfornaturalgasorbiomass,

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Executivesummary

andhydrogenandammonia.WithoutstronginternationalcooperationthatincludestheG7,thetransitiontonetzeroemissionscouldbe-delayedbydecades.Initialdeploymentofkey-technologiescouldbedelayedby510yearsinadvancedeconomiesandby1015yearsinemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies.

Innovationcanbeacceleratedthroughinternationalcooperation,buildingonexistinginitiatives,especiallyintheformofknowledgesharingandcoordinationofdevelopmentanddemonstrationefforts.Suchcooperationcouldbringtechnologiestomarketmorequickly,forexamplecoordinatingmultipledemonstrationprojectsinparallel,unlockingemissionsreductionsandopeningnewmarkets.Asithasdonefornuclearpower,solarPV,onshorewindandfixed-bottomoffshorewind,theG7couldleaddevelopmentoffloatingoffshorewind,andalsohydrogenandammoniauseinpowerplants.

Digitalisationwouldalsogainfrominternationalcooperationregardingbestpractices,unlockingbenefitssuchasenhanceddemand-sideflexibilityandapproachestocybersecurity.Policymakerscanhelpleveltheplayingfieldforallsourcesofflexibility,facilitateconsumerengagement,developstandardsandprotocolsfordataexchanges,andcoordinateplanningtoensurethatinvestmentsmadeingridsandotherinfrastructurehelptounlockthebenefitsofdigitalisation.

TheG7isakeyenablerforglobalnetzeroemissions

Asadvancedeconomies,theG7mustrespondtoglobalcallsformajoreconomiestogofaster,asbeingafirstmoverwillcreatespill-overbenefitsthatsupportothercountries'energytransitions.G7Leadershaveshownpoliticalleadershipthroughtheircommitmenttoreachnetzeroemissionsnolaterthan2050.Clearroadmapstocutemissionsinsectorslikeelectricity,industryandtransportwillbecriticaltodriveinnovationandcostreductionsforkeytechnologies.Implementationoftheseroadmapswillalsoexpandpolicyandtechnologyexperience,providingbenefitstoG7membersthroughnewtechnologyopportunities,newjobscreatedandinmakingenergymoresustainableandaffordable.Othercountriesalsobenefitfromreducedtechnologycosts,reduceduncertaintiesandexpandedoperationalexperience,notablyintegratinghighsharesofvariablerenewableswhileaddressingcyberandclimateresiliencerisks.TheIEAisreadytosupporttheG7tosuccessfullysetanexamplethatwouldsetthestageforothercountriestoscaleuptheirambitionstoreachnetzero.

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AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members Introduction

Introduction

Reachingnetzeroemissionsby2050requireslarge-scaleactionatahistoricallyunprecedentedspeed.Centraltoreachingnetzeroisthedecarbonisationofelectricity,whichwillplayacriticalroleinthedecarbonisationofsectorssuchastransport,heatingandindustry.

TheG7bringstogethersomeoftheworld’slargestadvancedeconomiescollectivelyaccountingforabout40%ofglobalGDPand25%ofenergy-relatedCO2emissions.G7membershaveahistoryofcatalysinginnovation,developingnewtechnologiesandcommercialisingthembyintroducingsupportivepolicieswithinastableeconomicenvironment.G7leadershiponelectricitydecarbonisationwouldbringitsmembersbenefitsthroughthecreationofnewexpertise,technologiesandjobs.Itwouldbringwiderbenefitstoo:sharinglessonslearnedcouldhelpreduceuncertaintiesandacceleratetransitionsinothercountriesthatcanincorporateG7innovation,policiesandregulationsintotheirowncircumstances,helpingdrivedownthecostoflow-emissionstechnologiesandmakeenergytransitionsmoreaffordable.

ThereportidentifieskeyareasandprovidesrecommendationsthatcouldhelpacceleratethereductionofemissionsfromelectricityinG7members.Thereportstartsbysettingtheglobalcontext,buildingontherecentreportNetZeroby2050:ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.I