《十五分鐘城市-中國商業(yè)地產(chǎn)的創(chuàng)新與變革》英文

INDUSTRIAL

THINK-IN

中國新影響力計劃

QUARTER-HOUR

QUARTERS

OFFICE

RETAIL

15-MINUTECITY

LIVINGINCHINA

HOTEL

CUSHMAN&WAKEFIELDGREATERCHINARESEARCH

2PART1ExecutiveSummary

CONTENTS

PART7

PART8

PART9

PART10

PART11

PART12

PART1

PART2

PART3

PART4

PART5

PART6

4

6

8

10

14

16

18

22

25

Executivesummary

Introduction

Achangeforthegood

The15-minutecity

What’shappeninginChina?

Generalurbanplanning

Urbanpublicspace

32

38

44

48

52

54

Transit-orienteddevelopment(TOD)

Ecologicalsolutions

Office–Thehybridoffice

Retail–Communityretail

Industrial–Last-milelogistics

Hotel–Boutique

neighbourhoodhotels

Keytakeaways

Appendix

China’s‘New’EconomySmart,SharingandGreen3

PART1

EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

Thechangingworldhasprompteda

questioningofourtraditionalwaysoflivingoverthelastfewyears,withmanyemployeesgloballynowworkingremotelyandspendingagreaterperiodoftheirtimelivingwithinafewkilometresoftheirhomes.

Tobringaboutsustainableandbeneficialurbandevelopment,oneconceptcities

inChinacanlooktofurtheradoptand

implementisthe‘15-minutecity’concept.The15-minutecityisafreshconceptthatpromotesurbanliveability.Inanutshell,

theconceptrequirescitiestobeplannedinsuchawaywherebycitizensofallages,

backgrounds,andabilitiesinallpartsoftheurbanareaareabletogainaccesstotheirdailyneeds,suchaslodging,employment,sustenance,health,education,cultureandleisureandallbeaccessiblewithinthe

distanceofa15-minutewalkorbicycleride.

Whenconsideringgeneralurbanplanning

anddevelopmentinChina,onealwayshastobeginwithpolicy.OneoverridingpolicythatistryingtotransitionChina’sdevelopment

tobemorepeople-centredespeciallywhenurbanisationisconsideredisChina’s14th

Five-YearPlanandLong-TermTargetsfor

2035,whichwaspublishedinApril2021.

4Part1ExecutiveSummary

WhenitcomestourbanplanninginChina,the15-minutecityconcepthasbeenalreadyadoptedbysomecitiesinChina,suchas

ShanghaiandBeijing.Inthesecities,withinparticulardesignatedareas,allthecore

amenitiesandservicesarenowwithin

walkable/cyclableaccesstoallcitizenslivinginthearea.Today,inthesecities,walkability/cyclabilityandaccesstoallbasicamenitiesandservicesforallcitizensinanareaisfastbecomingthebasisforgeneralcityplanning

whenlookingtobuildnewurbanareasorrenovate/regenerateexistingurbanareas.

WhenspecificallyconsideringurbanpublicspaceinChinainrelationtosustainable

15-minutecityurbanenvirons,theaim

forlocalgovernmentsistogenerateall-

inclusivecitizen-friendlysettingsthatare

alsoeconomicallyworkable.It’snotjust

amatterofsimplyplanning,designing

andincorporatingapublicspacewhichis

accessiblebyashortwalkorbicycleride;

ideallyitmustbeaplacemakingapproachthatproducescommunityownershipof

publicspacesfromspaceplanningtospaceoperationandmanagement.Ultimately,theapproachadoptedshouldproduceapublicspacewhicha15-minutewalkable/cyclable

communityandvisitorsalikewishtobe

activeinandwishtospendtimeinagainandagain.

Tointerconnectsustainable15-minuteurbanenvirons,itisessentialforcitiesingeneral,

includingthoseinChina,tohaveawell-

plannedandefficientoverallpublictransportsystemthatiseasilyaccessible,isconvenientandcutsbothjourneytimesandairpollutionlevelsforalltheircitizens.Oneresolutionthat

anumberofcitiesinChinahaveimplemented

orarelookingtoimplementistransit-

orienteddevelopment(TOD).Alongsidethis,nationallevelencouragementandbacking

inChinaforTODisgrowing,includingTODplanninganddevelopment,TODfinancing,andlandsetasideforTODuse.

