2022年考研專業(yè)綜合考試真題及答案67

2022年考研專業(yè)綜合考試真題及答案

一、Cloze

1、Afewdecadesago,theworldbankingcommunityinvented

newElectronicFundsTransfer(EFT)systemstomovemoneymore

efficientlyacrosscountriesandaroundtheglobe.The[1]

benefitofsuchsystemswasto[2]thefloatofcapitalthat

wasunavailableforuse【3】checkswerebeingclearedthrough

banking[4]Today,weunderstandthatthebenefitsofelectronic

bankingarefarmore[5]thanjustreducingfloatingcash.The

entireworldofbanking【6】revolutionized.Itis[7]more

efficientandfaster,butalsomoreglobal.Andnow[8]the

Internet,EFTsystemsareincreasingly[9]withthenewworld

ofe-commerceande-trade.

[10]1997and2022,EFTvalue[11]fromlessthan$50trillion

tonearly$400trillion,morethanthe[12]economicproduct

ofallthecountriesandterritoriesoftheentireworld.These

statistics[131shouldemphasizethetrueimportanceof

transnationalEFT.Satellite,wireless,andcable-based

electronicfundtransfers[14]thehubofglobalenterprise.

Suchelectroniccashis[15]centraltotheideaofanemerging

“worldwidemind”.Withoutthesatelliteandfiber

infrastructuretosupporttheflowofelectronicfunds,the

worldeconomywouldgrindtoahalt.

(1)

A.hiding

B.getting

C.driving

D.giving

2、(2)

A.introduce

B.reduce

C.produce

D.increase

3、(3)

A.which

B.that

C.while

D.where

4、(4)

A.mechanics

B.methods

C.procedures

D.systems

5、(5)

A.extensive

B.intensive

C.profound

D.great

6、(6)

A.is

B.has

C.hasbeen

D.hadbeen

7、(7)

A.far

B.even

C.just

D.notonly

8、(8)

A.with

B.by

C.for

D.on

9、(9)

A.linked

B.integrated

C.controlled

D.joined

10、(10)

A.Between

B.In

C.From

D.Among

IK(11)

A.decreased

B.raised

C.elevated

D.soared

12、(12)

A.gross

B.accelerated

C.combined

D.collective

13、(13)

A.lonely

B.alone

C.only

D.merely

14、(14)

A.present

B.represent

C.reserve

D.comprehend

15、(15)

A.so

B.nevertheless

C.thereafter

D.therefore

二、ReadingComprehension

1、Workingatnonstandardtimes-evenings,nights,or

weekends一istakingitstollonAmericanfamilies.One-fifth

ofallemployedAmericansworkvariableorrotatingshifts,and

one-thirdworkweekends,accordingtoHarrietB.Presser,

sociologyprofessorattheUniversityofMaryland.Theresult

isstressonfamilialrelationships,whichislikelyto

continueincomingdecades.

Theconsequencesofworkingirregularhoursvaryaccordingto

gender,economiclevel,andwhetherornotchildrenare

involved.Singlemothersaremore1ikelytoworknightsand

weekendsthanmarriedmothers.Womeninclerical,sales,or

otherlow-payingjobsparticipatedisproportionatelyin

workinglateandgraveyardshifts.

Married-couplehouseholdswithchildrenareincreasingly

becomingdual-earnerhouseholds,generatingmoresplit-shift

couples.School-agedchildren,however,maybenefitfrom

parents,nonstandardworkschedulesbecauseofthegreater

likelihoodthataparentwillbehomebeforeorafterschool.

Ontheotherhand,acorrelationexistsbetweennonstandard

workschedulesandbothmaritalinstabilityandadeclinein

thequalityofmarriages.

Nonstandardworkinghoursmeanfamiliesspendlesstime

togetherfordinnerbutmoretimetogetherforbreakfast.

One-on-oneinteractionbetweenparentsandchildrenvaries,

however,basedonparent,shift,andageofchildren.Thereis

alsoagreaterrelianceonchildcarebyrelativesandby

professionalproviders.

