ch06-第六章-計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)論文文體.-

第六章

計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)論文文體本章重點(diǎn)：計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)；·數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)；·操作系統(tǒng)；·數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)；·多媒體技術(shù)；·計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)；·計(jì)算機(jī)病毒；·計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全；6.1

計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)Computer

Systemconsider

[k

n

sid]vt&vi考慮，細(xì)想；vt把……當(dāng)做，認(rèn)為；關(guān)心，體諒，顧及；記得考慮；人們的感情；正式討論；注視。詞形變化1.時(shí)態(tài)：過去時(shí)：considered,現(xiàn)在時(shí)：considering,2.名詞：consideration。3.形容詞：considerate：體諒的，體貼的；considered：經(jīng)過深思熟慮的意見、判斷等；considering：考慮到、鑒于。considerable

:相當(dāng)大的;相當(dāng)多的He

made

a

considerable

sum

of

money

in

real

estate.他做房地產(chǎn)生意賺了大筆錢。2.值得考慮的;重要的Paul

is

a

considerable

person

in

his

town詞語(yǔ)釋義?????????1.考慮,細(xì)想[+v-ing][+wh-]。I"ve

begun

to

consider

what

to

do

next.我已在考慮下一步該怎么辦。We"re

considering

moving

to

Seattle.我們考慮搬往西雅圖。Please

take

time

to

consider

the

problem.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)考慮一下這個(gè)問題。He

paused

a

moment

to

consider.他停下來(lái)想了一會(huì)兒。???????????????考慮到[+that][+wh-]Have

you

considered

that

he

is

only

a

little

boy?你有沒有考慮到他僅僅是個(gè)小孩?His

health

is

good

if

you

consider

his

age.如果你考慮到他的年紀(jì),他的健康狀況就算良好了。認(rèn)為;把...視為[+that]We

consider

that

the

defendant

is

not

guilty.我們認(rèn)為被告無(wú)罪。Michael

is

considered

an

expert

in

computer

science.邁克爾被認(rèn)為是位電腦專家。Jean

considered

herself

(to

be)

very

lucky.瓊認(rèn)為自己非常幸運(yùn)。

4.關(guān)心,體諒,顧及He

never

considers

others.他從不為別人著想。New

Words

and

Expressions功能很強(qiáng)的個(gè)人的li/

adv.

基本上由...組成basically

/‘beisikconsist

ofcompose

ofMake

up

ofnl/a.

另外的nd/

vt.擴(kuò)充,擴(kuò)大滿足...的需要additional

/

‘diexpand

/ik‘spmeet

...needsparticular

/p‘tikjul

/a.

特別的，特定的CPU(Central

Processing

Unit)中央處理機(jī)memory

/‘mem

ri/

n.RAM

(

Random

Access

Memory)ROM

(

Read-only

Memory

)FDD

(floppy

disk

drive)主存，內(nèi)存隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器只讀存儲(chǔ)器軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器(FDD)powerful

/‘pau

ful/

a.tool

/tu:l/n.

工具personal

/‘p

:s

n

l/

a.??????????????HDD(hard

disk

drive)

(硬)磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器(HDD)New

Words

and

Expressions:d/n.鼠標(biāo)器電源關(guān)閉和，以及整個(gè)的典型的(被)打入(被)連接到mf

t

bl/a.

舒適的position

/p

‘ziindependently

/n/

n.indi’pend位置ntli/adv.獨(dú)立地CD-ROM(Compact

Disc

ROM)

只讀光盤keyboard

/‘ki:b

鍵盤mouse

/maus/

n.power

supplyturn

off&entire

/in’tai

/

a.typical

/‘tipik

l/

a.be

entered

intobe

connectedtocomfortable

/‘k???select

/si’lekt/

vt.選擇New

Words

and

Expressionsu:/

vt.issue

/‘icommand

/k?response

/ri‘sp‘m

:nd/

n.ns/

n.發(fā)出命令響應(yīng)popular

/‘ppjul/

a.常見的，眾所周知generate

/‘denreit/

vt.產(chǎn)生點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī)kt/

vt.指揮，指示，指導(dǎo)instruct

/in‘strbe

loaded

intoturn

on(被)裝入打開matrix

/‘meitriks/

printer????OS

(operating

system)

