2023工作抽樣方法

工作抽樣方法II目 次前言 II1范引文件 1語(yǔ)定義 1術(shù)語(yǔ) 1定義 2作樣法種類 2作樣作驟 2確觀項(xiàng)目 3確抽樣數(shù)量 3抽方的擇 4觀路的定 5制抽表格 6作樣實(shí)施 6理析 6填結(jié)匯表 6計(jì)觀日項(xiàng)率Р 6剔異值 6驗(yàn)抽誤差 7資匯分析 7附錄A（范）事發(fā)率Py值的N8附錄B（料）隨數(shù)表 10表B.1機(jī)表 10附錄C（范）確觀察刻隨時(shí)表 11最時(shí)間為10min隨時(shí)表(表C.1) 11隨時(shí)表使法 11使舉例 11附錄D（料）工抽樣表 12工抽簡(jiǎn)表 12工抽觀記表 12工抽匯表 12附錄E（料）統(tǒng)法計(jì)方使用 13附錄F（料）工抽樣法關(guān)間算式 14F.1作時(shí)比（Tzb） 14附錄G（料）工抽樣法使舉例 15PAGEPAGE1工作抽樣方法范圍本文件規(guī)定了勞動(dòng)定額管理工作中的工作抽樣的基本方法、工作程序和在實(shí)際工作中的使用方法。本文件適用于進(jìn)行時(shí)間利用率，勞動(dòng)（工作）效率研究時(shí)使用；編制和修訂勞動(dòng)定額；分析研究各類時(shí)間消耗、編制寬放時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和平整流水線等。（GB/T14002勞動(dòng)定員定額術(shù)語(yǔ)GB/T14163工時(shí)消耗分類、代號(hào)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工時(shí)構(gòu)成下列術(shù)語(yǔ)和定義適用于本文件。3.1.1工作抽樣worksampling3.1.2簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣simplerandomsampling簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣也稱純隨機(jī)抽樣。對(duì)于大小為N的總體，抽取樣本量為N’的樣本，若全部可能的樣本被抽中的概率都相等，則稱這樣的抽樣為簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣。3.1.3系統(tǒng)隨機(jī)抽樣systematicsampling系統(tǒng)抽樣又叫做等距抽樣或機(jī)械抽樣，是依據(jù)一定的抽樣距離，從母體中抽取樣本。要從容量為N的總體中抽取容量為n的樣本，可將總體分成均衡的若干部分，然后按照預(yù)先規(guī)定的規(guī)則，從每一部分抽取一個(gè)個(gè)體，得到所需要的樣本的抽樣方法。3.1.4PAGEPAGE10分層隨機(jī)抽樣stratifiedsampling（差（3.1.5置信度 confidencecoefficient3.2.1絕對(duì)誤差（E）是測(cè)量值與真值偏離的絕對(duì)大小，它的單位與測(cè)量值的單位相同。絕對(duì)誤差的計(jì)算公式：絕對(duì)誤差（E）=測(cè)得值(X)-真實(shí)值(T)。3.2.2事項(xiàng)發(fā)生率(P)是指在特定時(shí)間內(nèi)某一事項(xiàng)發(fā)生的頻率，單位為百分?jǐn)?shù)（%）。