Workingnonstandardhoursislessachoiceofemployeesand

moreamandateofemployers.Presserbelievesthattheneedfor

swingshiftsandweekendworkwillcontinuetoriseinthe

comingdecades.ShereportsthatinsomeEuropeancountries

therearesubstantialsalarypremiumsforemployeesworking

irregularhours一sometimesasmuchas50%higher.The

convenienceofhavingservicesavailable24hoursaday

continuestodrivethistrend.

Unfortunately,saysPresser,theissueisvirtuallyabsent

frompublicdiscourse.Sheemphasizestheneedforfocused

studiesoncostsandbenefitsofworkingoddhours,thephysical

andemotionalhealthofpeopleworkingnightsandweekends,and

thereasonsbehindthenecessityforworkingthesehours.

“Nonstandardworkschedulesnotonlyarehighlyprevalentamong

Americanfamiliesbutalsogeneratealevelofcomplexityin

familyfunctioningthatneedsgreaterattention,shesays.

Whichofthefollowingdemonstratesthatworkingat

nonstandardtimesistakingitstollonAmericanfamilies?

A.Stressonfamilialrelationships.

B.Rotatingshifts.

C.Evenings,nights,orweekends.

D.Itsconsequences.

2、

Whichofthefollowingisaffectedmostbyworkingirregular

hours?

A.Children.

B.Marriage.

C.Singlemothers.

D.Workingwomen.

3、

Whowouldbeinfavorofthepracticeofworkingnonstandard

hours?

A.Children.

B.Parents.

C.Employees.

D.Professionalchildproviders.

4、

Itisimpliedthattheconsequencesofnonstandardwork

schedulesare.

A.emphasized

B.absent

C.neglected

D.prevalent

5、

Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsworkingirregularhours?

A.Positive.

B.Negative.

C.Indifferent.

D.Objective.

6、Mosthumanbeingsactuallydecidebeforetheythink.When

anyhumanbeingexecutive,specializedexpert,orpersoninthe

street—encountersacomplexissueandformsanopinion,often

withinamatterofseconds,howthoroughlyhasheorshe

exploredtheimplicationsofthevariouscoursesofaction?

Answer:notverythoroughly.Veryfewpeople,nomatterhow

intelligentorexperienced,cantakeinventoryofthemany

branchingpossibilities,possibleoutcomes,sideeffects,and

undesiredconsequencesofapolicyoracourseofactionina

matterofseconds.Yet,thosewhopridethemselvesonbeing

decisiveoftentrytodojustthat.Andoncetheirbrainslock

ontoanopinion,mostoftheirthinkingthereafterconsistsof

findingsupportforit.

Averyserioussideeffectofargumentativedecisionmaking

canbealackofsupportforthechosencourseofactiononthe

partofthe"losing"faction.Whenonefactionwinsthemeeting

andtheothersseethemselvesaslosing,thebattleoften

doesn'tendwhenthemeetingends.Anger,resentment,and

jealousymayleadthemtosabotagethedecisionlater,orto

reopenthedebateatlatermeetings.

Thereisabetterway.AsphilosopherAldousHuxleysaid,“It

isn'twhoisright,butwhatisright,thatcounts.”

Thestructured-inquirymethodoffersabetteralternativeto

argumentativedecisionmakingbydebate.Withthehelpofthe

Internetandwirelesscomputertechnology,thegapbetween

expertsandexecutivesisnowbeingdramaticallyclosed.By

actuallyputtingthebrakesonthethinkingprocess,slowing

itdown,andorganizingtheflowoflogic,it'spossibleto

createalevelofclaritythatsheerargumentationcannever

match.

Thestructured-inquiryprocessintroducesalevelof

conceptualclaritybyorganizingthecontributionsofthe

experts,thenbringstheexpertsandthedecisionmakerscloser

together.Althoughitisn'tpossibleornecessaryfora

presidentorprimeministertolisteninoneveryintelligence

analysismeeting,it'spossibletoorganizetheexperts?

informationtogivethedecisionmakermuchgreaterinsightas

toitsmeaning.Thisprocessmaysomewhatresembleamarketing

focusgroup;it'sasimple,remarkablycleverwaytobring

decisionmakersclosertothesourceoftheexpertinformation

andopinionsonwhichtheymustbasetheirdecisions.

