高級(jí)英語(yǔ)第7課 The Libido for the Ugly精

TheLibidofortheUgly

H.L.MenckenAimsToknowtheauthor,HenryL.MenckenTolearnthewritingtechniqueofdescriptionToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesTeachingContents1.HenryLouisMencken2.Description2.Detailedstudyofthetext3.Organizationalpattern4.Languagefeatures5.ExercisesTimeallocation1.Backgroundinformation(15min.)2.Detailedstudyofthetext(120min.)3.Structureanalysis(15min.)4.Languageappreciation(15min.)5.Exercises(15min)HenryLouisMencken(1880--1956)Americaneducator,author,critic*7image-123*Mencken圖片HenryLouisMenckenHislifeHewasbornandspentmostofhislifeinthecityofBaltimore,Maryland.HewasthesonofGermanimmigrantparents.Hecompletedhighschoolbutdidnotattenduniversity,onlygraduatedfromBaltimorePolytechnicInstituteat16.HebecameareporterontheBaltimoreMorningHerald.

HenryLouisMencken

Afewyearslater,hejoinedthestaffofitsrivalnewspaper,theBaltimoreSunorEveningSun,firstasareporter,thenasitsdramacriticandeditor,apositionwhichhehelduntil1941.HenryLouisMenckenHehelpedtofoundandedittwoliterarymagazineswhichwerehighlyinfluentialamongintellectuals.TheSmartSet/gp/reader/0895262312/ref=sib_dp_pt/104-2478532-5338368#reader

2)TheAmericanMercuryHenryLouisMenckenHewasacentralfigureinAmericanintellectuallifeduringthe1920's.HelaunchedthemostcuttingattacksofanywriteragainstAmerica'smiddleclassculture.Heinventedtheword"booboisie",combiningthetwowords"bourgeoisie"and"booby"(anawkward,foolishperson).HenryLouisMenckenIncaustic,wittyessays,hederided(mock)theinstitutionwhichsupportedthemiddleclass.Heenjoyedcontroversyandtriedtoarousehisantagonistswithhisdirectanddevastatingattacks.HenryLouisMencken1)Hehatednarrow-mindedreligion.Hebelievedstronglyinintellectualfreedomandfoughtallattemptstocensorliteratureanddrama.Hefeltthatthegreatestthreatofcensorshipcamefromthecountry'sreligion"fundamentalists",whoseopinionswereallbasedontheirinterpretationoftheBible.HenryLouisMencken2)Hehatedcommercialism盈利主義.3)Hedidnotsupportdemocracybecauseheconsideredthemassestooignorantandgreedytoexerciseitwisely.Hisworks

Mencken'sessayswerereceivedwithdelightorhorror,dependingonthereader'spointofview,hewasalsohighlyrespectedforhisliterarycriticismandheexertedapowerfulinfluenceonAmericanliterature.HisworksTheAmericanLanguage1918Prejudices(6vols)1919--1927HappydaysNewspaperDays1940--1943autobiographyHeathenDays25BooksandthousandsofarticlesHenryLouisMenckenHewasaleadingscholarinthefieldoflanguage.Hismonumentalbook"TheAmericanLanguage"isconsideredanoutstandingworkofphilology."TheAmericanLanguage"a)ItexaminedthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguageinAmerica,b)ItcontrastedEnglishandAmericanexpressionsandusage."TheAmericanLanguage"c)ItexplainedtheoriginofmanyAmericanidioms,d)IttracedtheinfluenceofimmigrantlanguagesonAmericanEnglish."TheAmericanLanguage"HemadealargecontributiontothestudyoflanguageandparticularlyencouragedscholarlystudyoftheAmericanbranchofEnglish.HisStyle

Heiswell-knownforhisbombasticstyleandacidtongueHisStyle

Hewrotewithverve熱情,活力(strongfeeling),gusto愛(ài)好(eagerenjoyment)andexaggeration.Hisexuberantandextravagantuseofthelanguagewassoamusingandstartlingthatevenhismostviolentlycriticalessaysbecameacceptabletohisreaders.

