2023年考研外語提分沖刺試卷9

考研外語提分沖刺試卷9

一、UseofEnglish

1Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentina

managerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobe

followed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassical

managementwriters;they(1)itasthegluethatheldan

organizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated(2)to

subordinatemanagers,(3)themcertainrightswhile

providingcertainspecifiedlimits(4)whichtooperate.

Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthattheposition

holder(5)justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority

(6)toone'spositionwithinanorganizationandignores

thepersonal(7)oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothing

directly(8)theindividual(9)flowsfromthe

positionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson(10)a

positionofauthority,heorshenolongerhasanyauthority.

Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand(11)new

holder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthority,commensurate

responsibilitymustbegiven(12).Thatis,whenoneis

giventhe"right"todosomething,onealso(13)a

corresponding，，obligation，/to(14).Allocatingauthority

(15)responsibilitycancreate(16)foraperson,and

nooneshouldbe(17)responsibleforsomething(18)

whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognized

the(19)ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In

(20),theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.

Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewas

heldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhad

beendelegated.

A.found

B.ordered

C.speculated

D.viewed

2、(2)

A.downward

B.upward

C.forward

D.backward

3、⑶

A.offer

B.conferring

C.grudging

D.giving

4、(4)

A.inside

B.within

C.off

D.outside

5、(5)

A.loves

B.likes

C.acquires

D.wants

6、(6)

A.sticks

B.tends

C.relates

D.intends

7、(7)

A.characteristics

B.features

C.particulars

D.opinions

8、⑻

A.todowith

B.concerning

C.inrelation

D.or

9、(9)

A.which

B.but

C.as

D.that

10、(10)

A.stops

B.refuses

C.leaves

D.withdraw

IK(11)

A.without

B.with

C.its

D.a

12、(12)

A.either

B.still

C.practically

D.aswell

13、(13)

A.assumes

B.takes

C.gains

D.realizes

14、(14)

A.have

B.work

C.showoff

D.perform

15、(15)

A.with

B.having

C.without

D.deprived

16、(16)

A.opportunities

B.problems

C.fun

D.enjoyment

17、(17)

A.regarded

B.taken

C.made

D.held

18、(18)

A.over

B.about

C.on

D.within

19、(19)

A.danger

B.weakness

C.importance

D.connection

20、(20)

A.that

B.sense

C.addition

D.which

二、ReadingComprehension

1PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthedisease

andthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhether

theycarrythevirusareentitledtothatfight.Butignorance

cannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowherein

theirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemight

endangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus.

Alldiseaseisanoutrage,anddiseasethataffectstheyoung

andhealthyseemsparticularlyoutrageous.Whenadisease

selectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantaged,suchas

homosexualsanddrugabusers,itseemsaninjusticebeyond

rationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmune

deficiencysyndrome.

Decentpeopleareoffendedbythisunfairnessandinthename

ofbenevolencehavebeendriventodomorallyirresponsible

thingssuchasdenyingtheunpleasantfactsofthedisease,out

ofcompassionforthevictims.Wecannotdistortthefactsto

comforttheafflictedwhensuchconfusioncompoundsthetragedy.

Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.The

percentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowill

eventuallycontractthediseaseisunknown,butthatpercentage

riseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100

potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusis

acquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown.

Wenowhaveteatsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisas

efficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestin

medicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwith

near-certaintytocarrythevirus,whetherhehasthedisease

ornot.

TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous”,asaclergyman

recentlyinpublic,isamisstatementandanimmoralact.To

statethatthetestdoesnotdirectlyindicatethepresenceof

thevirusisahalf-truththatmisleadsandanimmoralact.The

testcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirus

inbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertain

byexperts.

Everyonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisa

potentialvectorfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyand

responsibilitytopreventothersfromcontamination.Wearenot

justdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithan

essentialsteptocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorrible

asanythathasbefallenmodernman.Wemustdoeverythingin

ourpowertokeepthisstill,untreatablediseasefrombecoming

pandemic.

Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcern

forthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnota

luxuryofthefortunate,andevilactionscommittedindespair

cannotbecondemnedoutofpity.Itismorallywrongfora

healthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolved

withanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedas

safesex.

Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahigh-riskpopulationwho

refusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetests

positive.Itismorallywrongforthosewho,outofsympathy

fortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemic,asthoughwell

wishingandplatitudes（老生常談）abouttheambiguitiesofthe

diseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhile

'theycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.

Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthe

healthy.

Accordingtotheessay,whichofthefollowingstatementsis

NOTtrue?

A.ItisunknownthathowmanyAlDS-infeetedpeoplewill

eventuallygetthedisease.

B.AIDSisacontagiousdisease.

C.AIDShasbeensofar100percentdeadly.

D.Theinactiveperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquired

andAIDSdevelopsis2years.

2、

Accordingtoexperts,thetestforAIDSis.

A.100percentcertaintycorrelatedwiththepresenceofthe

virusincultures

B.ambiguousbecauseeventheythemselvesarenotcertain

C.inaccuratebecausethereareconsistentlyconfusing

results

D.notcorrelatedwiththepresenceofthevirus

3、

Whatrhetoricalpurposedoesthelastthreesentencesinthe

essayserve?

A.Restatementoftheauthor,spurposeinthewriting.

B.Concludingtheauthor'sessaybyrestatinghismain

arguments.

C.BlamingthosewhorefusetobetestedfortheAIDS.

D.EmphasizingtheimportanceofthetestfortheAIDS.

4、

Theword，，outrage，/(Sentence1,Paragraph2)mostprobably

means.

A.indignation

B.anger

C.disgrace

D.cruelty

5、

Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Theauthorassertsthatthosewhorefusetobetestedfor

AIDSarejustifiable.

B.Theauthorholdsthatthesickshouldtakethemoral

responsibilityofprotectingpublichealth.

C.Theauthorstatesthatpeopleshouldtakeprecautions

againstAIDS.

D.Theauthorthinksthatpeopleshouldcondemnthosewhoare

irresponsible.

6、Ifnationalhealthinsurancewouldnotcuretheproblems

oftheAmericanhealthcaresystem,what,then,isresponsible

forthem?Suspicionfallsheavilyonhospitals,whichmakeup

thelargestcomponentofthesystem.In1988hospitals

accountedfor39%ofallhealthexpenditures-morethandoctor,

nursinghomes,drugs,andhomehealthcarecombined.

AlthoughU.S.hospitalsprovideoutstandingresearchand

frequentlyexcellentcare,theyalsoexhibittheclassic

attributesofinsufficientorganizations:increasingcostsand

decreasinguse.Theaveragecostofahospitalstayin

1987一$3,850―wasmorethandoublethe1980cost.Acareful

governmentanalysispublishedin1987revealedtheinflation

ofhospitalcosts,overandabovegeneralpriceinflation,as

amajorfactorintheirgrowth,evenafterallowancesweremade

forincreasesinthepopulationandinintensityofcare.While

therateofincreaseforhospitalcostswas2796greaterthan

thatforallmedicalcareand163%greaterthanthatforall

othergoodsandservices,demandforhospitalservicesfellby

34%.Buthospitalsseemedobliviousofthedecline:duringthis

periodthenumberofhospitalbedsshrankonlybyabout396,

andthenumberoffull-timeemployeesgrewbymorethan240,000.

Afteryetanotherunexpectedlyhighhospital-costincrease

lastyear,onepuzzledgovernmentanalystasked:"Where'sthe

moneygoing?”Muchoftheincreaseinhospitalcosts一amounting

to$180billionfrom1965to1987—wenttoduplicatingmedical

technologyavailableinnearbyhospitalsandmaintaining

excessbeds.ModernHealthcare,aleadingjournalinthefield,

recentlynotedthat"anecdotesofhospitals,unnecessary

spendingontechnologyabound”.Medicaltechnologyisvery

expensive.Anoperatingroomoutfittedtoperform,open-heart

surgerycostshundredsofthousandsofdollars.From1982to

1989thenumberofhospitalswithopen-heart-surgery

facilitiesgrewby33%,andthemostrapidgrowthoccurredamong

smallerandmoderate-sizedhospitals.Thisgrowthwas

worrisomeforreasonsofbothcostsandquality.Underused

technologyalmostinevitablydecreasesqualityofcare.In

medicine,asineverythingelse,practicemakesperfect.For

example,mostofthehospitalswiththelowestmortalityrates

forcoronary-bypasssurgeryperform,atleastfiftytoa

hundredsuchproceduresannually,andinsomecasesmanymore;

themajorityofthosewiththehighestmortalityratesperform,

fewerthanfiftyayear.