操作系統(tǒng)Notes① Your

new

computer

is

a

powerful

tool

designed

to

handle

all

yourbusiness

and

personal

needs.?本句中，“designed

to...”是由過去分詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)，用于修釋tool，可譯為“(被)設(shè)計(jì)用于...”。該定語(yǔ)部分實(shí)際上是定語(yǔ)從句“which

isdesigned

to

handle

all

your

business

and

personal

needs”的簡(jiǎn)略表示形式，做到表達(dá)精練。②

The

basic

Personal

Computer

consists

of

a

system

unit,

keyboard,monitor,

diskette

drive,

hard

disk

drive,

mouse

and

printer,

and注意are的主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)others，而“a”用于表示某一種類的意思。other

options

to

expand

your

system

to

meet

your

particular

needs.句中“to

expand

your

system

to

meet

your

particular

needs”是由表示目的的不定式短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾名詞option。能用不定式作定語(yǔ)的名詞很多，如decision,effort,intention,opportunity,reason,wish等。This

is

a

good

opportunity

to

exchange

experience.這將是一個(gè)很好的交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)的機(jī)會(huì)。③

…

others

are

a

more

eyepleasing

green；?④ Software

is

a

set

of

programs,

which

tell

the

computer

what

to

do.?本句中，由which引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(Non-Restrictive

Attributive

Clauses)，用于補(bǔ)充說明programs。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾物時(shí)用

“which”，而在修飾人時(shí)用“who,whom或whose”。6.2

數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)Data

and

StructureData

Types

and

Data

StructuresTypical

Data

Structures

—

Stacks

andQueuesNew

Words

and

Expressionsesns/

n.tempt/

vt.基本，本質(zhì)

嘗試，企圖區(qū)別，辨別可以確認(rèn)的，可識(shí)別的/vt.bl/a.本地的便利，設(shè)備n/n.

摘要，概要，抽象堆棧隊(duì)列舉止，行為簡(jiǎn)單掩飾ri

m

tik/

n.ntr

ri/

adv.算術(shù)相反地essence

/attempt

/distinguish

/dis

ti

gwiidentifiable

/ai

dentifainative

/ neitiv/

a.facility

/f

siliti/

n.abstraction

/

bstr

kstack

/st k/

n.queue

/kju:/

n.behavior

/bi

heivj

/

n.simplicity

/sim

plisiti/

n.belie

/bi

lai/

vt.arithmetic

/contrary

/

ka.相反的，逆的Notes①qualities

common

to...表示“...所共有的特性

essence指“本質(zhì)，要素，精華”。此句由兩個(gè)復(fù)合句構(gòu)成，都以that引導(dǎo)。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，that此處又代表

qualities,it代表a

group.②belie原意為“誤解”，此處轉(zhuǎn)譯為“不影響...”③built...

采用過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾

stacks。④waiting

for...采用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾

requests。thelineof...意指請(qǐng)求的隊(duì)列，為句中主語(yǔ)。6.3

操作系統(tǒng)Operating

SystemSingle

programMultiprogrammingMultiprocessingVirtual

MachineNew

Words

and

Expressions?classify

/klsifai/

vt.分類

multiprogrammin多道程序設(shè)計(jì)g

/mltiprugrmi

multiprocessing處理/mltiprusesi/multitasking

/mltit:ski/

n.理?multiprocessor

/理器mltipuses/

n.Basic

Technical

Words

and

Expressions??Applicationsoftware:Programs

that

tell

acomputer

how

to

produceinformation,contrast

with

system

software.應(yīng)用軟件：告訴計(jì)算機(jī)如何生成信息的程序,與系統(tǒng)軟件相反。Systemsoftware:All

theprogramsincludingthe

operatingsystemthat

arerelated

tocontrolling

the

operations

of

thecomputerequipment，classified

into

three

majorcategories：operating

systems,

utilities,and

languagetranslators.系統(tǒng)軟件：包括操作系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的所有與控制計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)備的操作有關(guān)的程序，系統(tǒng)軟件可分為三大類：操作系統(tǒng)、實(shí)用程序和語(yǔ)言翻譯程序。Operating

