第十二章動詞不定式(思維導圖+知識梳理+好題精煉)2022-2023初中英語中考語法歸納

第十二章動詞不定式思維導圖知識梳理一、不定式概述動詞不定式的基本形式是:“to+動詞原形”,有時可以不帶to.不帶to的不定式與動詞原形同形,但它不是原形,而是一種語法形式.除基本助動詞do和情態(tài)動詞外,英語動詞都有不定式形式.動詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化,在句子中不能作謂語,但可以擔任除謂語外的任何成分－主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語.動詞不定式和它的賓語或狀語構成不定式短語.不定式有時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化(以do為例):主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式todotobedone進行式tobedoing-完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進行式tohavebeendoing-動詞不定式的句法作用(一)作主語用作主語的動詞不定式通常表示一種具體的、特定的行為,其謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式.Toobeythelawsiseveryone'sduty.服從法律是每個人的職責.Howtousethecomputerisaquestion.怎么使用計算機是一個問題.Howtogetthereisnotdecidedyet.怎樣去那里還沒決定下來.點撥(1)在很多情況下,常用it作形式主語,而把真實主語不定式放在謂語之后.Itwasdifficulttosellmycar.我的車很難賣掉.It'snotknownwheretostayforthenight.在哪里過夜還不知道.(2)如果要表示不定式的動作是誰做的,一般在不定式前加一個for短語.Itwillbearegretforusnottohelphim.我們沒有幫助他是個遺憾.(3)在某些形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表語時,不定式前常可加一個以of引起的短語,來說明不定式指的是誰的情況.Itwouldberudeofustorefusetheirinvitation.(我們)拒絕他們的邀請,會顯得無禮.(二)作表語作表語,一般緊跟在系動詞,如:be,seem,get等后面,用以說明主語.Thequestioniswhentostart.問題是什么時候啟程.Youseemtohavelostweight.你好像減肥了.Whatwehavetodofirstistofindasolution.我們得做的第一件事是找出一個解決辦法.點撥當不定式所作的表語僅用來說明主語的內(nèi)容時,這個不定式只作單純的表語,而不具有未來的含義.(三)作賓語能以不定式作賓語的動詞很多,常見的有:agree,begin,decide,expect,forget,hope,learn,like,manage,pretend,start,try,want,wish等.Doyouwishtoseethemanager?你想見經(jīng)理嗎?TheydecidedtolearnEnglishhard.他們決定好好學英語.Don'tforgettomeetmeat6:00.別忘了六點鐘和我見面.有些動詞,如:tell,advise,show,teach,know,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,decide,discuss等后面,常用帶疑問詞的不定式作賓語.Wedon'tknowwho(whom)toask.我們不知道問誰.Weaskedhowtogettothestation.我們問怎么到達車站.Haveyoudecidedwheretogoforyourholidays?你們決定到哪兒度假了嗎?Idon'tknowwhethertoapplyforthejobornot?那份工作我不知道申請還是不申請?(四)作定語Ihavenotimetowaste.我沒有時間可浪費.Letmefindaplacetopark.我來找個停車的地方.Heisalwaysthefirsttocometoworkandthelasttoleave.他總是第一個來上班,最后一個走.點撥不定式修飾something,anything,nothing時,放在它們的后面.如果something,anything,nothing有形容詞來修飾,詞序是something(nothing...)+形容詞＋不定式.Myfatherhadsomethingtodo.我父親有事要辦.Haveyougotanythingimportanttobuy?你有什么重要的東西要買嗎?(五)作狀語不定式?？捎米鳡钫Z,修飾動詞,表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因等.一般放在被修飾詞之后,但在表示目的時,為了強調(diào)也可放在句首.1.作目的狀語為加強語氣在否定式前還可加上inorder或soas組成詞組(即:inorderto...,soasto...),作狀語表示目的.Tolivealongandhealthylife,wemustlearntohaveabalanceddiet.為了能過長壽而健康的生活,我們必須懂得吃均衡的食品.Istayedtheresoastoseewhatwouldhappen.我留在那兒,為的是想看看會發(fā)生什么事.Inordertohelphim,wewoulddoeverythingwecan.為了幫助他,我們愿意盡一切力量.2.作結(jié)果狀語表結(jié)果,其邏輯主語通常亦是全句的主語.在“so...asto...”“such...asto..“enoughto...”“onlyto...”以及“too...to...”等結(jié)構中的不定式皆表示結(jié)果.Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.她已到了可以上學的年齡了.Hewastoodrunktodrivehome.他酩酊大醉,沒法開車回家.3.作原因狀語Shetrembledtothinkoftheterribleaccident.想到那可怕的車禍,她就不寒而栗.Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.聽到這消息,我們都高興地跳了起來.(六)賓語補足語1、有很多動詞的后面都可以有不定式作賓語補足語常見的這類動詞有:advise,ask,tell,help,wish,want,expect,forbid,persuade,press,request,teach,warn等.Sheaskedhergrandfathertoplaygamewithher.她請爺爺跟她一起做游戲.Mothertoldmetocookthemeal.媽媽叫我做飯.2.有一些動詞后用作賓語補足語的不定式通常不帶to,這種動詞有兩類:一類是感覺動詞,另一類是使役動詞感覺動詞:如feel,see,hear,watch,notice等.使役動詞:如make,let,have等.Letmedoitforyou.讓我來替你做.Don'tlethergoout.別讓她出去.Imadehimworkhard.我迫使他加勁干.(1)動詞help之后,復合賓語中的不定式可帶to,亦可不帶to.