The15-minutecityconceptalsoplacesmuchemphasisontheneedformoregreenareas,alesseningoftheurbanheat-islandeffect,

areductionoftheoccurrenceofflooding,

andgreaterbiodiversity.Oneurbanplanningmodelwhichcancertainlyassistinthis,andwhichisbeingadoptedandimplementedinChinaisecological-orienteddevelopment

(EOD).

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina5

PART2

INTRODUCTION

Thewayoftheworldtodayhasspurredacross-

examinationofthewaywelive.Theurbanareaandits

associateddesign,planning,developmentandoperation,

playsandwillcontinuetoplayabigroleinbringing

transformationalchangetoaddressthechangingwaywe

live.Tobringaboutbeneficiallivingchangethatresultsin

sustainablydevelopedurbanenvirons,inthisreportwewill

lookatthefollowingtopics:

?Achangeforthegood;

?The15-minutecity;

?What’shappeninginChina;

?Policy;

?Generalurbanplanning;

?Urbanpublicspace;

?Transit-orienteddevelopment(TOD),and;

?Ecologicalsolutions.

Fromhere,ourreportwillfocusonselectcommercial

propertysectorsandchoosesonesubjecttopicforeach

sectorthatwillalsopromoteandaugmentanumber

ofliveabilityfactorswithina15-minutecitylifecircle

environment.

61Part2Introduction

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina7

PART3

ACHANGE

FORTHE

GOOD

TheCOVID-19pandemichaspromptedaquestioningofour

traditionalwaysofliving,withmanyemployeesgloballynow

workingremotelyandspendingagreaterperiodoftheirtime

livingwithinafewkilometresoftheirhomes.

Tobringaboutsustainableandbeneficialurbandevelopment,

oneconceptcitiesinChinacanlooktofurtheradoptand

implementisthe‘15-minutecity’concept.Let’snowexamine

whatthisconceptmeans.

8

Part3Achangeforthegood

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina9

PART4

THE15-MINUTE

CITY

The15-minutecityisafreshconceptthatpromotesurbanliveability.

Inanutshell,theconceptrequirescitiestobeplannedinsuchawaywhereby

citizensofallages,backgrounds,andabilitiesinallpartsoftheurbanareaareabletogainaccesstotheirdailyneeds,suchaslodging,employment,sustenance,health,education,cultureandleisureandallbeaccessiblewithinthedistanceofa15-minutewalkorbicycleride(Figure1).

Figure1:

Urbanvicinityelementsconsideredwithinthe15-minutecitymodel

LocalShoppingCentres

LocalHealthFacilities

andServices

LifelongLearningOpportunities

Local

Schools

Sportand

RecreationFacilities

LocalPlaygroundsandParks

GreenStreetsandSpaces

CommunityGardens

Affordable

HousingOptions

Abilityto

AgeinPlace

SafeStreetsandSpaces

HousingDiversity

LocalPublicTransport

SafeCyclingNetworks

Walkability

WellConnectedtoPublicTransport,JobsAndServiceswithintheRegion

LocalEmployment

Opportunities

Source:beesmartcity,Cushman&WakefieldResearch

10Part4The15-minutecity

Walking

Theconceptchampionsacitywhichhasaplethoraofwalkable/cyclableself-sustainingliveableneighbourhoodsandfewerprivateautomobiles(Figure2).

Figure2:

The15-minutecity:Ashiftawayfromprivateautomobilestowalkable/cyclableurbanenvirons

Walking

Cycling

Public

Transportation

Private

Cars

Cycling

PublicTransportation

Private

Cars

Source:Architonic,Cushman&WakefieldResearch

Byadvocatingthisconcept,concept-implementingcitiesareabletolessentheiruseoffossilfuels,augmentthequalityoflifeforcitizensandcontinuetopushthecity’svitality,creativity,diversityandinventivenessforthecommongood.