system：one

or

more

programsthat

manage

the

operations

of

acomputer，and

function

as

an

interfacebetween

the

user，the

applicationprograms，and

the

computer

equipment．操作系統(tǒng):管理計(jì)算機(jī)操作，用作用戶、應(yīng)用程序以及計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)備之間接口的一個(gè)或多個(gè)程序。???Utilities：programs

that

provide

commonly

needed

taskssuch

as

file

backups，sorting，and

editing.實(shí)用程序：提供完成常用任務(wù)如文件備份、排序、編輯等的程序。Language

translators：special－purpose

systems

softwareprograms

that

are

used

to

convert

the

programminginstructions

written

by

programmers

into

the

machineinstructions

that

a

computer

can

understand．語(yǔ)言翻譯程序：用于把程序員編寫的程序指令轉(zhuǎn)換為計(jì)算機(jī)能理解的機(jī)器指令的特殊用途的系統(tǒng)軟件程序。

Booting：the

process

of

loading

an

operating

systeminto

main

memory．引導(dǎo)：把操作系統(tǒng)裝入主存儲(chǔ)器的過程。Single

program

Operating

systems：allow

only

a

single

user

to

run

asingle

program

at

one

time

單程序操作系統(tǒng)：只允許一個(gè)用戶在同一時(shí)間運(yùn)行一個(gè)程序的操作系統(tǒng)。Multiprogramming

Operating

systems：allow

more

than

one

program

to

be

runat

the

same

time；also

calledmultitasking

operating

systems．

多道程序操作系統(tǒng)：允許同時(shí)運(yùn)行多個(gè)程序的操作系統(tǒng)。也稱為多任務(wù)操作系統(tǒng)。Buffers：areas

of

main

memory

used

tostore

data

that

has

been

read

or

iswaiting

to

be

sent

to

an

outputdevice．

緩沖區(qū):

主存儲(chǔ)器中用于存放已被讀取或正在等待送往輸出設(shè)備的數(shù)據(jù)的區(qū)域。Device

drivers:

programs

used

by

theoperating

system

to

control

input

andoutput

devices.

設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序：被操作系統(tǒng)用來(lái)控制輸入和輸出設(shè)備的程序。6.4

數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（Data

Base）A

Better

Way

to

Manage

andOrganizeDataWhat

Is

a

Database?Why

Use

a

Database?

A

database

is

a

collection

of

information

that

isorganized

so

that

it

can

easily

be

accessed,

managed,

aupdated.A

database

contains

some

files,

a

file

contains

somerecords,

a

record

contains

some

fields,

and

a

field

isup

of

characters.

A

field

is

a

combination

of

one

or

morcharacters

and

is

the

smallest

unit

of

data

a

useraccesses.

When

you

search

for

data

in

a

database,

youenter

the

field

name.

A

record

is

a

group

of

related

fieA

key

field,

or

primary

key,

is

a

field

that

uniquelyidentifies

each

record

in

a

file.

The

data

in

a

key

fielunique

to

specific

record.