HisStyle

Heemployedahugevocabularyandlikedtoinsertunusualorunexpectedwords,forsurpriseorcomiceffect,intootherwisenormalsentences.Althoughhisstyleisoccasionallydifficulttoread,Menckenisstillconsideredoneofthebestandliveliestessayistsofthiscentury.

HisStyle

BombasticstyleandacidlanguageexaggerationhyperboleoverrhetoricalpompousLanguagebiting\sharpTheliterarystyle

Itistypicalofdescription

*/gibbonsb/mencken/*DescriptionDescriptionispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,objectandscene.DescriptionItconveysthesensations,emotionsandimpressionsthataffectawriterexperiencingaperson,place,objectoridea.Thewriterdescribeswhathesees,hears,smells,feelsortastes,anditoftenincludeshisemotionalreactionstothephysicalsensationoftheexperience.DescriptionThesoulofdescription:minutedetails,specificconcretewordstoappealtothereader'ssenseofsightsmelltastehearingtouchDescriptionHowtodevelopdescription?Byspaceorder

ThingscanbedescribedfromamovingpositionthroughspaceafixedpositioninspaceDescriptionA.Thedescriptionofaperson1)aperson'sappearance2)whatthepersondoes,says,howhebehavestootherstorevealtheperson'scharacterDescriptionB.Thedescriptionofaplace1)foritsownsake,forthepurposeofdescribingit,suchasonavisittofamousscenicplaces2)forthepurposeofrevealingthepersonalityandcharacterofaperson(Acleantidyroomshowstheoccupantisanorderlyperson)Description3)forthepurposeofcreatingafeelingormoodThehowlingofachillywindThefallingofautumnleaveshelptobuildupasombremoodandincreasethefeelingofdepression.DescriptionC.ThedescriptionofanobjectWEhavetodependonoursenses.1)Youneedtomention:sizecolorshapetastetexturesmellcreateaclearvisualimageDescription2)YouneedtotellhowitisusedifitisusefulWhatpartitplaysinaperson'slifeifitisinsomewayrelatedtohimButemphasisshouldbeplacedononlyoneaspectoftheobject,suchasitsmostimportantcharacteristics.DescriptionD.ThedescriptionofasceneWhendescribingascene,thewritershouldtrytocreateadominantimpression.Sobeforehebeginstowrite,hemustmakeuphismindastowhateffecthewantsthedescriptiontoachieve.Description

appropriateadjectivesandadverbsoldsquareroughlyyoungcircularmoreorlessshorttriangularnotverythinheavyfairlyfatlargeextremelykindsmallapproximatelyencouragingredabouthelpfulbluejustDescription2kindsofdescription:1)objective\impersonalrealisticWhentopicisviewedfromanobjectivepointofview,thewriterpaintsaverbalpictureoftherealisticworld,likeacamera.factualwords

Description2)subjective\personalimpressionistic\emotionalThewriterwantstosharewiththereadersakindofdominantimpression.ThedominantimpressionmaybeasenseimpressionoranemotionDescriptionemotionalwordsInthislesson,Menckenisverysubjectiveandpersonal.Hisdescriptionisstronglyimpressionisticandhighlyemotional.ThedominantimpressionuglinessWestmorelandistheugliestplacenotonlyintheUSbutalsointheworld.DetailedstudyofthetextLibidoaspecificwordusedinpsycho-analysisItisatechnicalterminpsychology.(Freudian)LibidoMeaning–psychicenergygenerallyspecificallythatcomprisingthepositivelovinginstinctsthesexualurgestrongdesire,greatpassion,greatlustLibido--inordertogivehissubjectscientificcoloring.Why

Hewantstodemonstratethatwhathedescribeshaspsychologicalandscientificfoundation.Usually,peoplelovethingsbeautiful,butagroupofpeopleintheUSlovethingsuglyforitsownsake(becausetheyareugly)Theremustbesomescientificandpsychologicalreasons.PittsburghAcityinsouthwestPennsylvania,ItisoneofthemostimportantindustrialcitiesofAmerica,andacenterofrailandrivertransportation.Termedthe“SteelCity”of“SmokyCity”,itisthecenterofrichbituminous-coalregion,producingalsonaturalgas,oilandlimestone,alargepartofUSsteelandironisproducedhere.