Theadvantagesofthe15-minutecityaremanyandinclude:

?Enhancedsustainability–IncludesreducedGHGemissionsfromprivateautomobiles,moregreenareas,alessenedurbanheat-islandeffect,reducedoccurrenceofflooding,andgreaterbiodiversity;

?Augmentedliveabilityandhealth–Includescleanerair,greateraccesstogreenand

beautifulareas,strengthenedintra-communityrelationships,lesstraveltime,andmoreleisuretimeforphysicalandmentalrecreationalpursuits;

?Amoreeven-handedandall-encompassingcity–Includesmorepublicspaces,moreneighbourhoodbusinesses,moresocialising,interactionanddecisionmakingattheneighbourhoodlevelandastrongersenseofcommunity;

?Ashotinthearmforthelocaleconomy–Meansmorecustomersforlocalshops,more

localjobopportunities,andmoreproductiveuseoflocalcommercialbuildingsandspace(Figure3).

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina11

Figure3:

Upshotsforatypical15-minutecity

Source:RambollUK,Cushman&WakefieldResearch

ImprovedLocalEconomy

DecreasedHealth

Inequalities

ClimateAction

ImprovedLivability

andQualityofLife

The15-minutecity–Inalittlemoredetail

AsdefinedbyCarlosMoreno,the

Thesixrequisitesare:

Columbian-Frenchurbanist,the15-minute

cityisfoundedon:

1.Living–Lodging;

?Sixfundamentalhumanrequisites;

2.Working–Employment;

?Threekeyaimsorfeatures,and;

3.Supplying–Sustenance;

?Fourleadingprinciples.

4.Caring–Health;

5.Learning–Education,and;

6.Enjoying–Cultureandleisure.

12Part4The15-minutecity

Thethreeaimsorfeaturesare:

1.Thepaceandtempoofthecityshouldfollowhumanbeings,notautomobiles;

2.Eachspaceshouldserveavarietyofpurposes,and;

3.Neighbourhoodsshouldbedesigned

forcitizenstolivein,toworkin,andtothrivein.

Thefourleadingprinciplesare:

1.Ecology–foragreen,biodiverseandenvironmentallysustainablecity;

2.Proximity–tolivewithinself-sustainingcommunities;

3.Solidarity–tostrengthenthe

connectionbetweencitizens;

4.Participation–toenhancecitizen

engagementinthecontinued

transformationoftheirneighbourhoods.

WhenexaminingcitiesbothgloballyandinChina,thedevelopmentpathhasbeendifferentforeachindividualcity.Some

cities,forexample,werefirstdeveloped

beforetheadventoftheautomobile,

whileothersweredevelopedafterthe

automobilewaswellandtrulyestablished

asamajorformoftransportation.When

consideringthosecitiesfirstdeveloped

beforetheinventionoftheautomobile,

manyoftheseparticularcitiestodayhave

anunderlying15-minutecityconfiguration

alreadybuiltin.ManycitiesinEuropeare

suchexamples.InasurveyrunbyArupin

2019,whererespondentswereaskedhow

longittookthemtowalkorbicycleto

fundamentalamenities,suchasparksand

shops,itwasfoundthatittookMilanand

Madridcitizensonaverage13.1minutes;

Pariscitizensonaverage15.5minutes;

Berlincitizensonaverage16minutes,and

Londoncitizens,aslightlylongeraverage

journeyof23.5minutes.

ForcitizensofcitiesinChina,livingin

cities/partsofacitywhichwerefirst

developedbeforetheadventofthe

automobileandthosecities/partsofacity

whichweredevelopedaftertheadvent

oftheautomobile,therewouldalsobe

varyingaveragejourney-timeanswersif

thesamequestionwereposedtothem.In

thenextsection,let’slookaturbanChina

andexaminethetopicoffroma15-minute

cityperspective.

