2023年考研外語命題趨勢(shì)權(quán)威預(yù)測(cè)試卷11

考研外語命題趨勢(shì)權(quán)威預(yù)測(cè)試卷11

一、UseofEnglish

1>Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,

beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.In

this(1),everygrouphasaculture,howeverun-developed

oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsic

superiorityofoneculture(2)another,justastothe

professionallinguistthereisnointrinsic(3)_____amongthe

differentlanguages.

Peopleonce(4)thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,

undeveloped(5)ofspeech,consistinglargelyofgrunts

andgroans.(6)itispossiblethatlanguage(7)

beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablished

bythestudyof“backward"languages(8)nospokentongue

answersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof(9)

groupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremely(10),

delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransfer

ofideas.They(11)behindourWesternlanguagesnotin

theirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusually

arefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,(12)onlyin

theirvocabularies,whichreflecttheirspeakers'social

(13).

Eveninthisdepartment,(14),twothingsaretobenoted:

1)Alllanguagesseemto(15)themachineryforvocabulary-

expansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyin

existence(16)byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesand

adaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2)Theobjectsandactivities

requiringnamesand(17)in“backward“l(fā)anguages,while

differentfromours,areoften(18)numerousand

complicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetween

twodegreesofremoteness("this"and"that");somelanguages

oftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatiscloseto

thespeakerortotheperson(19)andwhatisremovedfrom

both,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,(20)anewlightuponthe

claimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewed

independently,andwithoutideasofrank.

A.perspective

B.sense

C.dimension

D.manner

2、(2)

A.to

B.upon

C.over

D.off

3、⑶

A.entitlement

B.contradiction

C.discrepancy

D.hierarchy

4、(4)

A.envisaged

B.viewed

C.assessed

D.integrated

5、⑸

A.forms

B.patterns

C.shapes

D.symbols

6、(6)

A.Since

3

B.While

C.Although

D.Unless

7、(7)

A.onaverage

B.atlength

C.bycontrast

D.ingeneral

8、(8)

A.what

B.when

C.which

D.that

9、(9)

A.illiterate

B.uncultured

C.misguided

D.disadvantaged

10、(10)

A.complex

B.lofty

C.redundant

4

D.rigorous

IK(11)

A.rip

B.surge

C.lag

D.leap

12、(12)

A.ratherthan

B.but

C.lessthan

D.and

13、(13)

A.orders

B.rituals

C.sectors

D.staples

14、(14)

A.therefore

B.however

C.indeed

D.hence

15、(15)

5

A.operate

B.possess

C.strive

D.invade

16、(16)

A.but

B.butrather

C.or

D.orelse

17、(17)

A.discriminations

B.distinctions

C.distortions

D.dispositions

18、(18)

A.surprisingly

B.illogically

C.improbably

D.invariably

19、(19)

A.remarked

B.said

6

C.addressed

D.talked

20、(20)

A.presents

B.offers

C.gives

D.sheds

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Penny-pinchingconsumersandfiercepricewarsarebadnewsfor

thetravelindustry.Bad,thatis,foreveryoneexceptthe

boomingonlinetravelgiants.Considerthesharpreboundof

suchon-1ineplayersasTravelocityandExpedia.Whilethey

sufferedinthewakeoftheSeptember11thterroristattacks,

withbookingsoffasmuchas70%intheweeksthatfollowed,

businesshassnappedback."Thespeedwithwhichthose

businessesbouncedbacksurprisedeventhepeoplemostbullish

aboutthesector,“saysMitchellJ.Rubin,amoneymanagerat

NewYork-basedBaronCapital,aninvestorinon-linetravel

stocks.

Thetravelindustry，spainisoftentheon-lineindustry;sgain,

assupplierspushmorediscountedairlineseatsandhotelrooms

towinbackcustomers.Andmanyofthosedealsareavailable

onlyondine.Atthesametime,on-lineagenciesrelyprimarily

onleisuretravelers,wheretraffichasreboundedmorequickly

thanonthebusinessside.

Thetwobiggestplayers,TravelocityCom.Inc.andExpediaInc.,

arelockedincombatforthetopspot.Bothsoldsome$3billion

worthoftravellastyear,thoughExpediatoppedTravelocity

inthefourthquarteringrossbookings.Andthanksinpartto

agreateremphasisonwholesaledealswithsuppliers,Expedia

ismoreprofitable.ForthequarterendedinDecember,Expedia

posteditsfirstnetprofit,$5.2million,evenwithnoncash

andnonrecurringcharges,comparedwithTravelocity's$25

millionloss.

