文化及其對外交政策影響

AmericanCultureandItsInfluencesonForeignPolicyGuanYunxia10300170099HuangBei10300170155HuangChenying10300170097JiangYan10300170157DongShengnan103001701272023/11/211OutlinesCharacterofcultureandthewayofitsinfluenceonforeignpolicyTheintroductiontoAmericancultureanditsoriginTheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicyCasestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracyⅡ.IsolationismPart12342023/11/212TheessentialfeaturesofcultureItisasedimentofhistory.(forinstance:Confucianism)Itisrelativelystableandlong-standing.(forinstance,thesenseofsuperiority,thesenseofmissionoriginatedfromPuritanisminAmericanculture)Part1.Characterofcultureandthewayofitsinfluenceonforeignpolicy2023/11/213TheessentialfeaturesofculturePart1.CharacterofcultureandthewayofitsinfluenceonforeignpolicySociety-levelintellectualpropertyFamily-levelrelationshipbetweenfamilymembers

State-levellimitationofgovernmentalpowerTheimpactofculturepermeatesintodifferentaspectsofsociety,whichcanbecalledastheuniversalityofculture.Anyculturehasitsstrongpoints,aswellasnegativeones.Theinfluenceofcultureislimitedandvariesfromcasetocase.2023/11/214Howdoescultureactonforeignpolicy?Thedirectimpactreflectsinitiallyonpolicy-makers.Theirpreferenceisimprintedbyspecificculture.Throughtheirselectionofpolicy,wecantosomeextentlearnabouttheculturalpropertiesofthenation.Part1.CharacterofcultureandthewayofitsinfluenceonforeignpolicyCulturerestrictspersonalbehaviorandthusprotectspublicbenefitsfromindividualarbitrariness.2023/11/215Howdoescultureactonforeignpolicy?Culturehasanimpactoncontents,targetsandprimarytasksofastate’sforeignpolicy.Constructivism:self-identificationThelocatingfunctionAfiltertopickupurgentissues

Forinstance,thelogicbehindtheinferenceofwesternmediaonthefactofChina’sdiplomatictransition.Howdoescultureactonforeignpolicy?Part1.Characterofcultureandthewayofitsinfluenceonforeignpolicy2023/11/216Howdoescultureactonforeignpolicy?Themechanismorprocessofmakingforeignpolicyhassomethingtodowithculture.

Ascientificpolicyissomewhatlikeapipeliningproduction,goingthroughasetofinstitution.Institutionisareflectionofculture.

(Forinstance)Theenlightenment:learningaboutone’spolicy-makingprocesshelpstoseekformorechannelstooutputone’sideasandallocatelimiteddiplomaticresourcesaswell.Howdoescultureactonforeignpolicy?Part1.Characterofcultureandthewayofitsinfluenceonforeignpolicy2023/11/217Howdoescultureactonforeignpolicy?Thewayofimplementationcanbeanimageofcultureaswell.

HumanitycharacterofdiplomaticactivityHowdoescultureactonforeignpolicy?Part1.CharacterofcultureandthewayofitsinfluenceonforeignpolicyAdictatorialstateMartialUnitaryToughAdemocraticstate(relatively)multipleSecludedacceptable