Fromthefirstparagraphwecanlearnthat.

A.executive,specializedexpert,arenomorecleverthan

personinthestreet

B.veryfewpeopledecidebeforetheythink

C.thosewhopridethemselvesonbeingdecisiveoftenfailto

doso

D.peopletendtoconsidercarefullybeforemakingdecisions

7、

Judgingfromthecontext,whatdoestheword"them”(Line4,

Para.2)referto?

A.Decisionmakers.

B.The“l(fā)osing“faction.

C.Anger,resentment,andjealousy.

D.Otherpeople.

8、

AldousHuxley，sremark(Para.3)impliesthat.

A.thereisasubtledifferencebetweenrightandwrong

B.wecannottellwhoisrightandwhatiswrong

C.whatisrightismoreimportantthanwhoisright

D.whatisrightaccountsforthequestionwhoisright

9、

Accordingtotheauthor,thefunctionofthe

structured-inquirymethodis.

A.tomakedecisionbydebate

B.toapplytheInternetandwirelesscomputertechnology

C.tobrakeonthethinkingprocess,slowingitdown

D.tocreatealevelofconceptualclarity

10、

Thestructured-inquiryprocesscanbeusefulfor.

A.decisionmakers

B.intelligenceanalysismeeting

C.theexperts'information

D.marketingfocusgroups

11、Sportisheadingforanindissolublemarriagewith

televisionandthepassivespectatorwillenjoyaprivate

paradise.Allofthiswillbeinthefutureofsport.The

spectator(thetelevisionaudience)willbethepriority({/[>

先)andprofessionalclubswillhavetoreadjusttheir

structurestoadapttothenewreality:sportasabusiness.

Thenewtechnologieswillmeanthatspectatorswillnolonger

havetowaitforbroadcastsbytheconventionalchannels.They

willbetheoneswhodecidewhattosee.Andtheywillhaveto

payforit.IntheUnitedStatesthesystemofthefuturehas

alreadystarted:pay-as-you-view.Everythingwillbeoffered

bytelevisionandthespectatorwillonlyhavetochoose.The

reviewSportsIllustratedrecentlypublishedafullprofileof

thelifeofthesupporterathomeinthemiddleofthenext

century.Itexplainedthattheconsumerswou1dbeabletoselect

theirviewofthematchonagigantic,flatscreenoccupying

thewholeofonewall,withimagesofaclaritywhichcannot

beforeseenatpresent;theycouldwatchfromthetrainer，s

bench,fromthestandsjustbehindthebatterinagameof

baseballorfromthehelmetofthestarplayerinanAmerican

footballgame.Andattheirdisposalwillbethesameoptions

theproduceroftherecordedprogrammehas:toselectreplays,

tochoosewhichcameratouseandtodecideonthesound-

whethertohearthepublic,theplayers,thetrainerandsoon.

Manysportsexecutives,largelytoooldandtooconservative

tofeelathomewiththenewtechnologies,willbelievethat

sportmustcontroltheexpansionoftelevisioncoveragein

ordertosurviveandensurethatspectatorsattendmatches.

Theydonotevenaccepttheevidencewhichcontradictstheir

view:whilethereismorebasketballthaneverontelevision,

forexample,itisalsocertainthatbasketballismorepopular

thanever.

Itisalsotheargumentofthesesportsexecutivesthat

televisionisharmingthemodestteams.Thisistrue,butthe

futureofthoseteamsisalsomodest.Theyhavereachedtheir

ceiling.Itisthelawofthemarket.Thegreatevents

continuallyattractlargeraudiences.

Theworldisbeingconstructedonnewtechnologiessothat

peoplecanmaketheutmostuseoftheirtimeand,intheirhome,

haveaccesstothegreatestpossiblerangeofrecreational

activities.Sportwillhavetoadaptitselftothenewworld.

Themostvisionaryexecutivesgofurther.Theirphilosophyis：

ratherthanseetelevisiontakeoversport,whynothavesports

takenovertelevision?

Whatdoesthewritermeanbytheuseofthephrase”an

indissolublemarriage"inthefirstparagraph?

A.Sportiscombinedwithtelevision.