在上述動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構時,其后的不定式必須帶to.Hewasseentoenterthetheatre.有人看見他走進了劇院.Iwasmadetodomyhomeworkthewholenight.我被迫整晚做作業(yè).Canyouhelpme(to)movethistable?你能幫我移動一下這張桌子嗎?(2)感官動詞的賓語補足語有兩種形式:不帶to的不定式和動詞-ing形式.IheardMeimeisinginginherroomwhenIwentpast.我路過的時候聽見梅梅在房間里唱歌.(路過的瞬間正在唱,所以用singing)WeoftenhearMeimeisinginherroom.我們經(jīng)常聽見梅梅在房間里唱歌.(經(jīng)常聽見,用不定式)Isawhimcomein.Isawhimcomingin.兩句話的意思都一樣:我看見他進來.用不定式著重于動作的全過程,用動詞-ing形式則是強調(diào)當時動作的進行情況.3.當謂語動詞為think,make,find,consider,feel,regard等詞,作賓語的不定式后面有賓語補足語時,常用it作形式賓語,而將真正的賓語放在補足語的后面IfinditeasytolearnEnglishwell.我發(fā)現(xiàn)要把英語學好很容易.三、不定式的主要句型及注意事項(一)不定式的否定式不定式的否定式:not+不定式,經(jīng)常和ask(tell)sb.todosth.句型連用.Sheaskedmenottodrivehimtothestation.她要我不要開車送他到車站.Trynottobelate.爭取不要遲到.MaryaskedmenottogivemypentoJimmy.瑪麗讓我別把筆給吉米.Shedecidednottocomehereagain.她決定不再到這兒來.點撥不定式的否定式和否定句的區(qū)別:Iaskedhimnottoopenthedoor.我讓他別把門打開.Ididn'taskhimtoopenthedoor.我沒讓他把門打開.(二)不定式的進行時態(tài)進行式:表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時正在進行.It'snicetobesittingherewithyou.在這兒陪你坐著是非常愉快的.Itisunwiseforhimtobetalkingthattopicallthetime.他老是談論這件事,很不明智.(三)不定式的完成時態(tài)完成式表示在謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時已經(jīng)完成.Shesaidshewassorrytohavemissedyou.她說她沒見到你很遺憾.Heseemedtohavevisitedourfactory.他好像參觀過我們的工廠.Theyappearedtohavemetbefore.他們看來以前見過面.(四)動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)表示被動意義Ididn'twanttobetoldaboutit.我不想被告知這件事.Nothingseemstohavebeenforgotten.似乎什么也沒有被遺忘.Thebuildingissaidtohavebeendestroyedinafiretwoyearsago.據(jù)說這幢大樓兩年前已毀于一場大火.在以某些形容詞,如kind,good,silly,honest,bad,stupid,bold,clever,cruel,courteous,nice,rude,sensible,tactful,wise,wrong等作表語時,后面需用以“of+名詞(或代詞賓格)＋不定式”結(jié)構,以說明不定式所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者是誰(即of短語是不定式的邏輯主語).It'sverygoodofyoutocome.謝謝你的光臨.Howsillyofyou(itis)tomakesuchamistake!你出了這樣的差錯,多傻?。t'sverykindofyoutosayso.多謝你這么說.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldrather...than,wouldsooner,wouldsooner...than,cannotbut,donothingbut等結(jié)構后面的不定式要省略“to”.YouhadbetterwriteitinEnglish.你最好用英文寫.Iwouldratherstayathome.我寧愿待在家里.好題精練一、用-ing形式或不定式的適當形式完成句子1.Doyouenjoy_________football?(play)2.Freddidn'thaveanymoney,sohedecided_________ajob.(take)3.We'regoingoutfordinner,Wouldyoulike_________us?(join)4.Theteacherremindedthestudents_________theirtestpaperontime.(finish)5.WhenIwastired,Ienjoyed_________TV.(watch)6.Itwasaniceday,sotheoldmanagreed_________forawalk.(go)7.I'mnotinahurry,Idon'tmind_________.(wait)答案:1.playing2.totake3.tojoin4.tofinish5.watching6.togo7.waiting二、選擇括號內(nèi)所給詞組完成句子,注意括號內(nèi)“go+v.-ing形式”構成固定搭配的用法(goboating;gofishing;godancing;gorunning;goskating;gohunting;gosinging)1.She'sagooddancer.Shealways_________onSaturday.2.I'vegotagun.I'll_________withthatstronghunternextweekend.3.“WhereisTim?”“Hehas._________Healwaysrunsinthemorning.”4.Wehaveenoughfishtoeat.Ourfather_________everyday.答案:1.goesdancing2.gohunting3.gonerunning4.goesfishing三、仿照示例改寫下列句子示例:Itisveryinterestingtoplaybaseball.→Toplaybaseballisveryinteresting.1.ltwasnotpolitetospeakthatwaybeforeMr.Lee.____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Itcanbequiteeasytotravelbyair.____________________________________________________________________________________________3.ltwillbenoproblemtoarrivetherebeforenoon.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Tomakethosestrangersbelieveuswassodifficult.