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina13

1950

1953

1956

1959

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

2010

2013

2016

2019

2022

Overthelastfewdecades,thepaceandunparalleled

magnitudeofurbanisationhasremadeChina’surban

environment.Atthesametime,ithasgeneratedboth

opportunitiesandchallengesforthecountry’ssustainableurbandevelopment(Figure4).

Figure4:

China’surbanandruralpopulationchange(1950-2022)

Morethan65%ofpeopleinChinanowliveinurbanareas

Million

Intothefuture,how

Chinacontinuesto

developitscitieswillhavemanyoutcomesforitsurbancitizens,includingoutcomes

relatedtotheirqualityoflife,theiraccess

toamenitiesand

servicesandtheir

socialequitystatus.Inshort,China’sfuture

urbandevelopment

outlookwilllargely

restonmakingsure

citiesinthecountryareasall-encompassing,

accessible,even-handedandsustainableastheycanpossiblybe.Whensuitablyimplemented,

the15-minutecity

urbanplanningconceptcangoalongwayin

ensuringcitiesinChinacanachievethesegoals.

PART5

WHAT’S

HAPPENINGIN

CHINA?

1,000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

—UrbanPopulation____RuralPopulation

Source:NationalBureauofStatistics(China),Cushman&Wakefield

Research

14Part5What’shappeninginChina?

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina15

PART6

GENERAL

URBAN

PLANNING

Urban

PAGE>>18

publicspace

Transit-oriented

development(TOD)

Ecologicalsolutions

PAGE>>22

PAGE>>25

16Part6Generalurbanplanning

Shanghai’s15-minutecityareas

PlanningandLandResourcesAdministrationBureau,

Cushman&WakefieldResearch

WhenitcomestoplanningsustainableurbanenvironsinChina,the15-minutecityconcepthasbeenalreadyadoptedbysomecitiesin

China,suchasShanghaiandBeijing.Inthesecities,withinparticulardesignatedareas,all

thecoreamenitiesandservicesarenowwithinwalkable/cyclableaccesstoallcitizenslivinginthearea.Today,inthesecities,walkability/cyclabilityandaccesstoallbasicamenities

andservicesforallcitizensinanareaisfastbecomingthebasisforgeneralcityplanningwhenlookingtobuildnewurbanareasor

renovate/regenerateexistingurbanareas.

Justasinthecaseofuniversal15-minutecityconceptsadoptedinothercitiesaroundtheglobe,theonesadoptedandimplementedinBeijingandShanghaiare:

?Welcomedbycitizenswhodon’thaveanautomobile;

?Inspirenewbusinessestoopencloseby,and;

?HelplessenGHGemissionsthroughthe

avoidanceofsuperfluoustravel(Figure5).

Figure5:

WalkingTime:

15minutes

Source:ShanghaiUrban

Area:

3sqkm

PermanentResidents:

50-100thousandpeople

PopulationDensity:

20-27thousandpeoplepersqkm

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina17

URBAN

PUBLIC

SPACE

GENERALURBAN

PLANNING

01

18Part6Generalurbanplanning

Builds&SupportstheLocalEconomy

CreatesImprovedAccessibility

WhenspecificallyconsideringurbanpublicspaceinChinainrelationtosustainable15-minute

cityurbanenvirons,theaimforlocalgovernmentsistogenerateall-inclusivecitizen-friendly

settingsthatarealsoeconomicallyworkable.It’snotjustamatterofsimplyplanning,designingandincorporatingapublicspacewhichisaccessiblebyashortwalkorbicycleride;ideallyit

mustbeaplacemakingapproachthatproducescommunityownershipofpublicspacesfromspaceplanningtospaceoperationandmanagement.Ultimately,theapproachadoptedshouldproduceapublicspacewhicha15-minutewalkable/cyclablecommunityandvisitorsalikewishtobeactiveinandwishtospendtimeinagainandagain(Figure6).