Pittsburgh–Westmorelandcounty–AcountyonsouthwestPennsylvaniaItscountyseatisGreensburg.Itisaminingandmanufacturingregion.

AmapofPennsylvania

appalling–causingfear,shocking,terrible,dreadfulSomethingthatisappallingissobadorunpleasantthatitmakesyoufelldisgustordismaySomeofthesepeopleliveinappallingconditions.desolation–bleaknessAqualityofaplacewhichmakesitseememptyandfrighteningEmptyofpeopleLackingincomfortHerewastheveryheart…metaphor:heartcenterofindustrialAmericahyperbole:richest,grandestnationonearthantitheticalcontrastContrastrichestgrandestregionhideous,bleak,forlornscenelucrative–profitable,moneymaking,bringinginplentyofmoneyhideous–veryugly,fillingthemindwithhorrorbleak陰冷的，荒涼的

–Itappliestolandscapesorhouses,especially,suggestsabareorunpleasantprospect.thebleak,unpaintedhousethatseemedalmostuninhabitablethebleak,ice-encrustedmountainsoftheAndes安第斯山脈desolate–suggestsanunderpopulatedstarknesseg.onlyafewfarmhousesstrungoutoverthedesolatedcountryside.suggestssolitarinessorfriendlessnesseg.agirlleftdesolateinthestrangecity.無(wú)依無(wú)靠地置身于一個(gè)陌生城市的姑娘。barren貧瘠的，荒蕪的

suggestsacompleteabsenceoflifeBarrenrockswherethesmallestshrubcouldfindnofoothold.連灌木都無(wú)法扎根的貧瘠的巖石堆Uninhabitableandunfeaturedlandscape.joke

ifyousaysomeoneorsthisajoke,youmeanthattheyareridiculousandnotworthyofrespect.Hiscolleaguesregardhimasajoke.aspiration

aperson’saspirationsaretheirambitionsordesirestoachievesomethingunbrokenuglinesstheuglinessiscontinuousanduninterruptedItisuglywhereveryougoandlookagonizing極度的，痛苦難以忍受的uglinessuglinessthatcausedgreatpaintopeoplewhosawitPeoplecouldnotimagineorcalculatetheamountofwealththatwastobefoundinthisregion.Andinthissameregionthereweresuchterribleanddisgustinghousesthatevenhomeless,mongrelcatswouldfeelashamedtoliveinthem.lacerate受折磨的，撕碎的

tohurt;totear(theflesh,anarm,theface)roughlyaswithfingernailsorbrokenglass.pretentious自命不凡的，做作的，炫耀的ifyousaythatsomeoneorsthispretentious,youmeanthattheyclaimtobeimportant,butyoudonotthinkthattheyareimportant.Para2DescribethehousesmorespecificallyHowmanybuildingsdidthewriterdescribeindetails?churches,stores,warehousesetc.=likeaman’sfaceshotawaythehousesalittlechurch=likeadormer-windowonthesideofabareleproushilldormer-windowawindowsetuprightinasloppingrooftheheadquartersoftheveterans老兵，退伍軍人ofForeignWarsthehousesasteelstadium=likeahugerat-trapWhatimpressioncanyouget?shabby;ugly;hideousinforminappearance,shape,geographicallyItisthicklysettledinthisareaagreatnumberofpeoplelivecloselytogether,butitdoesn’tgivetheimpressionofbeingovercrowded.Iftherewerearchitectsofany….Itsarcasticallyemphasizesthefactthattherewerenoarchitectsworthyofitsnameinthisregion.Therewerenoarchitectsworthyofthehonororthehighstandardsdemandedofbyitsprofession.IftherehadbeensucharchitectstheywouldnaturallyhavebuiltSwiss-typehouseswhichwouldlielowandclingingtothehillsides.Chalet