B.Sportcontrolstelevision.

C.Televisiondictatessport.

D.Sportandtelevisionwillgotheirownways.

12、

Whatdoes"they"inline2,paragraph2standfor?

A.broadcasts

B.channels

C.spectators

D.technologies

13、

Howdomanysportsexecutivesfeelwiththenewtechnologies?

A.Theyaretoooldtodoanything.

B.Theyfeelillatease.

C.Theyfeelcompletelyathome.

D.Technologiescangohandinhandwithsports.

14、

Whatisgoingtobediscussedinthefollowingparagraphs?

A.Thephilosophyofvisionaryexecutives.

B.Theprocessoftelevisiontakingoversport.

C.Televisioncoverageexpansion.

D.Anexampletoshowhowsporthastakenovertelevision.

15、

Whatmightbetheappropriatetitleofthispassage?

A.Theargumentsofsportsexecutives.

B.Thephilosophyofvisionaryexecutives.

C.Sportandtelevisioninthe21century.

D.Sport：abusiness.

16、Conveniencefoodhelpscompaniesbycreatinggrowth;but

whatisitseffectonpeople?Forpeoplewhothinkcookingwas

thefoundationofcivilisation,themicrowaveisthelastenemy.

Thecommunion（共享）ofeatingtogetheriseasilybrokenbya

devicethatliberateshouseholdcitizensfromwaitingfor

mealtimes.Thefirstgreatrevolutioninthehistoryoffood

isindangerofbeingundone,Thecompanionshipofthecampfire,

cookingpotandcommontable,whichhavehelpedtobondhumans

incollaborativelivingforatleast150,000years,couldbe

destroyed.

Mealshavecertainlysufferedfromtheriseofconvenience

food.TheonlymealsregularlytakentogetherinBritainthese

daysareattheweekend,amongrichfamiliesstrugglingto

retainsomethingoftheoldsymboloftogetherness.Indeed,the

day'sfirstmealhasallbutdisappeared.Inthe20thcentury

theleisureBritishbreakfastwasunderminedbythecornflake;

inthe21stbreakfastisvanishingaltogether,avictimofthe

quickcupofcoffeeinStarbucksandthecerealbar.

Conveniencefoodhasalsomadepeopleforgethowtocook.One

oftheapparentparadoxesofmodernfoodisthat,whilethe

amountoftimespentcookingmealshasfallenfrom60minutes

adayin1980to13minutesadayin2022,thenumberofbooks

andtelevisionprogrammesoncookinghasmultiplied.But

perhapsthisisn'taparadox.Maybeitisbecausepeoplecan't

cookanymore,sotheyneedtobetoldhowtodoit.Ormaybe

itisbecausepeoplebuybooksabouthobbies一golf,

yachting—notaboutchores.Cookinghasceasedtobeachore

andhasbecomeahobby.

Althougheverybody1ivesinthekitchen,itsfacilitiesare

increasinglyfordisplayratherthanforuse.Mr.Silverstein，s

newbook,TradingUp,looksatmid-rangeconsumers>willingness

tosplashout.Hesaysthatindustrial-style.Vikingcooktpos,

withnearlytwicetheheatoutputofotherranges,havehelped

topushthe"kitchenastheatre“trendinhomegoods.Theycost

from$1,000to$9,000.Some75%ofthemareneverused.

Conveniencealsohasanimpactonthehealthiness,or

otherwise,offood.Ofcourse,thereisnothingbadabout

ready-to-eatfooditself.Youdon'tgetmuchhealthierthanan

apple,andallsupermarketssellabetter-for-yourangeof

ready-meals.Butthereisalimittothenumberofapplespeople

wanttoeat:andthesedaysitiseasierforpeopletoeatthe

kindoffoodthatmakesthemfat.

ThethreeHarvardeconomistsintheirpaperWhyhaveAmericans

becomemoreobese?pointoutthat,inthepast,ifpeoplewanted

toeatfattyhotfood,theyhadtocookit.Thattooktimeand

energy—agoodchipneedsfryingtwice,oncetocookthepotato

andoncetogetitcrispy（脆）一whichdiscouragedconsumption

ofthatsortoffood.Masspreparationoffoodtookawaythat

constraint.Nobodyhastocutanddouble-cooktheirownfries

thesedays.Whohasthetime?