Thebehaviorpatterninprivate-leveliscoherentwiththeoneinstate-level.2023/11/218FurtherthinkingThedecisiveforcetopushthesocietyforwardiseconomy.Culturejustplaysasubsidiaryroleininternationalrelations.Theimpactofcultureonforeignpolicyislimited.FurtherthinkingPart1.Characterofcultureandthewayofitsinfluenceonforeignpolicy2023/11/219TheimmigrantspiritTheUnitedStatesisanationofimmigrants.MostEuropeanimmigrantslefttheirhomelandstoescapepoliticaloppression,toseekthefreedomtopracticetheirreligion,orforadventureandopportunitiesdeniedthemathome.TheearlyhistoryofAmericarevealsagooddealofcontentionforresourcesandlands.IsolationismandexpansionismAspectofnationalityPart2.TheintroductiontoAmericancultureanditsorigin2023/11/2110AspectofnationalityCommercialismAlthoughthenewcontinentwasremarkablyendowedbynature,tradewithEuropeandothercolonieswasvitalforarticlesthesettlerscouldnotproduce.“ThepassionswhichagitatetheAmericansmostdeeplyarenottheirpoliticalbuttheircommercialpassions;or,tospeakmorecorrectly,theyintroducethehabitstheycontractinbusinessintotheirpoliticallife.”(AlexisdeTocqueville)RealismandIndividualismAspectofnationalityPart2.TheintroductiontoAmericancultureanditsorigin2023/11/2111AspectofideologyTheenlightenmentinlate17thand18thcenturyhadgreateffectsontheAmericans.DuringtheEnlightenmenttherewasagreatemphasisuponliberty,democracy,republicanismandreligioustolerance.AlmosteveryoneintheUnitedStates,forexample,believesinlimitedgovernment,thefreemarket,andindividualliberty.LibertyanddemocracyConservatism