A

data

file

is

a

collectionrelated

records

stored

on

a

disk.Before

you

begin

creating

a

database,you

should

perform

somepreliminary（初步的，開始的，預(yù)備的）

tasks.Make

a

list

of

thedata

items

you

want

to

organize;each

of

these

will

become

a

field

ithe

database.To

identify

the

different

fields;assign

each

field

aunique

name

that

is

short,yet

descriptive.For

example,the

fieldname

for

a

students

score

file

could

be

students

ID,Chinese

scores,English

scores,etc.Data

TypeKey

FieldField

nameThe

database

management

system,

or

DBMS,

is

a

softwareprogram

designed

to

control

access

to

the

database

andmanage

data

resources

efficiently.

DBMSs

are

availablefor

many

sizes

and

types

of

computer.Whether

designedfor

a

small

or

large

computer,

most

DBMSs

have

commonfeatures

and

functions.New

Words

and

Expressionsmaintain

/mein

tein/

vt.traditional

/tr

diindipend維持n

l/a.

傳統(tǒng)的nt/a.

獨(dú)立的冗余的d

nd

nt/

a.k

nsntreitid/a.

集中independent

/redundant

/ri

concentrated/濃縮的summarize

/

s

m

raiz/

vt.duplicate

/

dju:plikeit/

vt.總結(jié)復(fù)制，復(fù)NOTES

DBMS：database

management

system數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)data

dictionary數(shù)據(jù)字典

File

maintenance

and

retrieval文件維護(hù)提取Data

security數(shù)據(jù)安全NOTESRelational

Database關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)Distributed

Database分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)primary

key；key

field主鍵；關(guān)鍵字段students

ID學(xué)號(hào)Chinese

scores語(yǔ)文成績(jī)English

scores英語(yǔ)成績(jī)Basic

Technical

Words

and

Expressions?Data

management：storing

data

in

such

away

that

they

can

be

maintained

easilyand

can

be

retrieved

when

needed．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)管理：用一種易于維護(hù)、需要時(shí)即可檢索到的方法存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。File:

a

collection

of

related

records.文件：相關(guān)記錄的集合。Record:

a

collection

of

related

fields.記錄：一些相關(guān)字段的集合。例如，與某個(gè)雇員工資情況有關(guān)的所有字段將構(gòu)成該雇員的工資單記錄；與一個(gè)學(xué)生在校表現(xiàn)有關(guān)的所有字段將構(gòu)成該學(xué)生在校的歷史記錄。Basic

Technical

Words

and

ExpressionsField:

a

specific

item

of

information，such

as

a

name

or

Social

Security

number，in

a

record

of

a

database

file．字段：信息中的一個(gè)具體元素。例如，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)文件中一個(gè)記錄中的人名或身份證號(hào)等。Database：a

collection

of

data

that

isorganized

in

multiple

related

files．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)：被組織在多個(gè)相關(guān)文件中的數(shù)據(jù)的集合。6．6計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Computer

NetworksNetworksLocal

Area

Networks

(LANs)Wide Area

Networks

(WANs)星形網(wǎng)絡(luò)配置通常用于中央計(jì)算機(jī)包括處理來(lái)自終端的輸入所需要的全部數(shù)據(jù)的場(chǎng)合網(wǎng)絡(luò)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)A

network

topology【t

u"p

l

d

i,

t-]】is

theconfiguration,or

physical

arrangement,of

the

deviin

a

communications

network.Three

commonly

used

network

topologies

are

bus,

rinand

star.e.Computer

NetworksNetwork

ConfigurationStar

NetworkBus

NetworkRing

NetworkConnecting

NetworksBus

Network·Network

ConfigurationBus

network

A

bus

network

consists

of

a

single

central

cable,

to

wall

computers

and

other

devices

connect

.Bus

networks

are

very

popular

on

LANsbecause

they

are

inexpensive

and

easy

tinstall.

When

a

sending

device

transmitdata,

the

address

of

the

receiving

deviincluded

with

the

transmission

so

the

drouted

to

the

appropriate

receiving

devStar

NetworkStar

network

On

a

star

network,all

of

the

devices

on

the

networkconnect

to

a

central

computer,thus

forming

a

star

(see

figure

).The

central

computer

thatprovides

a

common

connection

point

for

devices

on

the

networkis

called

the

hub.