Figure6:

Thebenefitsofgoodplacemaking

Nurtures&DefinesCommunityIdentity

FostersFrequent&MeaningfulContact

DrawsaDiverse

Population

PromotesaSenseofComfort

Source:ProjectforPublicSpaces,Cushman&WakefieldResearch

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina19

Active,Inclusive

&Safe

Social

WellDesigned

&Built

Housing&Built

Environment

Economy

Thriving

Environment

Environmentally

Sensitive

&

Cultural

Services

WellServed

WellConnected

Accessibility

Placemakingisanall-embracingprocedure

totheplanning,designandmanagementof

urbanpublicspace.Placemakingexamines

thecurrentqualitiesandstrengthsalocal

communitypossesses.This,togetherwiththecommunityandviabest-practiceplacemakingconcepts,thenexpediatestheformationandestablishmentofurbanpublicspacethat

rousesexperienceandamplifiescitizens’health,happiness,andwellbeing.

Effectiveplacemakingisequallyaprocessand

alineofthinkingthatappliesurbandesign

principles.Placemakingcanbedirectedbyanofficialauthorityandpropelledatthegrass

rootslevel.Involvingallinterestedparties,best-practiceplacemakingcanenhance

underusedurbanpublicspacetoaugmentthebuiltenvironmentexperienceatthe

pedestrianlevel.

Goodplacemakingneedsthewide

involvementofanumberofparticipantstodesignandoperateprojectsandactivitiesbecausetheseelementsneedtobesuitableandbefittingtothecommunityexperience

tomaketheplaceworktoitsfullpotential.Thisqualitysinglehandedlydistinguishes

placemakingfromvariousothercommunitydevelopment,economicdevelopmentandinfrastructuredevelopmentactionsand

endeavours.

Givenitsmultidimensionalcharacteranditsimportancetothecommunityexperience,

gettingtheplanningandexecutionright

reallymatters.AccordingtotheHomesandCommunityAgencyintheUK,thereareeightthemeswhereplacemakinghaveasignificantchangeimpact.Theseeightthemesare:

?Governance;

?Accessibility;

?Services;

?Environment;

?Equity;

?Economy;

?Housingandthebuiltenvironment,and;

?Societyandculture(Figure7).

Figure7:

Eightkeythemeswheregood

placemakingcanhaveapositivebearing

Source:Homesand

CommunitiesAgencyUK,

Cushman&WakefieldResearch

20Part6Generalurbanplanning

WellRun

Governance

PLACEMAKING

Equity

FairforEveryone

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina21

InChina,onedevelopmentwhichincludesmanyofthethemesoutlinedinFigure8,iswalkable/cyclable,offersamultitudeofplacemakinginspiredactivitiesandisaplacethatdrawsboth

localresidentsandvisitorsaswellasinvestmenttoboostthelocaleconomyistheWestBundinShanghai(Figure8andCasestudy1intheAppendix).

Figure8:

WestBund,Shanghaitimeline

LonghuaAirportwasbuilt.Asthe

19thCentury

birthplaceofthecivilaviationindustryinChina,LonghuaAirportbecametheaviationportalfor‘New’China.

Early20th

Century-2009

WestBundhasattractedmanywell-known

culturalandartinstitutions,suchastheLong

Museum.Duringthistimethepromenade,which

spans8.4km,wascompleted.Moreover,ithas

successivelyheldactivities,suchastheShanghai

WestBundMusicFestival,etc.

Longhuabecamepartofan

importantmilitarydefencelinefor

Shanghai.Severalfactoriesopenedinthisarea,whichspurredWestBundonthepathtoindustrialisation.

1917

AseriesoffacilitiestopromoteChina’s

modernisationprocess,suchasShanghai

CementPlant,werebuiltinthisarea.Itwasnotuntil2009thatthesefacilitieswereclosedorrelocatedtoShanghai’ssuburbanarea.

2010-Present

Source:Cushman&WakefieldResearch

Ahead,a‘place-led’methodwillinspireasenseofpurposeinChina,andtheplanningandmanagementofurbanpublicspaceswillbeexecutedbyanall-encompassingassemblageofpeoplethatfosterssocialcapital,sharedvalues,asenseofownershipandamore

enrichedexperienceoftheplaceandthecityasawholebyurbancitizenswithintheirwalkable/cyclableandsustainableurbanenvirons.