3.2.3相對(duì)誤差(S)是測(cè)量所造成的絕對(duì)誤差與被測(cè)量（真值）之比乘以100%所得的數(shù)值以百分比表示。相對(duì)誤差的計(jì)算公式：相對(duì)誤差(S)=[絕對(duì)誤差（E）/真實(shí)值(T)]×100%。（分類根據(jù)工作任務(wù)和具體要求，確定抽樣的項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容，觀察項(xiàng)目根據(jù)抽樣項(xiàng)目確定。被觀察操作者的選取原則：為保證樣本抽取滿足需要，減輕工作量，工作抽樣最常用的置信度為95%，比率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為1.96σР。注：若提高精度，工作量成倍增加，置信度99%時(shí)=2.5σР；置信度99.9%時(shí)=3.3σР采用絕對(duì)誤差時(shí)，必要的觀察次數(shù)按公式（1）計(jì)算。E2N=4Py(1–Py) E2式中：N——必要的觀察次數(shù)；Py——事項(xiàng)發(fā)生率；E——絕對(duì)誤差。采用相對(duì)誤差時(shí)，必要的觀察次數(shù)按公式（2）計(jì)算。PS2N=4(1–Py) PS2y式中：S——相對(duì)誤差。PyPy絕對(duì)誤差、相對(duì)誤差在1%、3%、5%、10%時(shí)，Py值對(duì)應(yīng)的N值見附錄A。值和（σ），(N)。。σ=N (3)式中：σ——比率的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤差；p——停工時(shí)間百分比；q——工作時(shí)間百分比。P，”（n圖1圖解法確定觀察次數(shù)抽樣方式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際需要、數(shù)據(jù)精度要求、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的抽取條件，采用不同方法。B系統(tǒng)隨機(jī)抽樣的方法：等距定時(shí)觀察法主要用于記錄和分析各類時(shí)間消耗比例，為編制工時(shí)消耗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定提供依據(jù)。分層隨機(jī)抽樣(stratifiedsampling)，這種抽樣方法要求抽樣時(shí)間應(yīng)包括不同的時(shí)間段和日期，以此作為減少方差的手段。分層隨機(jī)抽樣的三個(gè)必要條件：1）每層都抽；2）各層都獨(dú)立地抽；3)各層的抽樣都是簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣。進(jìn)行抽樣前需編制《工作抽樣觀察記錄表》、《工作抽樣結(jié)果匯總表》等,樣表見附錄D。工作抽樣實(shí)施中應(yīng)做好以下幾方面的工作：實(shí)測(cè)每個(gè)觀察日結(jié)束后，要將觀察結(jié)果匯總，填寫《工作抽樣結(jié)果匯總表》。Р觀察日事項(xiàng)發(fā)生率按公式（4）計(jì)算：=(事項(xiàng)生數(shù)察全觀次) (4)PL（5）L=S±3(?)n······················································· (5)式中：PLnN置信度為95%時(shí)抽樣誤差計(jì)算公式如下：NE=2y–y) (6)S=2