DetailedstudyofthetextAllthehousestheybuiltlookedlikebricksstandingupright.clapboard護(hù)墻板–AmE.weatherboard

Atypeofcoveringfortheouterwallsofahouse,toprotectthewallsfromraindingydirtyandfadedthesebrick-likehousesweremadeofshabby,thinwoodenboardsandtheirroofswerenarrowandhadlittleslopepier橋墩

apillarofstone,wood,metaletc.esp.asusedtosupportabridge,ortheroofofahighbuildingpreposterous荒謬的，可笑的

completelyunreasonableorimprobablelaughablyfoolishinmannerorappearanceHowdopeoplebuildthehouseonthehillside?HowThehousesarecomparedtopigswallowinginthemud.Sincethesehousesarebuiltonthehillsideandsetonbrickpiers,onesideishighandtheotherislow.Thelowsidesmakethemlooklikepigsburyingthemselvesinthemud.perpendicular垂直的，陡立的

exactlyupright,notleaningtoonesideortheotherprecariously不安的，不牢靠的

unsafe,notfirmorsteady,fullofdanger,unstable,hazardousprecariouslyTheclimberhadonlyaprecariousholdontheslipperyrock.Somethingthatisprecariousisinadangerousstateorpositionbecauseitisnotsecurelyheldinplaceandseemslikelytofalldownorcollapseatanymoment它們東倒西歪地掛在不穩(wěn)定的地基上oneandall–allthehouses,everyhousestreakifsomethingstreaksasurface,itleaveslongstripesormarksofadifferentcoloronthesurface;coverHismoustachewasstreakedwithgrey.Thesunisstreakingtheseawithlonglinesofgold.Hisfaceisstreakedwithdirt.streak

n.lineHerhairhadaveryprettygreystreakinit.eczematous–Eczema

anuncomfortableskindiseasewhichmakesyourskinitchandbecomeroughandsore.DetailedstudyofthetextAllthehouseherearecoveredwithdirt,andsomepaintwhichisnotcoveredupbythedirtlookslikedried-upscales(鱗癬)formedontheskinbyeczema.每棟房屋都積上一道道塵垢，在塵垢的間隙之間，還可隱約見(jiàn)到象濕疹的鱗癬一樣的油漆斑點(diǎn)。patina=coatingthepatinaofanobjectisafinelayerofsomethingthatformsorappearsonitssurfaceThebookswerepiledhigh,withapatinaofgrey-browngrease.ridiculeandironygenerallyreferstothebeautifulgreenorgreenish-bluecolor.HereMenckenuses“patina”ironicallytodescribethegrimeofthemills,thedirtysmokefromthemillslongpastallhopeandcaringaneggthathadlongpastthetimewhentherewassomehopethatismightstillbeedible,longpastthetimewhenpeoplewerestillconcernedaboutit.Itwasathoroughlyrottenegg.redbrick

---redbrick,eveninasteeltown,looksquiterespectableanddignifiedwiththepassingoftime.Eveninasteeltown,oldredbricksstilllookpleasant.uremia–

(urene+haima,blood)Greekcolor=yellowgreenish+black+reddish

awardthischampionshipsarcasmandirony.