Theairlines'latestcostcuttingmovesmayonlyspurthe

on-linestampede.Majorcarriersareeliminatingtravelagent

commissionsintheU.S.Thatcouldleadtogrowingservice

chargesforconsumersattraditionalagencies,drivingstill

moretravelerstotheWeb.JupiterMediaMetrixispredicting

thatonlinetravelsalesintheU.S.willjump29%0,to$31

billionthisyear,andto$50billionby2022.Abouthalfof

thatisfromairlines'andothersuppliers'ownWebsites,but

thatstillleavesplentyofroomfortheonlineagents.

Thisgrowingmarketisdrawingplentyofcompetitionandnew

players.HotelandcarrentalfranchiserCendantCorp,snapped

upCheapTicketslastOctober.BarryDiller'sU.S.ANetworks

Inc.boughtacontrollingstakeinExpedia.Andagroupof

hotels,includingHiltonHotelsandHyattCorp.,arelaunching

theirownbusinessthissummertomarkethotelroomsontheNet.

Isthefieldtoocrowded?Analystsandon-lineagenciesaren't

worried,figuringthatthere'splentyofnewbusinesstogo

around.But,fornow,theclearwinnersareconsumers,whocan

countonfindingbetterservicesandbetterdealsonline.

Wecanlearnfromthebeginningthatthecompetitioninthe

travelindustryrevolveschieflyaround

A.suppliersmarkets.

B.pricebattles.

C.travelstocks.

D.onlineservices.

2、

Whobenefitedthemostfromthecompetitionamongtravel

agencies?

A.Consumers.

B.On-lineagencies.

C.Airliners.

D.Traditionalagencies.

3、

ItcaninferredfromParagraph4thatairlines5cost-cutting

moves

A.willbeofgreatbenefittoagentcommissions.

B.areintendedtocatertotheneedsofconsumers.

C.willhelpplentyofnewbusinesstogoaround.

D.mighthaveaffectedthegainofon-lineagencies.

4、

Thewordz/bullishz/(Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto

A.skeptical.

B.doubtful.

C.optimistic.

D.shocked.

5、

WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?

A.On-linetravelagentsareindispensabletotravelers.

B.Onlinetravelservicesarelikelytotakewing.

C.Theadventofon-lineplayerswillhurtconsumers.

D.Consumersaredeniedtherighttocancelbookings.

6、ImaginetheU.S.economicgainsofthe1990s,andwhatcomes

tomind?Perhapsitwashowthestockmarketruled:Al1those

initialpublicofferingsthatrakedinunprecedentedbillions

forventurecapitalists.

Andwasn'titagreattimetobeatopmanager,withproductivity

gainsboostingthebottomlineandignitingexecutivepay?

Whileitwasgoingon,venturecapitalistL.JohnDoerrcalled

theboomthelargestsinglelegalcreationofwealthin

history.”

Well,yesandno.Withtherecessionapparentlyover,it'snow

possibletomakeamorerealisticassessmentoftheentire

businesscycleofthe1990s:Thesluggishrecoverythatstarted

inMarch,1991,theextraordinaryboom,thetechbust,andthe

downturnof2022.Andguesswhat?Alotofthingshappenedthat

defytheconventionalbeliefsaboutthedecade.

Overthis10-yearperiod,productivityroseata2.2%annual

rate,roughlyhalfapercentagepointfasterthaninthe

1980s一asignificantgain.Buttherealstunneristhis:The

biggestwinnersfromthefasterproductivitygrowthofthe

1990swereworkers,notinvestors.Inmanyways,themost

tangiblesignofworkergainsinthe1990swasthehome-buying

boom.Thisrevelationhelpsusunderstandwhyconsumerspending

stayedsostrongintherecessionandwhybusinessesmaystill

struggleinthemonthsahead.

Bycontrast,thereturnonthestockmarketinthe1990s

businesscyclewasactuallylowerthanitwasinthebusiness

cycleofthe80s.Adjustedforinflationandincluding

dividends,averageannualreturnsontheS&P-500indexfrom

March,1991,totheendof2022were11.1%,comparedwith12.8%

inthepreviousbusinesscycle.

Overall,BusinessWeekcalculatesthatU.S.workersreceived

99%ofthegainsfromfasterproductivitygrowthinthe1990s

atnonfinancialcorporations.Corporateprofitsdidrise

sharply,butmuchofthatgainwasfueledbylowerinterest

ratesratherthanincreasedproductivity.