1–Py (7)JJ式中：按照預(yù)先規(guī)定的目標(biāo)完成全部抽樣工作后要對(duì)獲取的資料匯總分析，撰寫書面結(jié)論。附錄A（規(guī)范性）事項(xiàng)發(fā)生率Py值對(duì)應(yīng)的N值數(shù)表表A.1事項(xiàng)率Py值的N值數(shù)表 單位為次Py%ES10%5%3%1%1%3%5%10%NeNs14164439639600004400001584003960028328767819600002177787840013600312471301164129300014370451720129344166217115369600001066673840096005197621119007600008444530400760062392251225662666769630250676267726102290260453142959048212575315830118327294446000051112184004600933131364326740444444939161784045103614440036003600004000014400360011401574353916323636259601294532371243169470422429333332593117332934134618150345242676922974410708267714481935354816245714273029829245815512055675100226667251869067226716542165985376210000233348400210017572266275644195294217007812195318592366565904182222202477289182319622466845156170526189486821170620642567116400160000177786400160021672667386636150476167206019150522692577636884141818157585673141923712847877084133931488053571340247329281172961266671407450671267257530083475001200001333448001200267730883676961133461265045541139277931587678841081481201643261092288132389680611028571142941141029298333091682369793110882391798030843379348400933331037137339343186343951855689032989335618913288349968870485000944534008503389354983884481212902432498133490360998897677647862831067773591365101291007428652542971743369236910249216711117902284471237933731036932488108756827246823894377104894216526372522611653399538110589676625646952250362640963841067960060000666724006004197387107696765756163962302576429739010839744552386138221055343983921090980453203589221215314499395109698565090956572036510459939711009900488895431195648946993981104993646957521918784704710039911089964451065012180445248100400111099844333348151733434表A.1(續(xù)) 單位為：次Py%ES10%5%3%1%1%3%5%10%NeNs49100400111199964163346261665417501004001111100004000044451600400511004001111999638431427115373855210040011099984369234103147737053100399110799646547239421419355541003981104993634074378613633415599397110099003272736371309328569939510959856314293493125731557983921090980430175335312073025898390108397442896632191159290599738710769676277973089111227860963841067960026667296310672676196381105895162557428421023256629537710489424245162724981246639437310369324234292611940235649336910249216225002500900225659136510129100215382394862216669036099889762060622908242076789354983884419701219078819868883499688704188242092753189698634395185561797119977191807084337934944017143191668617271833309168236163381905654164728132389680641555617926221567379316876788414795166259214874773088567696140541544562141757530093475001333314825331347673292811739612632314045051277771284788708411948132847812078692757636864112821254451113796726673866361063311824251078064256712640010000111240010081622466846156938310433759482592366565905878097635188835722662856448193911328828454216598537676198473057785512085675100705978528271864919353648166512724261668746181503452459776652396088431694704224545560721855894015743639164944550198509036144400360044444941784591331313643276395644015840923011832829443478387139359326102290260430113351203194239225122562553284102269519762122000210523484229616621711516166718667179712471301164123713850139883288784816913399941644396404451641：Ne-2：Ns-附錄B（表B.1隨機(jī)數(shù)表4954435482173793237887352096438426349164372455671977047447672176335025839212067616955567199810507145128673580744395238797864560782981050717515510013429966027954094727965452420714089052847721080273432844171658097983861962067650031055236405058416074499831146322420148588451093728871829177778107453214083298940772938579107550922611970056763138802202535386604204538339500830423407968854420687983585294839403320382613895103741776371304077421193096835087759712259347703324035497774644808842954572166436160004431866799477242190332714340945593468491272073445992772951450278987192015370049528566604438688811805574307740442278842604334609526807970657592997686071913867541358182476155455953248559065729653693610964692424597604904916637322030778457032910456504261104966724684969108253759193303425205727404873519283626411126719007174604721296802023703310609197466029437340276709030863845943038333251263879784504911692535616027550959842389701508775668141400174916248518408329644334913348682539100524348852755268962640571958611056509687683203790521600116675738805905227411486229812220807527485803332512638076062935559338243904937384459975140140204023331083954164936479593133015051593200190107506407878896202677417332235851533920351597759567806835291057074099842996461716299150651291693580577095154876647547332081112449592631629562429485837788070421050674232175585749444671694875936224126486306551308270150152939394371416150721241949626449527369902967430832352233312969302183907021836072599327023310449699610474845881341438920971714491731997368683581330376243012486018901072349458254136453759030990355729128262546560附錄C（規(guī)范性）確定觀察時(shí)刻的隨機(jī)時(shí)刻表10minC.1)C.110min