IhavegivenWestmorelandthehighestawardforuglinessafterhavingdonealotofhardworkandresearchandaftercontinuouspraying.IcametotheconclusionthatWestmorelandhadtheugliesttownsandvillagesonlyaftervisitingandcomparingmanyplacesnotonlyintheU.S.butalsoinothercountriesandafterconstantlyprayingtoGodforguidance.Pullman

arailroadcarwithprivatecompartmentsorseatsthatcanbemadeupintoberths(asleepingplace)forsleeping.Itsisso-calledafterUSinventor,GeorgeM.Pullman(1831-97)Malarious

malaria-strickenarea,mosquito-infestedadiseaseofhotcountries,causedbyasmalllivingthingwhichentersthebloodwhenthepersonisbittenbycertaintypesofmosquito.hamletasmallvillagetidewater

villageneartheseaaffectedbytheriseandfalloftidesNorthernstatesMaine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,Connecticut,RhodeIsland

DetailedstudyofthetextNewEnglandindustryisdecliningUtah,Arizona,Texastownslikedesertdarksideofallthosetownshehadvisited.HementionedthoseplacestoshowhiscorrectjudgmentDetailedstudyofthetextNewarkinNewJerseyBrooklyninNewYorkChicagoinIllinoisCamdenNewJerseyNewportNewsVirginiaDetailedstudyofthetextIowaandKansasvillagesaregloomy,abandonedbyGodGeorgia

–malaria-infestedvillagesBridgeport.Conn.LosAngelesEastwestforsakeabandon,desertafairlyliterarywordifyouforsakeapersonorplace,youleavethemwhenyoushouldhavestayedorstophelpingthemorlookingafterthem.Don’tforsakemeinmyhourofneed!Titanic–ofgreatstrength,sizeorpoweraberrant

unusualandnotnormal,strayingawayfromtherightpathaberrantbehavior~ideasuncompromisingfirm,steadfast,rigidwhenpeopleare~,theyaredeterminednottochangetheiropinionsorobjectiveinanywayHewasan~opponentofthewar.adv.Theywereuncompromisinglyloyaltocertainfundamentalvalues.inimical敵意的，有害的

conditionsthatareinimicaltosomeoneorsth.arehostileandharmfulratherthanbeingfriendlyandfavorablehostileunfriendlyinoppositiongenius–usedironicallytomeananevilgenius,havinggreatabilitytodoevilhellthepowersofevilordarknessgrotesquery怪異，怪物–n.Strangeness,uglinessgrotesquestrangeandunnaturalsoastocausefearorbelaughableveryuglyinappearance==hideousHewasrather~tolookat.Strangely,unnaturallyugly仿佛有一些對(duì)人類(lèi)懷有敵意的，力大無(wú)窮的惡魔，施用神工鬼斧的魔術(shù)，建造了這樣一些房屋inretrospectlookingbacktowardsthepast回想起來(lái)Hisyouthwasmoreenjoyableinretrospectthanithadactuallybeenwhenhewasgoingthroughit.diabolical惡魔的=devilish;dreadful=diabolicextremelyunpleasantandannoyingItisusedtodescribesomethingthatpeoplethinkiscausedbyorbelongstothedevil.concoct混合而制–makesth.bymixingorcombiningparts,makesthunusualpara.6.ThereasonswhytheylovesuchuglyhousesIsitbecausetheyareigrorant?insensatenotcapableoffeelinglackinginhumanfeelingsDetailedstudyofthetextarethehousessofrightfullyuglybecausethevalleyisinhabitedbyalotofforeignerswhoarestupidandunfeelinglikeanimalsandwhohavenoloveofbeautyinthem?“ButintheAmerican…”ButintheAmericanvillageandsmalltown,thedrawingpower(desire)isalwaystowarduglinessandinthatWestmorelandvalleypeoplehavegivenintothisdesireeagerlyoralmostpassionatelyborderupon相鄰

beverymuchlikeYourremarksborderuponrudeness,sir!先生，你的話(huà)簡(jiǎn)直是無(wú)禮。Theproposalbordersupontheabsurd.該提議似乎荒唐可笑。masterpiece–ironyItishardtobelievethatpeoplebuiltsuchhorriblehousesjustbecausetheydidnotknowwhatbeautifulhouseswerelike.Menckenuses“masterpiece”ironicallytosaythatthehousesweresohorriblethatnoonecouldbuildworseones.antithesisLibidofortheugly–libidoforthebeautiful