Accordingtothepassage,theAmericanhealth-care

system.

A.isworkingsmoothly

B.isthebestsystemintheworld

C.isnotworkingefficiently

D.inonthepointofcollapses

7、

In1980,theaveragecostofahospitalstaywas_

A.$3,850,

B.lessthan$1,925

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J13

C.$1,925

D.morethan$1,925

8、

Whendemandforhospitalservicesfell,hospitals.

A.tookeffectivemeasurestoreducetheirexpenditures

B.werefullyawareofthesituationandtooksomemeasures

accordingly

C.reducedthenumberofhospitalbedssharply

D.continuedtotakeonmoreful1-timemedicalworkers

9、

Accordingtothepassage,hospitalcostswentupgreatly

mainlybecause.

A.hospitalsspentalotofmoneyunnecessarilyonmedical

technology

B.hospitalsboughttoomuchexpensiveoperatingequipment

C.hospitalsemployedtoomanyunskilledmedicalworkers

D.hospitalswereunderpoormanagement

10、

Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatifahospitaluses

itsmedicaltechnologytothefull,.

A.itwilldecreaseitsqualityoftreatment

B.itwillcertainlypushupitsexpenditures

C.itwillhaveahighmortalityratefromsurgery

D.itwillmaintainitsgoodqualityofcare

11>Climaticconditionsaredelicatelyadjustedtothe

compositionoftheEarth'satmosphere.Iftherewereachange

intheatmosphere—forexample,intherelativeproportionsof

atmosphericgases^-theclimatewouldprobablychangealso.A

slightincreaseinwatervapor,forinstance,wouldincrease

theheat-retainingcapacityoftheatmosphereandwouldlead

toariseinglobaltemperatures.Incontrast,alargeincrease

inwatervaporwouldincreasethethicknessandextentofthe

cloudlayer,reducingtheamountofsolarenergyreachingthe

Earth'ssurface.

Thelevelofcarbondioxideintheatmospherehasanimportant

effectonclimaticchange.MostoftheEarth'sincomingenergy

isshort-wavelengthradiation,whichtendstopassthrough

atmosphericcarbondioxideeasily.TheEarth,however,

reradiatesmuchofthereceivedenergyaslong-wavelength

radiation,whichcarbondioxideabsorbsandthenremitstoward

theEarth.Thisphenomenon,knownasthegreenhouseeffect,can

resultinanincreaseinthesurfacetemperatureofaplanet.

AnextremeexampleoftheeffectisshownbyVenus,aplanet

coveredbyheavycloudscomposedmostlyofcarbondioxide,

whosesurfacetemperatureshavebeenmeasuredat43012.Ifthe

carbondioxidecontentoftheatmosphereisreduced,the

temperaturefalls.Accordingtoonerespectabletheory,ifthe

atmosphericcarbondioxideconcentrationwerehalved,the

Earthwouldbecomecompletelycoveredwithice.Anotherequally

respectabletheory,however,statesthatahalvingofthe

carbondioxideconcentrationwouldleadonlytoreductionin

globaltemperaturesof312.

If,becauseofanincreaseinforestfiresorvolcanicactivity,

thecarbondioxidecontentoftheatmosphereincreased,a

warmerclimatewouldbeproduced.Plantgrowth,whichrelies

onboththewarmthandtheavailabilityofcarbondioxide,would

probablyincrease.Asaconsequence,plantswouldusemoreand

morecarbondioxide.Eventuallycarbondioxidelevelswould

diminishandtheclimate,inturn,wouldbecomecooler.With

reducedtemperaturesmanyplantswoulddie;carbondioxide

wouldtherebybereturnedtotheatmosphereandgraduallythe

temperaturewouldriseagain.Thus,ifthisprocessoccurred,

theremightbealong-termoscillationintheamountofcarbon

dioxidepresentintheatmosphere,withregulartemperature

increasesanddecreasesofasetmagnitude.

Someclimatologistsarguethattheburningoffossilfuelshas

raisedthelevelofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereandhas

causedaglobaltemperatureincreaseofatleast1℃.Buta

supposedglobaltemperatureriseof112mayinrealitybeonly

severalregionaltemperatureincreases,restrictedtoareas

wheretherearemanymeteorologicalstationsandmusedsimply

byshiftsinthepatternofatmosphericcirculation.Other

areas,forexample,theSouthernHemisphereOceanicZone,may

beexperiencinganequivalenttemperaturedecreasethatis

unrecognizedbecauseoftheshortageofmeteorological

recordingstations.

Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassagesupply

informationforanswering?

A.Whyareprojectionsoftheeffectsofchangesinwatervapor

levelsohtheclimatesoinaccurate?

B.Whatarethestepsintheprocessthattakesplaceascarbon

dioxideabsorbslong-wavelengthradiation?

C.Howmightourunderstandingofthegreenhouseeffectbe

improvediftheburningoffossilfuelsweredecreased?

D.Whatmightcauseaseriesofregularincreasesand

decreasesintheamountofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere?

12、

Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith.

A.explainingtheeffectsthattheburningoffossilfuels

mighthaveonclimate

B.illustratingtheeffectsofcarbondioxideonatmospheric

radiation

C.discussingeffectsthatchangesinthecarbondioxidelevel

intheatmospheremighthaveonclimate

D.challenginghypothesisabouttheeffectsofwatervaporand

carbondioxideonclimate

13、

Thepassagesuggeststhatalargedecreaseintheamountof

carbondioxideintheatmospherewouldresultin.

A.atleastaslightdecreaseinglobaltemperatures

B.atthemostaslightincreaseinshort-wave1engthradiation

reachingtheEarth

C.aslightlong-termincreaseinglobaltemperatures

D.alargelong-termincreaseintheamountofvolcanic

activity

14、

Thepassagesuggeststhatiftherewereaslightglobalwarming

atthepresenttime,itwouldbe.

A.difficulttomeasuretheincreaseofcarbondioxideinthe

atmospherebecauseoflocalvariationsinamounts

B.easytodemonstratetheeffectsofthewarmingonthewater

vaporintheatmosphere

C.difficulttoprovethatthewarmingwasmusedbytheburning

offossilfuels

D.easytoprovethatthewarmingwascausedbyanincrease

ofcloudcover

15、

Al1ofthefollowingcanbefoundintheauthor'sdiscussion

ofclimateexcept.

A.anindicationoftheeffectofanincreaseinwatervapor

intheatmosphere

B.acontrastbetweentwotheoriesabouttheeffectsofa

loweringofcarbondioxidelevelsintheatmosphere

C.ageneralizationabouttheefficiencyofmeteorological

recordingstations

D.hypothesisabouttherelationshipbetweenatmospheric

gasesandchangesinclimate

16、Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersare

delightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheir

grandchildren,astudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicates

thatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsofthe

youngergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy.

“Youngwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethese

days,andtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthe

pieces”,notedDr.BertramJ.Choler,abehavioralscientist

attheUniversityofChicago."Thisisoftenthestrongest

sourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmother,whohas

finishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherown1ifetolive.

Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildren,but

ontheirowntime”.

InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudied,theolderwomen

resentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrown

daughter,whooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvice,

physicalresources,affection,andcompanionshipaswellas

babysittingservices.Americansocietykeepspilingonthe

burdensforolderpeople,particularlythoseintheir50sand

60s”,Dr.Cholersaidinaninterviewhere."They'restill

workingandthey'retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenand

maybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoo

much.That'sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefaraway,to

FloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendto

theirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon'tunderstand

this,andthat'spartofwhatcreatetensionbetween

generations”.

Hehasfoundthat,contrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmay

havethought,olderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo."More

thanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillwork,andif

they'reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeep

themoccupied”,hesaid."Eachgenerationhasgottoappreciate

theuniqueneedsoftheother”,Dr.Cholerwenton."Theyounger

generationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusy,active

livesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.

Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobe

partofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationand

thattheyneedhelpandsupport

Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetween

generationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-class

familiesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplained

thattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobile

andtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremore

likelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandless

emphasisonestablishinganindependentlife.

Whatcanbeinferredfromthesentence"Sometimeslifegets

tobetoomuch”(Sentence4,Paragraph3)?

A.Olderpeopleenjoytheirlifeverymuch.

B.Toolderpeople,sometimeslifebecomesverydifficult.

C.Therearesomanythingstodothatthegrandparentscan，t

decide.

D.Toolderpeople,sometimeslifeisrewarding.