____________________________________________________________________________________________5.TohelpTomspeakChinesewellisnotatalleasy.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.TospeakthatwaybeforeMr.Leewasnotpolite.2.Totravelbyaircanbequiteeasy.3.Toarrivetherebeforenoonwillbenoproblem.4.Itwassodifficulttomakethosestrangersbelieveus.5.ItisnotatalleasytohelpTom(to)speakChinesewell.四、選擇填空1._________thebookstore,hestopped_________afewbooks.A.Passing;buyingB.Passing;tobuyC.Topass;buyingD.Havingpassed;tobuy2.Bruce,lookatyourdirtyshoes,You'dbetter_________themrightnow.A.washedB.washingC.washD.towash3._________theroom,Ifoundthecomputer_________.A.Entering;stealingB.Entering;stolenC.Toenter;stealD.Toenter;stealing4.We'veworkedhardfornearlyonehour.Let'sstop_________arestnow.A.haveB.tohaveC.havingD.havehad5.Mymotheralwaystellsmenot_________tothenetbars(網(wǎng)吧)．A.goB.togoC.goesD.going6.Theteacheraskedus_________Englishforhalfanhourinthemorning.A.readsBreadingC.toreadD.read7.Youwillhavetogetupearlytomorrow.Stop_________TV,Peter.A.watchesB.watchC.towatchD.watching8.Ifindithard_________Englishwell.A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns9.TheteacheraskedJohn_________ashorttalkinourclassmeeting.A.giveB.togiveC.gaveD.giving10.Thegirlwastoopoor_________ahouseA.tobuy;toliveinB.tobuy;toliveC.buy;toliveD.buying;livingin11.Itwasverylateatnight,butMr.Brownstillwenton_________.A.worksB.workedC.workingD.work12.Remember_________himaboutitbeforehegoesaway.A.tellB.totellC.tellingD.totelling13.LinTaoisstrongenough_________thebigbox.A.carryB.tocarryC.carryingD.carries14.Hermothertoldher_________inbed.A.notreadB.nottoreadC.don'treadD.tonotread15.Whenclassbegan,westopped_________totheteachercarefully.A.listeningB.listenC.listensD.tolisten16.You'dbetter_________thecinemabybus.A.don'tgoB.togoC.togotoD.goto17.Whatdidthemanager_________youto_________atthemeeting?A.tell;sayB.ask;speakC.tell;speakD.ask;talk18.Tomwaslet_________inthegatehouse.A.waitB.towaitC.waitingD.tohavewaited19.Mr.Huhasenoughtime_________thejobintwodays.A.finishB.tofinishC.finishingD.finished20.Look,thebuilding_________isourlibrary.A.isrepairedB.beingrepairedC.repairingD.toberepairing21._________nomoney,Icouldnotbuythiscoat.A.HaveB.HavingC.TohaveD.Havehad22.Theteacherhassomethingimportant_________us.A.totellB.tellsC.tellingD.told23.LiMingdidn'tknow_________next.A.todowhatB.whattodoC.howtodoD.whatdo24.I'dlove_________toyourbirthdayparty.A.comeB.cameC.tocomeD.comes25.Ittookmetwohours_________bybus.A.togetthereB.togettothereC.getthereD.gettothere答案:1-5BCBBB6-10CDCBA11-15CBBBD16-20DABBB21-25BABCA五、改正下列句子的錯誤1.Heseemstonothearfromher.____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Ihopeseeyousoon.____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Imadethemtogivethemoneyback.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.ThescientistgaveussomeadviceonhowlearningEnglish.____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Noonenoticedhimtoleavetheroom.____________________________________________________________________________________________6.Haveyougivenuptosmoke?____________________________________________________________________________________________7.Wefoundhimwaitedattheschoolgate.____________________________________________________________________________________________8.Whynottoturnoffthelight?____________________________________________________________________________________________9.Shedidn't