單位為分鐘（min）組別12345678910序號(hào)時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻時(shí)刻代號(hào)時(shí)刻170:11180:06260:2050:15190:10140:13110:218008300:11160:12280:30230:1790:3850:29130:22180:35300:3430:2580:30150:30340:42290:4070:4090:4520:49300:47220:45190:36100:4390:454250:59211:00121:01220:59281:14200:59241:02210;50270:58190:595281:16221:15271:16211:14231:2831:17211:1471:0791:1621:16661:31101:2231:30181:3161:45261:34101:30121:22251:32181:30751:4521:39161:44231:54252:00291:50141:4691:40221:50201:488192:00171:53151:57292:10262:1712:03131:59101:52282:09222:019212:15252:0522:1012:25202:30132:20192:15112:1012:4262:1610302:3262:20222:20272:42112:4752:3562:30302:29152:47262:3511252:50192:38292:38172:5832:5892:5522:42152:45132:54292:5012173:0232:54282:54163:15153:16193:10122:5863:0353:10213:0813123:20163:1113:1133;30303:30223:2143:16263:2063:2173:2914203:38273:30173:30303:48143:44283:39183:32283:40163:35273:581533:50283:42113:50124:1053:59123:50283:43133:57203:46114:1516114:17143:5410.3:42244:2394:18214:0753:5724:10293:59174:3817244;3154;1583;5484;3844;3264;25174;17254:2834;1744;5018294:44294:2664:15254:5514:54164:40254:28174:4844:35125:0119165:0184:40214:26265:16175:091204:572394:40205:01144:45355:1720215:15114:5744:57195:27185:2745:1114:59275:1275:0385:3021235:26245:16235:16115:4485:42175:2275:1515:35175:20305:4322135:40305:34205:31136:00166:10235:39275:27225:47265:32135:552316:00265:50255:58146:14216:24155:58165:35186:00245:4956:072496:1476:02136:10.206:31246:40256:12265:48166:11226:10236:452526:33126:20246:2976:43126:52116:2236:1646:28196:2437:0026146:47156:38306:4246:58107:0386:39255:3056:44126:35147:1127107:0116:52146:54157:09277:15276:59205:40246:59236:52107:2428157:1347:05197:05107:20297:32247:12236:55237:10217:04287:3829227:31137:2857:24287:38227:4477:2487:18297:29117:17247:5130187:5097:42287:4527:5077:5627:4497:38147:50187:3717:51注1：隨機(jī)時(shí)刻表按一個(gè)工作班8小時(shí)編制；注2：開始工作前和停止工作以后的時(shí)刻都不計(jì)入時(shí)刻表中注3：每個(gè)工作班工作時(shí)間360分鐘，等間隔最多觀察次數(shù)=260/最小間隔時(shí)間。8:00至12:0014:00至18;0010109:22，9:39，10:20，10：54，14：15，14：40，16：02，16：52，17：05，17:42。附錄D（資料性）工作抽樣表工作抽樣簡(jiǎn)表見表D.1。表D.1工作抽樣簡(jiǎn)表觀察者：日期：編號(hào)：觀察次數(shù)：合計(jì)百分比設(shè)備運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)停工工作抽樣觀察記錄表見表D.3。表D.2工作抽樣記錄表觀察對(duì)象設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號(hào)工序名稱記錄表編號(hào)序號(hào)觀察人員分類(組)第一組第┄組第N組觀察時(shí)刻時(shí)間消耗代號(hào)觀察時(shí)刻時(shí)間消耗代號(hào)觀察時(shí)刻時(shí)間消耗代號(hào)工作抽樣匯總表見表D.3。表D.3工作抽樣匯總表觀察次數(shù)第一次第二次第三次第四次第┄次第n次事項(xiàng)發(fā)生率%觀察項(xiàng)目觀察結(jié)果附錄E（資料性）統(tǒng)計(jì)法計(jì)算方法使用統(tǒng)計(jì)法計(jì)算方法案例：設(shè)，置信度為95%，誤差范圍10%（即置信度為95%時(shí)，置信區(qū)間為±10%）解：置信度為95%時(shí)，觀察值分布在1.96的范圍內(nèi)，則1.96ap=10∴ap≈5帶入原式，求nap=pqnJ∵5=[(25ⅹ75)/N]-2J∴n=75答：置信度為95%時(shí)最小時(shí)間間隔10min,一個(gè)工作日最少觀察次數(shù)75次。附錄F（資料性）工作抽樣方法相關(guān)時(shí)間計(jì)算公式F.1作業(yè)時(shí)間比率（Tzb）