All

data

thattransfers

from

one

computer

toanother

passes

through

the

hub.Similar

to

a

bus

network,

starand

maintain.

You

can

add

andremove

computers

and

devices

toand

from

the

network

with

littleor

no

disruption

to

the

network.

On

a

star

network,

if

one

devicefails,

only

that

device

is

affected.The

other

devices

continue

tonetworks

are

fairly

easy

to

installoperate

normally.

If

the

hub

fails,however,

the

entire

network

isinoperable

until

the

hub

is

repairedMost

large

star

networks,

therefore,keep

backup

hubs

available

in

casethe

primary

hub

fails.Ring

NetworkOne

advantage

of

the

bus

networkis

you

can

attach

and

detachcomputers

and

other

devices

at

any

point

on

the

bus

withoutdisturbing

the

rest

of

thenetwork.

Another

advantage

isthat

failure

of

one

device

usuallydoes

not

affect

the

rest

of

the

bus

network.

The

transmissionsimply

bypasses

the

failed

device.The

greatest

risk

to

a

busnetwork

is

that

the

bus

itselfmight

become

inoperable.

If

thathappens,

the

network

remainsinoperative

until

the

bus

is

back

inworking

order.Ring

network

On

a

ring

network,a

cable

forms

a

closed

ring,

orloop,

with

all

computers

anddevices

arranged

along

the

ring(see

figure).5.3.2網(wǎng)絡(luò)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)（5-3）Data

transmitted

on

a

ring

network

travels

from

deviceto

device

around

the

entire

ring,

in

one

direction.

Whecomputer

sends

data,

the

date

travels

to

each

computeron

the

ring

until

it

reaches

its

destination.If

a

device

on

a

ring

network

fails,

all

devices

beforefailed

device

are

unaffected,

but

those

after

the

failedevice

cannot

function.

A

ring

network

can

span

a

largedistance

than

a

bus

network,

but

it

is

more

difficult

tinstall.The

ring

topology

primarily

is

used

for

LANs,

but

alsoused

to

connect

a

mainframe

to

a

WAN.New

Words

and

Expressions放錯(cuò)地方終端t

:min l/

n.i:gr

fik/

a.地理的fistikeitid/

a.復(fù)雜的,久經(jīng)p/

a./

m

ltidrkein/

n.多分支的,多點(diǎn)(場(chǎng)合，機(jī)會(huì)misplace

/mis

pleis/

vt.terminal

/geographic

/dsophisticated

/smultidropoccasion

/On

occasion有時(shí)，不時(shí)gateway

/

geitwei/

n.occasionally

/kei網(wǎng)關(guān)n

li/adv.

有時(shí)候，Basic

Technical

Words

and

Expressions??Network：in

data

communications，acollection

of

terminals，computers，andother

equipment

that

use

communicationschannels

to

share

data，information，hardware，and

software．網(wǎng)絡(luò)：在數(shù)據(jù)通信中，使用通信信道共享數(shù)據(jù)、信息、硬件及軟件的終端、計(jì)算機(jī)和其它設(shè)備的集合。Local

area

network（LAN）：acommunications

network

that

is

privatelyowned

and

covers

a

limited

geographicarea

such

as

an

office，a

building，or

agroup

of

buildings．局域網(wǎng)：專有的覆蓋有限地域（如一個(gè)辦公室、一個(gè)建筑物或一群建筑物）的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。Basic

Technical

Words

and

Expressions??Wide

area

network（WAN）：a

communicationsnetwork

thatcovers

a

large

geographic

area,and

use

telephoneline,

microwaves,satellites,

or

a

combination

ofcommunications

channels.廣域網(wǎng)：覆蓋較大地域，使用電話線、微波、衛(wèi)星或其組合的通信信道的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。Starnetwork:a

communicationsnetwork

thatcontains

a

central