AspectofideologyPart2.TheintroductiontoAmericancultureanditsorigin2023/11/2112AspectofreligionThepuritantraditioninAmericaIn1620,apilgrimship“Mayflower”madethehistoricvoyagefromEnglandtothenorthAmerica.Therewerealmost40protestantseparatistsamong102passengers.AspectofReligionPart2.TheintroductiontoAmericancultureanditsorigin2023/11/2113AspectofreligionIshallbemosthappyindeedifIshallbeahumbleinstrumentinthehandsoftheAlmighty,andofthisHisalmostchosenpeople.——AbrahamLincoln(1861)Forwemustconsiderthatweshallbeasacityuponahill.Theeyesofallpeopleareuponus.Sothat...——JohnWinthrop(1630)AspectofReligionPart2.TheintroductiontoAmericancultureanditsorigin2023/11/2114AspectofreligionThepuritantraditioninAmericaThe“chosenpeople”:earlyAmericanssawthemselvesasthechosenpeopleofGod.“Cityuponahill”:ItgaverisetothewidespreadbeliefinAmericanfolklorethattheUnitedStatesofAmericaisGod'scountrybecausemetaphoricallyitisaShiningCityuponaHill.SuperiorityandthesenseofmissionAspectofReligionPart2.TheintroductiontoAmericancultureanditsorigin2023/11/2115Sofar,wehavelookedatthecharacteristicsoftheAmericanculture.NowwewillexploretheAmericanforeignpolicies:DefinitionHistoricalOverviewContemporaryforeignpoliciesPart3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2116DefinitionWhatistheAmericanForeignPolicy?WhatistheGoalofitsForeignPolicy?ItisthewayinwhichtheUnitedStatesinteractswithforeignnationsandsetsstandardsofinteractionforitsorganizations,corporations,andindividualcitizens.“Tocreateamoresecure,democratic,andprosperousworldforthebenefitoftheAmericanpeopleandinternationalcommunity”Part3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2117HistoricalOverview--OriginsFarewellAddress---ByGeorgeWashingtonObservinggoodfaithsandjusticetowardallnationsCultivatingpeaceandharmonywithallExcludingbothinveterateantipathiesagainstparticularnationsandpassionateattachmentsforothersSteeringclearpermanentallianceswithanyportionoftheforeignworldPart3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2118HistoricalOverview--MonroeMonroeDoctrine---ByJamesMonroeFreethenewlyindependentcoloniesinLatinAmericafromEuropeaninterventionNeitherinterferewithexistingEuropeancoloniesnormeddleintheinternalconcernsofEuropeancountries.RooseveltCorollary---ByTheodoreRooseveltTherightoftheUnitedStatestointervenemilitarilyinLatinAmerica?AssertedtheUSdominationinLatinAmericaHemisphericPolicemanPart3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2119HistoricalOverview--WWIFourteenPoints---ByWoodrowWilsonRelianceonopendiplomacyFreedomoftheseasFreetradeReducethemilitaryforcesand/orweaponsReadjustthecoloniesfairlyTheallowanceforRussiatoself-determineitsowngovernmentRespectforBelgium'sIntegrityRestorationofFrenchTerritoryItalyreceivesterritorybaseduponethnicityAustria-HungaryreceivesfairdevelopmentopportunitiesIndependencefortheBalkanstatesSelf-determinationforthepeoplesoftheOttomanEmpireIndependenceforPolandTheformationofaLeagueofNationsWilsonDoctrine:InterventionismPart3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2120HistoricalOverview--WWII1932-1938:Non-interventionist“TheArsenalofDemocracy”TheUnitedNationsInthespeechof“ArsenalofDemocracy”,RooseveltpromisedtofinancethealliedarmswithoutsendingAmericancombatsoldiers.DuetotheGreatDepression,theUSconcludedthepartnershipwithitsalliesandfocusedondomesticaffairs.TheUnitedNationsplayacriticalroleinpostwarinternationalrelations.ItisablendofAmerica’srealismandidealism.Part3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2121HistoricalOverview—ColdWarTrumanDoctrineContainmentAnti-socialismMarshallPlanSovietExpansionIdeologyIdeological&PowerStrugglesCapitalismVSSocialismDemocracyVSAuthoritarian?Part3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2122ContemporaryForeignPoliciesAMulti-PolarWorldTheUSinfluenceremainsstrong,butdecliningMulti-polarity:EU,China,Russia,Brazil,Japan…...UntraditionalChallengesEnvironmentalconcerns:ClimatechangeTerrorism:AlQaeda;AfghanistanNuclearproliferation:Iran;NorthKoreaPart3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2123ContemporaryForeignPoliciesObamaDoctrine=NoDoctrine?!MainElementsMilitary:aWar-MakingStateOil:MeddlinginthePersianGulfEconomics:BacktoAsiaValues:ArabSpringNodoctrinescandominatetheAmericanforeignpoliciesforseveraldecades.However,therearestillsomeelementsremainedcentraltoAmericanforeignpolicies.Part3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2124ContemporaryForeignPolicies“Theworldisadangerousplace.Therearewar-makingandhostileforcesintheworld;countriesthatoppresstheirpeopleandthreatenothers.““Wemustopposethesethreatstoournationalsecurity.”“Wearenotaggressors.WehaveaDepartmentofDefense,notaDepartmentofWar.”