NN

=Tj+Ti (F.1)式中：Tj─基本（機(jī)動(dòng)）時(shí)間觀察次數(shù)；Ti─輔助時(shí)間觀察次數(shù)；N─z總觀察次數(shù)。（（Tjb）（Tfb）

=Tj (F.2)N（Tkb）N

=Ti (F.3)NN=Tk (F.4)NN式中：Tk（Kw）

sKw=s

································································(F.5)式中：Kw——完成系數(shù)，單位為百分比；Td——定額時(shí)間，單位為工分(min)；Ts——實(shí)際消耗時(shí)間，單位為工分（min）。（Td）式中：

=+TKA) (F.6)Tzs——總觀察時(shí)間，單位為工分（min）；NS——觀察期間總產(chǎn)量。（Ts）式中：

=+(F.7)Ts——標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間，單位為工分（min）；Ni——批量，單位為件。附錄G（資料性）工作抽樣方法的使用舉例已知：每個(gè)法蘭鉆3個(gè)孔，孔徑=φ18mm;設(shè)備Z35搖臂鉆床4臺(tái)，鉆?？ň摺zj=63min,Ni=320件；Td=16min要求：驗(yàn)證鉆孔工序時(shí)間定額的水平，對(duì)其觀察分析各類時(shí)間消耗構(gòu)成比例，提出改進(jìn)作業(yè)措施，并計(jì)算零件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)提出調(diào)整建議。解：將觀察項(xiàng)目按鉆孔過(guò)程分為基本（機(jī)動(dòng)）時(shí)間、輔助時(shí)間、寬放時(shí)間。抽樣前先對(duì)4臺(tái)搖臂鉆床進(jìn)行了50次隨機(jī)觀察，其結(jié)果見表H。1表G.1工作抽樣結(jié)果匯總表設(shè)備編號(hào)Z35-1Z35-2Z35-3Z35-4合計(jì)事項(xiàng)發(fā)生率%觀察項(xiàng)目觀察結(jié)果Tj3236332513668Tf1381394321Tk56462111合計(jì)50505050200100計(jì)算觀察次數(shù)。相對(duì)誤差S=±5%，基本（機(jī)動(dòng)）時(shí)間比率Py=68%,按公式（2）將數(shù)據(jù)帶入得：N=(?)()=（4ⅹ(1-0.68)/（0.052ⅹ0.68）=753(次)25，410010min的隨機(jī)時(shí)刻表的序號(hào)1橫向選擇其10個(gè)組別的時(shí)刻代號(hào)619、1411、、30、16117、6/11/8.48:118:21（G.2）。對(duì)表表G.2工作抽樣觀察記錄表進(jìn)行匯總（見表H3）并計(jì)算各相關(guān)實(shí)際及驗(yàn)算抽樣誤差。表G.2工作抽樣觀察記錄表觀察對(duì)象Z35型搖臂鉆工序名稱鉆孔編號(hào)序號(hào)分類（組）第一組第二組第三組第四組18:11Tj8:15Tj8:21Tj8:08Tk28:29Tj8:33Tf8:39Tj8:26Tj38:47Tj8:51Tj8:57Ti8:44Tj49:05Tj9:09Tk9:15Tk9:02Tf59:23Tf9:27Tj9:33Tj9:20Tj69:41Tj9:45Tk9:51Tj9:38Tj79:59Tf10:03Ti10:09Tf9:56Tj810:17Tj10:21Tf10:27Tj10:14Tj910:35Tj10:39Tj10:45Tj10:32Tj1010:53Tf10:57Tj11:03Tf10:50Tj1111:11Tj11:15Tj11:21Tj11:08Tk1211:29Tj11:33Tj11:39Tj11:26Tj1311:47Tk11:51Tf11:57Tj11:44Tf1414:011Tj14:15Ti14:21Tf14:08Tj1514:29Tf14:33Tj14:39Tj14:26Tj1614:47Tj14:51Tj14:57Tj14:44Tf1715:05Tj15:09Tj15:15Tj15:02Tj1