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina21

TRANSIT-

ORIENTED

DEVELOPMENT

(TOD)

GENERALURBAN

PLANNING

02

22Part6Generalurbanplanning

MobilityBenefits

SocialBenefits

Environmental

Benefits

?Revitalises

neighbourhoods

?Promotessocial

equitythrough

creationofmixed-incomehousing

neartransit

?Increases

accessibilityforlessmobile

?Improveshealthandincrease

physicalactivitythroughcreationofwalkable

neighbourhoods

?LowersairpollutionandGHCemissionsbyreducing

automobile-

dependencyandurbansprawl

?Reducesenergyconsumption

?Promotesthe

conservationof

greenandnatural

spaces

?Increases

agglomerationandaccesstoemployees

?Encourages

economicresiliencethroughdiversity

?Energizeslocaleconomy

?Increasespropertyvaluesalong

corridorstohelpfundneeded

infrastructure

?Reduces

infrastructurecosts

?Reducestransportcost

Tointerconnectsustainableindividual

15-minuteurbanenvironswithinacity,itis

essentialforcitiesingeneral,includingthoseinChina,tohaveawell-plannedandefficientoverallpublictransportsystemthatiseasilyaccessible,isconvenientandcutsboth

journeytimesandairpollutionlevelsforalltheircitizens.

Oneresolutionthatanumberofcitiesin

Chinahaveimplementedorarelookingto

implementistransit-orienteddevelopment

(TOD).Nationallevelencouragementand

backinginChinaforTODisgrowing,including

TODplanninganddevelopment,TOD

financing,andlandsetasideforTODuse.

TODessentiallymaximisestheamountof

residential,businessandleisurespacewithinwalking/cyclingdistanceofpublictransport.Italsoencouragesaninterdependentbondbetweencompacturbandevelopment

andpublictransportation.Moreover,TOD

aspirestoincreasepublictransportusagebylesseningtheuseofautomobiles,whichin

turn,augmentsenvironmentalsustainabilitywithintheurbanarea(Figure9).

Figure9:

TheadvantagesofTOD

EconomicBenefits

?Increasesaccesstojobsandamenitiescitywide

?Improvesaccesstoalow-cost

transportsolution(publictransit/

walkableurbanspace/bicycleinfrastructure)

?Reduces

automobile-dependency

Source:WRI,Cushman&WakefieldResearch

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina23

TODmoreoftenthannotincludesacentraltransportationhub(suchasatrainstationwithbusstops)whichisboundedbymixed-usedevelopmentincorporatingcommercialandresidentialproperties.Inaddition,TODisintendedtobewalkable/cyclable.AgoodexampleofanoverallTODprojectwhichiswalkable/cyclableistheShibanqiaoFutureCommunityinHangzhou

(Figure10andCasestudy2intheAppendix).

Figure10:

ShibanqiaoFutureCommunity,Hangzhoutimeline

2019

TheCentralisedCommencementCeremonyforMajorProjectswithExpandedEffectiveInvestmentwasheldinZhejiangProvinceinQ12020.The537projectsthatwerestartedin2020focusonhigh-

qualitydevelopment.Ofthe537projects,atotalof48projectsinHangzhoubrokegroundduringthistime,includingtheShibanqiaoFutureCommunityProject.

2020-Present

TheZhejiangProvincialGovernmentofficiallylauncheda

pilotprogrammeforthefuturedevelopmentofcommunities.ShibanqiaoCommunityislistedasoneofthefirstrelated24pilotcommunitydevelopmentprojectsinZhejiangProvince.

March2020

Thetotalinvestmentintothe

ShibanqiaoFutureCommunity

projectisaboutRMB9.29billion.

Source:Cushman&WakefieldConsulting,Cushman&WakefieldResearch

24Part6Generalurbanplanning

ECOLOGICAL

SOLUTIONS

GENERALURBAN

PLANNING

03

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina25

WaterReuse

Asmentionedpreviously,givenoneofits‘fourleadingprinciples’iscentredonecology,the15-minutecityconceptplacesmuchemphasisontheneedformoregreenareas,alesseningoftheurbanheat-islandeffect,areduction

oftheoccurrenceofflooding,andgreaterbiodiversity.