Whatmightthepreviousparagraphsdealwith?

A.Therelationshipbetweenmealsandconveniencefood.

B.Theimportanceofconveniencefoodinpeople'slife.

C.Theriseofconveniencefood.

D.Thehistoryoffoodindustry.

17、

Whatistheparadoxinthethirdparagraph?

A.Peopledon，tknowhowtocook.

B.Thefacilitiesinthekitchenarenottotallyused.

C.Peoplearebecomingmoreobese,thusunhealthy.

D.Conveniencefoodactuallydoesnotsavepeopletime.

18、

Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Thebadeffectsofconveniencefood.

B.Mr.SiIverstein'snewbook.

C.People'snewhobby.

D.Disappearanceoftheoldsymboloftogetherness.

19、

WhyhaveAmericansbecomemoreobese?

A.Becauseofeatingchips.

B.Becauseofbeingbusy.

C.Becauseofbeinglazy.

D.BothBandC.

20、

Whichofthefollowingmighttheauthormostlikelyagreewith?

A.Thereisnothingbadaboutconveniencefood

B.Conveniencefoodmakespeoplelazy.

C.Conveniencefoodhelpscompaniesgrow.

D.Conveniencefoodisarevolutionincooking.

21、Highways

Earlyinthe20thcentury,mostofthestreetsandroadsin

theU.S.weremadeofdirt,brick,andcedarwoodblocks.Built

forhorse,carriage,andfoottraffic,theywereusuallypoorly

caredforandtoonarrowtoaccomrrmdate（容納）automobiles.

Withtheincreaseinautoproduction,privateturnpike（收

費大路）companiesunderlocalauthoritiesbegantospringup,

andby1921therewere387,000milesofpavedroads.Manywere

builtusingspecificationsof19thcenturyScottishengineers

ThomasTelfordandJohnMacAdam（forwhomthemacadamsurface

isnamed）,whosespecificationsstressedtheimportanceof

adequatedrainage.Beyondthat,therewerenonational

standardsforsize,weightrestrictions,orcommercialsigns.

DuringWorldWarI,roadsthroughoutthecountrywerenearly

destroyedbytheweightoftrucks.WhenGeneralEisenhower

returnedfromGermanyin1919,afterservingintheU.S.Amy's

firsttranscontinentalmotorconvoy（車隊），henoted：”Theold

convoyhadstartedmethinkingaboutgood,two-lanehighways,

butGermany,sAutobahnormotorwayhadmademeseethewisdom

ofbroaderribbonsacrosstheland.”

Itwouldtakeanotherwarbeforethefederalgovernmentwould

actonanationalhighwaysystem.DuringWorldWarII,a

tremendousincreaseintrucksandnewroadswererequired.The

wardemonstratedhowcriticalhighwaysweretothedefense

effort.Thirteenpercentofdefenseplantsreceivedalltheir

suppliesbytruck,andalmostallotherplantsshippedmorethan

halfoftheirproductsbyvehicle.Thewaralsorevealedthat

localcontrolofhighwayshadledtoaconfusingvarietyof

designstandards.Evenfederalandstatehighwaysdidnot

followbasicstandards.Somestatesallowedtrucksupto36,

000pounds,whileothersrestrictedanythingover7,000pounds.

Agovernmentstudyrecommendedanationalhighwaysystemof

33,920miles,andCongresssoonpassedtheFederal-AidHighway

Actof1944,whichcalledforStrict,centrallycontrolled

designcriteria.

Theinterstatehighwaysystemwasfinallylaunchedin1956and

hasbeenhailedasoneofthegreatestengineeringpublicworks

projectsofthecentury.Tobuildits44,000-milewebof

highways,bridges,andtunnels,hundredsofuniqueengineering

designsandsolutionshadtobeworkedout.Considerthemany

geographicfeaturesofthecountry:mountains,steepgrades,

wetland,rivers,desertsandplains.Variablesincludedthe

slopeoftheland,theabilityofthepavementtosupportthe

load,theintensityofroaduse,