Peopleincertainstrata(socialclassesordivision)(sing.stratum)ofAmericansocietyseemdefinitelytohungerafteruglythings,whichinotherlessChristianstrata,peopleseemtolongforthingsbeautiful.lessChristian=pagans–apersonwhoisnotabelieverinChristianityHeathenAtheistChristians–longforthingsuglypaganslongforthingsbeautifulButtheChristiansaresupposedtohavethequalitiesoflove;kindness;humanity;beautyputdownto

statethatsthiscausedbysth(attributeto)歸因于Iputhisbadtemperdowntohisrecentillness.Hisbadtemperwasputdowntohisunhappychildhood.deface損傷外觀(guān)，丑化

–damage,spoiltheappearanceprsurfaceifpeopledefacesthsuchasawalloranotice,theydeliberatelydamageitbywritingordrawingunpleasantoroffensivethingsonit.inadvertence不注意，疏忽，怠慢

carelessness,heedlessnessyoudosthunintentionallywithoutthinkingorwithoutrealizingpayingnoattentiontobyaccidentobscene淫穢的，猥瑣的

nasty,dirty,lewdwanton,lustful,indecent鄙俗的幽默感，低級(jí)趣味itisimpossibletoattributethewallpaperthatmakestheaverageAmericanhomeofthelowermiddleclasslooksouglytomereoversight(carelessness)ortotheindecenttasteofthemanufacturers.

unfathomablefml難以理解ifsth.is~,itissostrangeorcomplicatedthatitcannotbeunderstoodorexplained=bafflingtheymeet…typeofmind

theseuglydesignsinsomewaythatpeoplecannotunderstand,satisfythehiddenandunintelligibledemandsofthistypeofmind.他們用一些莫名其妙的方式滿(mǎn)足了出自這種心理的晦澀難解的要求。enigmatical難解的，謎一般的，enigmatic–mysterious,puzzlinganddifficulttounderstand既不可思議，又不足為怪theloveforuglinessofthepeopleinWestmorelandismysterioustomanypeoplecommon,naturalfromtheirpointofviewdogmatic教條的，武斷的opinionatedTheology---thestudyofthenatureofGod;ofGod’sinfluenceonpeopleandofreligionandreligiousbeliefsappreciableconsiderable

An~amount,distance,effect,etcislargeenoughtobeimportantorclearlynoticed.Therehadbeenanappreciablepercentageoftheuniversity’sexpenditure.adv.Theweatherhadturnedgreyandiswasappreciablycolder.mellowbecomesoft,warm,smoothesp.wornsobytime,softenTheParthenonAbeautifuldorictemplebuiltinhonorofthevirgin(Parthenon)goddessAthenaontheAcropolisinAthenaaround5hcenturyB.C.帕臺(tái)農(nóng)神廟foritsownsakebecauseitisuglyforthepurposeofuglinessbiology

thescientificlawsofthelifeofacertaintypeoflivingthingbiologycontainstwoaspects:evolutiondegenerationterms

conditionsorrequirements,specificcontentAccordingtothetermsoftheagreements,Britishshipswillbeallowedtotakealimitedamountoffisheachyear.根據(jù)協(xié)議條款的規(guī)定，英國(guó)船只每年的捕魚(yú)量是有限的。Whatareyoursalesterms?Cash你們的銷(xiāo)售條件是什么？現(xiàn)金支付。PrivatDocentprivatdocent,privatdozentInGermanuniversities,anunsalariedlecturerpaidonlybyhisstudents’feesPathologicalsociology社會(huì)病理學(xué)thestudyofthediseaseofhumansocietysciencedealingwiththediseaseofhumansocietyinobediencetoSoldiersactin~theordersoftheirsuperiorofficers.軍人服從上級(jí)軍官的命令而行動(dòng)libidoemotion