Forexample,attheUNBiodiversity

ConferenceheldinKunming,theDapeng

PeninsulainShenzhen,whichexperiences

recurrenttyphoonsandstormsurges,was

designatedasthepilotareawhichcentresitsdevelopmentonecology.

Intermsofthemitigationofflooding,the

MinistryofFinance,theMinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment,andthe

MinistryofWaterResourcesstudiedand

selected20citiestoplanandactivatepilot

spongecityprojectsin.Oncefullyinitiated,thesespongecityprojectswillgoalongwaytosoakupexcesswaterandnotallowthis

watertobehaveasdamaginguncontrolledrunoffwater(Figure11).

Figure11:

Elementstoasimplespongecitysystem

WaterPuri?cation

GreenRoofs

Arti?cialReservoir

PermeablePavement

River

Rain

Garden

LandscapedGreenSpace

Source:Cushman&WakefieldResearch

Moreover,oneofthe15-minutecityconcept’s‘sixrequisites’isfocusedon‘supplying’;

inotherwordsaneedandadriveforself-

sustainingsustenanceorfoodproductionintheformofurbanagriculture.

Oneurbanplanningmodelwhichcancertainlyassistinthis,andwhichisbeingadoptedand

implementedinChinaisecological-orienteddevelopment(EOD).Followingonfrom

this,accordingtoMITandits10directional

principlesforEOD,oneimportantprincipleisthemaximisationofon-sitefoodproductionandChinaisalsoseriouslylookingtothis

whenitcomesto15-minutecityplanningandurbanagriculture(Figure12).

26Part6Generalurbanplanning

Figure12:

10directionalprinciplesforEOD

1.COMPLETEtheWASTEandWATERCYCLE:

Treat100%ofwaterandwaste(sewer,greywaterandstormwater)on-siteandatallscales.

2.INTEGRATEINFRASTRUCTURESYSTEMS:

FromembeddedandubiquitousdigitaltechnologiestoEcoEngineering,infrastructuresystemsandbuildingsshouldenhancesystemflowsandcombinedeliverymethods.

3.DESIGNforEFFICIENTENERGY:

Utiliseon-siterenewableenergytechnologiesinconjunctionwithsiteorientationandplanningtomaximisebenefitsofpassiveandclimaticpowerconservation.

4.MAXIMISEON-SITEFOODPRODUCTION:

Increaseself-relianceandlocalfoodproductionespeciallyoffruitsandvegetables.

5.ENHANCEMOBILITYandCIRCULATION:

Usenewmodesoftransportationthatreduceenergyconsumptionfromlocaltoregional,frompersonaltoshared.Reshapeandorganisethecirculationpatternstocorrespondtonewtravelmodesandbehaviour.

6.RESTORESTREAMSandRIVERS:

Enhanceandrehabilitateexistingwaterways.Restoreandprotectthewatershedintegrityandenhanceitbyusingtechnology.

7.RE-ESTABLISHHABITATandWILDLIFE:

Retain,constructandrestoreecologicalmatricestosupportanimalspecies,vegetationandtopographicalfeatures.Conserveandprotectexistingfeaturesduringconstruction.Connectlocallevelnetworkstoregionalsystems.

8.INCORPORATEINNOVATIVEMATERIALS:

Usebuildingmaterialsandsiteproducts(pavers,walls,etc)thatreduceenergyconsumption(localmaterials)andhavethepotentialtoadapttochanges.

9.PRESERVECULTUREandHERITAGE:

Integratelocalvaluesthroughpreservation,protectionandintegrationintonewbuildingandlandscapedesign.

10.VALUEEQUITY,HEALTHandHAPPINESS:

Improvelivingandworkingenvironmentsforalldemographicandagegroups.

Source:MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),SekisuiHouse,Cushman&WakefieldResearch

Quarter-hourquarters15-minutecitylivinginChina27

China’sResearchCentreforProtected

Agriculture&EnvironmentalEngineering

(CPAE