“Weuseourmilitarytodefendfreedomanddemocracy,andtoprotectAmerica;NOTtodominateothercountriesandpeople.”“Wearenotperfect,butweareamoralforceintheworldandweuseourmilitarypowerformoralpurposes.”MostAmericansthinkabouttheUSmilitarypowerasfollows:Part3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2125ContemporaryForeignPoliciesGeneralViewsVSRealityThegeneralview:Weuseourmilitarypowertodefenddemocracy,toprotectAmerica,butnottodominateothercountries.Wearedefenders,notaggressors.Thereality:TheUSspendsvastlymorethananyothercountryintheworldonthemilitaryTheUSusesmilitarythreatsandinterventionsascentralinstrumentsofforeignpolicyTheUSdomesticaffairsareseverelyaffectedbytheglobalroleofitsmilitary;TheyhaveaheavilymilitarizedeconomyHowdoesitrelatetoCULTURE?Part3.TheintroductiontoAmericanforeignpolicy2023/11/2126DemocracyAmericandemocracy:liberaldemocracyThoughtandidea:throughmoralityandfaithtoestablishandmaintaindemocracyandachieveliberaldemocracyDemocraticinstitutionsDemocraticregime:freeelectionAmericanexportingdemocracyPart4.Casestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracyWhatisexportingdemocracy?Theoreticalbasis:DemocraticPeaceTheoryAnimportantreasonofexportingdemocracyTheoreticalbasisofAmericanforeignpolicyafterColdWarBehaviorsofforeignpoliciesPart4.Casestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracySpecificperformanceEarlypracticesTerritorialexpansionOverseasexpansionColdWarperiodsBuiltandexpandedwesterndemocraticalliance.ContainedandevolvedSovietUnionandEasternEurope.Promoteddemocraticprocessinthethirdworld.Part4.Casestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracyHistoryofexportingdemocracyHistoryofexportingdemocracyBuiltandexpandedwesterndemocraticalliance.ImplementedMarshallPlantosaveliberalsystemofWesternEurope.TransformedvanquishednationslikeGermanyandJapan.Part4.Casestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracyHistoryofexportingdemocracyHistoryofexportingdemocracyContainmentandevolutionTrumanDoctrineDulles:LiberationPolicyKennedy:“thePeaceStrategy”Nixon:DétenteCarter:HumanRightsDiplomacyReagan:NewContainmentPolicyGeorgeBush:BeyondContainmentPart4.Casestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracyHistoryofexportingdemocracyExporteddemocracytothethirdworld.Truman:PointFourProgramKennedy:PeaceCorpsandAllianceforProgressReaganDoctrineHistoryofexportingdemocracyPart4.Casestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracyHistoryofexportingdemocracyAfterColdWar:fromcontainingcommunismtopromoteliberaldemocraticinstitutionsandvaluesinworldwideClinton:promotingdemocracyasoneofthreediplomaticpillarsEasternEurope:expandeddemocraticfamilyRussia:ensuredpro-democracytocometopowerLatinAmerica:consolidateddemocraticregimesinWesternHemisphereAsia-Pacific:exporteddemocracybyengagementandpressureAfrica:usedflexibleandpragmaticmethodsroguestates:multilevelsanctionstopromoteregimechangeHistoryofexportingdemocracyPart4.Casestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracyHistoryofexportingdemocracyGeorgeW.Bush:neo-conservatism,counterterrorismandexportingdemocracyBushDoctrineDemocraticexperimentinAfghanistanMilitarystriketoIraqtoexportdemocracyGreaterMiddleEastInitiative(GMEI)ColorRevolutionTransformationalDiplomacySuppressiononOutpostsofTyrannyObama:keptmaindirectionsbutinlow-keyandmultilateralwaysHistoryofexportingdemocracyPart4.Casestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracyCulturalrootsReligiousroot:senseofdestinyandmissionAmericanexceptionalismSuperiorityinrace,cultureandinstitutionsThesuperiorityoftheAnglo-SaxonWhiteAmericanprivilegeFirstrepubliccapitalismintheworldCultureRootsPart4.Casestudy:Ⅰ.exportingdemocracyIsolationismreferstoAmerica'slongstandingreluctancetoeinvolvedinEuropeanalliancesandwars.IsolationistsheldtheviewthatAmerica'sperspectiveontheworldwasdifferentfromthatofEuropeansocietiesandthatAmericacouldadvancethecauseoffreedomanddemocracybymeansotherthanwar.DefinitionPart4.Casestudy:Ⅱ.Isolationism

2023/11/2136Facts

and

ReasonsTheDevelopmentofIsolationismPart4.Casestudy:Ⅱ.Isolationism

-Thecolonialperiod2023/11/2137“Thegreatruleofconductforus,inregardtoforeignnations,isinextendingourcommercialrelations,tohavewiththemaslittlepoliticalconnectionaspossible.Europehasasetofprimaryinterests,whichtoushavenone,oraveryremoterelation.Henceshemustbeengagedinfrequentcontroversiesthecausesofwhichareessentiallyforeigntoourconcerns.Hence,therefore,itmustbeunwiseinustoimplicateourselves,byartificialties,intheordinaryvicissitudesofherpolitics,ortheordinarycombinationsandcollisionsofherfriendshipsorenmities.”——George

WashingtonTheDevelopmentofIsolationism-ThecolonialperiodPart4.Casestudy:Ⅱ.Isolationism

2023/11/2138Washingtonwaspromulga