17、

Accordingtothepassage,whichstatementistrue?

A.Daughtersintheworking-classfamiliestryveryhardto

establishanindependentlife.

B.Childrenofworking-classfamiliestendtostayinthesame

geographicalareawheretheywereraised.

C.Interdependencebetweengenerationsismoreintensein

working-classfamilies.

D.Inmiddleandupper-classfamiliestherearenoproblems

withinterdependencebetweengenerations.

18、

Whatdoesthephrase"pickupthepieces'"(Sentence2,

Paragraph2)probablymean?

A.repairitemsthatgetbroken

B.pickupthechildren，sclothing

C.solvetheirproblems

D.matchthepiecestogether

19、

Accordingtothepassage,thegrowndaughtersrequiretheir

motherstodoallthefollowingEXCEPT.

A.giveadvice

B.showaffection

C.offerhelptolookaftertheirchildren

D.providefinancialaids

20、

Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe.

A.GenerationGap

B.FromtheOtherSideoftheGenerationGap

C.TheConflictBetweenGenerations

D.Grandmothers，resentment

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

AtYaleUniversity,sometenstudentsliveoffcampusina

cooperativehometheycalltheGreenHouse.(41).Late

atnight,theydrivetothestoreandquietlyjumpintoits

car-sizeddumpster,pickingoutunopenedpackagesofstill

freshfood.Theyfindmilk,eggs,breadandcookies,chocolate,

soup,vegetables,evenfrozenpizzasandsoymilk.Notonlyare

mostGreenHouseresidentsvegetarian,buttheyarealso

moderatefreegans,meaningthattheyeatmainlywhattheycan

getforfree.Thesestudents,ofcourse,aretryingtoleave

assmallan“ecologicalfootprint"aspossible.

(42).AcrossAmericaotherdevoutenvironmentaliststire

“offthegrid”,buildingshacksinthewildernesswithout

runningwaterorelectricity.Frustratedwithenvironmental

destructionandwaste,theyhaverenouncedthesystemthat

fostersandperpetuatesit.Suchasceticanti-consumerismmay

bethemostdramaticsideofenvironmentalism,anditleadsto

culturalfermentthatcansetintomotionpoliticaland

economicchange.Itspractitionersfocusonpersonalsacrifice,

hopingthattheiridealsandasceticismwillspread1ikea

religion.

(43).Ourpoliticalandeconomicsystemsaredeeply

immature.Environmentalistsneedmspendjustasmuchenergy

organizingpoliticalandeconomicenvironmentalism.Also,

old-fashionedenvironmentalismoftenassumesthatbusinessis

opposedtoenvironmentalprotection.Infact,thousandsofUS

companiesarediscovering,oftenwiththehelpofenergy

consultants,howmuchmoneytheyhavetostandfrombecoming

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L24

environmentallyefficient:savingenergyandrecyclingwithin

industry.TherecentbookNaturalCapitalism:CreatingtheNext

IndustrialRevolutionbyPaulHawkenetalnowtranslatedinto

Chinese,shouldgetsomeofthecreditforbringingaboutthis

transformationinattitudes.

Paradoxically,theUSisboththebirthplaceofglobal

environmentalismandtheworld'sbiggestenvironmentalspender.

Romanticism,theEuropeanandAmericanliteraryandartistic

movementthatfoundGodinthewilderness,hadastronglong

termimpactonAmericanthinking,startinginthemiddlethird

ofthe19thcentury.Inparticular,renewedattentiontothe

essaysofHenryDavidThoreau(1817-62)helpedlaunchmodern

environmentalismacenturyafterhisdeath.(44).Whythe

discrepancy?

Mostenvironmentaldamagecannotbeboileddowntothechoices

madebyindividuals.Mostenvironmentaldamagecannotbeboiled

downtothechoicesmadebyindividuals.Rather,individuals

arelockedintoasysteminwhichheavyindustrycommitsthe

majorityofecologicalcrimes,buttressedbyaneconomicsystem

thatsquandersnaturalresources.Thegovernmentgivesaway

miningrightsandopenspublicforeststologgerspractically

forfree一andbigbusinessspendsmillionsofdollarstomake

surepoliticianskeepondoingso.(45).Formany

environmentalproblems,thesolutionisorganizedpolitical

pressureandentrepreneurialinnovati