Whydidworkersfaresowellinthe1990s?Theeducationlevel

ofmanyAmericansmadeanimpressiveleapinthe'90s,putting

theminabetterpositiontoqualifyforthesortsofjobsthat

theNewEconomycreated.Lowunemploymentratesdroveupwages.

AndatorrentofforeignmoneycomingintotheU.S.creatednew

jobsandfinancedproductivity-enhancingequipmentinvestment.

Asitturnsout,theoriginalperceptionsofwhobenefitedmost

fromtheproductivitygainsofthe1990swasflippedonitshead.

Lookingahead,theeconomicpieisgrowingbiggerallthetime,

butit'sstillupforgrabswhowillgetthelargestpiecein

thefuture.Andintheend,that'sthereallessonofthe1990s.

Accordingtothewriter,theoriginalnotiononthe

productivitygainsofthe1990sturnsouttobe

A.somewhatsuperficial,

B.quitetrustworthy.

C.rathermisleading.

D.veryilluminating.

7、

JohnDoerrcalledtheboominthe1990sthez，largestsingle

legalcreationofwealth"because

A.corporateprofitsweremostlygainedbylowerinterest

rates.

B.productivityroseata2.2%annualrateoverthis10year

period.

C.consumerspendingstayedsostrongevenintherecession.

D.manyworkerswerequalifiedforthesortsofjobsin

production.

8、

Whenmentioning"averageannualreturns，/(Paragraph5),the

authoristalkingabout

A.homebuying,

B.stockmarket.

C.ventureinvestment.

D.jobmarket.

9、

Asstatedinthetext,thosewhograbbed“thelargestpiece”

inthe"economicpie"inthe1990swere

A.venturecapitalistswhoreapedrewards.

B.investorsengagedinthetech-sector.

C.workersinnonfinancialcorporations.

D.shareholdersinthestockmarket.

10、

Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthistextis

A.tohighlighttherolethestockmarketplaysin

productivitygains.

B.toexplainwhyworkersandexecutivesgetonsowellinthe

1990s.

C.tocomparetheeconomiccycleinthe1990swiththatinthe

1980s.

D.toexaminetheNewEconomyinthe1990sfromanew

perspective.

11、Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgo,FIFAPresident

JosephS.BlotterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.Thechief

oftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupSoccerhasn,t

beenaccusedofgropinganyinterns,butthat'saboutallhe

hasn'tbeenaccusedof.Votebuying,mismanagement,

cronyism-andthat,sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-yearoldSwiss

showsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-year

term.

Blatter,ageekofdispensingFIFA，shundredsofmillionin

annualrevenuetoinspireloyalty,evenstandsagoodchance

ofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-March,hehasseen

acrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatou,presidentofthe

AfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatou,a55-year-oldfrom

Cameroon,leadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludes

FIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohansson,aSwedewholostthe

presidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders，

mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlack

ofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster.

Representativesoftheworld(s204nationalsoccer

associationsmeetinSeoulonMay29,andtherebelsaregiven

achanceofunseatingBlatter.Buteventheyconcedethatthe

FIFAhonchowon，tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter'sstayingpower

seemsincredible,giventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohim

andhiscircle.However,therearesignsthatFIFA'stroubles

arebiggerthanBlatterissaying.

Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:Theypersuadedthe

restoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.

ButBlatter一whoclaims,throughaspokesman,thatthe

accusationsareasmearcampaign一shouldnotbeunderestimated.

Atleastpublicly,sponsorsandmemberassociationsremain

remarkablysilentwiththecontroversy.Forexample,thereis

nooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmaker

Adidas-Salomon,whichisspendingmuchofits$625million

marketingbudgetontheWorldCup."Wedon'texpectcurrent

developmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonour

expectations"fortheWorldCup,saysMichaelRiehl,Adidas

headofglobalsportsmarketing.

Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon'tcareaboutFIFA

politics.SaysBerndSchiphorst,presidentofHerthaBSCBerlin,

atop-rankedGermanteam:"I'venofearthatallthese

discussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent."Still,theOlympic

briberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFrance

showthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathletic

spectacle."FortheGoodoftheGame"isFIFA,sofficialmotto.

Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue.

Thewriter,sattitudetowardFIFAPresidentBlatterseemsto

bethatof

A.slightsupport.

B.highappreciation.

C.strongcontempt.

D.reservedconsent.

12、

ThecontendersasmentionedinthetextcriticizedBlatterfor

his.

A.mismanagementofFIFAfinances.

B.incrediblestayingpower.

C.negativeimpactontheirexpectations.

D.globalsportsmarketing.

13、

Bymentioning"thedopingaffairintheTourdeFrance”,the

authoristalkingabout

A.FIFApolitics.

B.sportsscandals.

C.FIFAfinances.

D.fans'wisdom.

14、

TheviewsofMichaelRiehlandBerndSchiphorstonsports

scandalsare.

A.identical.

B.complementary.

C.opposite.

D.similar.

15、

Itcanbesafelyconcludedfromthetextthat.

A.sportsscandalsareinevitableforthesakeofcompetition.

B.therebelswhoputBlatterunderfirewillhavehimby

throat.

C.allaccusationsagainstBlatterwillendupwithfailures.

D.therebelscoulddiscourageBlatter(sbidforanewterm.

16、PresidentBushtakestothebullypulpittodeliverastern

lecturetoAmerica'sbusinesselite.TheJusticeDept,stuns

theaccountingprofessionbyfilingacriminalindictmentof

ArthurAndersenLLPfordestroyingdocumentsrelatedtoits

auditsofEnronCorp.OnCapitolHill,somecongressional

panelspushonwithbiasedhearingsonEnron'scollapseand,

now,anotherbustedNewEconomystar,telecom,sGlobalCrossing.

Lawmakerssignontonewbillsaimedattighteningoversight

ofeverythingfrompensionsandaccountingtoexecutivepay.

Toanyspectators,itwouldbeeasytoconcludethatthewinds

ofchangearesweepingCorporateAmerica,ledbyGeorgeW.Bush,

whoranas“areformerwithresult."Butfarfromdeconstructing

thecorporateworldbrickbybrickintosomethingcleaner,

sparer,andstronger,Bushaidesandmanylegislatorsare

preparingmodestlegislativeandadministrativereforms.

Insteadofanoverhaul,Bush'steamiscountingonitsenforcers,

JusticeandanewlyempoweredSecurities&Exchange

Commission,tomakeexamplesofthemostegregiousoffenders.

Theideaisthatbusinesswillquicklygetthemessageandclean

upitsownact.

Whywon'ttheoutragedrhetoricresultinmorechanges?For

starters,theBushAdministrationwarnsthatanyrushto

legislatecorporatebehavior,couldproducearaftofflawed

billsthatraisecostswithouthaltingabuses.Businesshas

striventodrivethepointhomewithanintenselobbyingblitz

thathasconvincedmanylawmakersthatover-regulationcould

startlethestockmarketandperhapsendangerthenascent

economicrecovery.

AllthissetsthestageforWashingtontogetbusywith

predictablymodestresults.Asurgeofcautionissweeping

would-bereformersontheHill."Theyknowtheydon，twantto

makeabigmistake,“saysJerryJ.Jasinowski,presidentofthe

NationalAssociationofManufacturers.Thatgo-slowapproach

suitstheWhiteHouse.AidessaythePresident,while

personallydisgustedbyEnron，sselloutofitspensioners,is

reluctanttoembracenewsanctionsthatfrustrateeven

law-abidingcorporationsandcreatealitigationbonanzafor

triallawyers.Instead,theWhiteHousewillpushfornarrowly-

targetedaction,mostofitcarriedoutbytheSEC,theTreasury

Dept.,andtheLaborDept.Therightoutcome,Treasury

SecretaryPaulH.O'NeillsaidonMar.15,“dependsonthe

Congressnotlegislatingthingsthatareoverthetop.”

ToO'NeillandBush,thatmeansenforcingcurrentlawsbefore

passingtoomanynewones.Nowhereisthatstanceclearerthan

intheAndersenindictment.SotheBushAdministrationleftthe

decisiontoJusticeDept,prosecutorsratherthanWhiteHouse

politicaloperativesortheirreformistfellowsattheSEC.

Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat

A.theJusticeDepartmentseizedontheplightofEnron，s

workers.

B.theWhiteHouserecognizedthatstrictercontrolisa

politicalmust.

C.ThePresidentwasdeterminedtoturnareformedAndersen

intoamodel.

D.theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytotheAndersen's

scandal.

17、

By"outragedrhetoric”(Paragraph3),theauthoristalking

about

A.anintenselobbyblitzshownincorporatebehavior.

B.theindignationdisplayedbysomecongressmen.

C.adecisionleftuptoJusticeDept,prosecutors.

D.themessageembodiedinthePresident'sactions.

18、

ItseemsthatthePresident,infaceofthepresentsituation,

A.mustembracenewsanctions.

B.shouldavoidlawenforcement.

C.maybecaughtinadilemma.

D.canstopdeliveringlectures.

19、

Theconclusioncanbedrawnfromthetextthatinthewakeof

Andersen%scandal,thegovernment

A.maymakeonlymodestchange.

B.willtakedrasticcountermeasures.

C.willadoptcorporaterestructuring.

D.willinvestigateEnron,scollapse.

20、

Whattheauthorwantstosuggestmaybebestinterpretedas

A.Crimedoesn，tpay.

B.Hastemakeswaste.

C.Lookbeforeyouleap.

D.Likefather,likeson.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C^D、E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

LastyearFrenchdriverskilledfewerthan5,000peopleonthe

roadsforthefirsttimeindecades.Creditgoeslargelytothe

1,000automatedradarcamerasplantedonthenation，shighways

since2022,whichexpertsreckonsaved3,000liveslastyear.

(41).

Soitgoeswithsurveillancethesedays.Europeansusedtolook

atthesecuritycameraspostedinBritishcities,subwaysand

busesastheseedsofanOrwellianworldthatwaslargely

unacceptableinContinentalEurope.Butlastyear'sLondon

bombings,inwhichvideocamerasplayedakeyrolein

identifyingtheperpetrators,havehelpedspuraseachange.

(42).InaBritishpoll,73percentofrespondentssaid

theywerereadytogiveupsomecivillibertiestoimprove

security.

Europe'spoliticiansarenowlessconcernedwithprivacythan

withappearingtobesoftonterrorism.InDecember,lawmakers

inBrusselspassedEuropewidelegislationthatpermitspolice

toinvestigatethroughcell-phoneandInternetdata.Theyare

requiringcell-phonecompaniestoretaincallinginformation,

suchasthetimeofcalls,towhomtheyweremadeandthe

locationofthecell-phoneholder;shouldaterroristattack

takeplace,copswanttobeabletotrackcallersbeforeand

aftertheevent.Telecomswillberequiredtoretainthis

informationforbetweensixmonthsandtwoyears.

(43).Theinformationcouldallowauthoritiesto

identifyperpetratorsafterthefact,asinLondon,orshowpart

ofanattacktakingplace,asinMadrid.Thelawalsoopensup

mobile-phoneandInternetrecords,aswellaspreviously

confidentialcustomertravelandshippinginformation,to

scrutinybyauthoritiestrackingsuspiciousindividuals.And

itrequirescybercafecomputeruserstoprovideanIDdocument

whosenumberisrecordedandlinkedtothecomputerusedand

timeofday.

EvenAmsterdam,acitylegendaryforitsliberalattitudes,is

spendingmillionstoincreasevideosurveillanceofpublic

transport.CamerasnowwatchplacesliketheElTawheedmosque.

Italyspends$275millionayearontelephoneinterceptsand

conductsanastounding172judicialinterceptsorwiretapsper

100,000inhabitants.

(44).Asidefromtheprivacyimplications,somesecurity

expertswarnthatallthisnewinformationmayoverwhelmcops.

Computerprogramsthatflagsuspiciousdatastillrequirehuman

intervention.

What'sthenextstepinthissurveillanceculture?(45).

Fightingterrorisonerationaleforthesystem,butona

day-to-daybasisitwillcomeinmosthandyasawayofchecking

thatdriversareinsuredandhavenooutstandingviolationsor

warrants.ThatpointsoutonepotentialproblemStudieshave

shownthatsurveillanceisgoodforpreventingassaultsontaxi

driversandotherpettyincidents,buthaslittleeffecton

majorcrime.Ifthisprovestobethecasewithterrorism,

Europeansmayonedaygrowtiredofbeingwatched.

A.Bytheendoftheyear,Britishauthoritieswillbegin

sendinglicense-plateinformationfromthousandsofroadside

camerastoanewcentraldatabase,aswellastopoliceandM.I.6.

B.Europeansusedtoworrythattoinstallcamerasinthepublic

areasmaydestroyindividualprivacy.

C.AmonthaftertheLondonattacks,halfofGermanssupported

EU-wideplanstorequireInternetprovidersandtelecomsto

storealle-mail,Internetandphonedatafor“anti-terror”

purposes.

D.Success,ofcourse,breedssuccess:thegovernmentplansto

install500moreradardevicesthisyear.

E.Terrorismnowadaysbecomesacommonconcernthroughoutthe

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Roughly30mpeop