2023年考研外語沖刺試卷11

考研外語沖刺試卷11

一、UseofEnglish

1、Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticular

stereotype.Theclassic(1)ofawriter,forexample,is

(2)aslightlycrazy-lookingperson,(3)inanattic,

writingawayfuriouslyfordays(4)end.Naturally,hehas

hisfavoritepenandnote-paper,orabeat-uptypewriter,

(5)whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword.

Nowadays,weknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle(6)to

reality.Butaretheycompletely(7)?Inthecaseofat

leastonewriter,itwouldseemnot.DameMurielSpark,who

(8)80inFebruary,inmanywaysresemblesthis

stereotypical"writer”.Sheiscertainlynot(9),andshe

doesn'tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular(10)

thetoolsofhertrade.

Sheinsistsonwritingwitha(11)typeofpeninacertain

typeofnotebook,whichshebuysfromacertainstationerin

EdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infact,so(12)isshethat,

ifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby(13),sheimmediately

throwsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe(14)enormous

difficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan(15)sold

byJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea(16),astheshopno

longerstocksthem,(17)DameMurieTssupplyof72

spiralboundisnearly(18).

Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterials,Muriel

Spark(19)oneothercharacteristicwiththe

stereotypical"writer”:herworkisthemost(20)thing

inherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costherold

friendsandmadehernewones,anddrivenherfromLondonto

NewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceof

Tuscanywithafriend.

A.drawing

B.image

C.description

D.illustration

2、(2)

A.of

B.about

C.for

D.like

3、(3)

A.locks

B.lock

C.locked

D.locking

4、(4)

A.to

B.on

C.for

D.at

5、(5)

A.except

B.besides

C.with

D.without

6、(6)

A.witness

B.testimony

C.relationship

D.resemblance

7、⑺

A.false

B.stupid

C.true

3

D.faithful

8、(8)

A.aged

B.grew

C.turned

D.entered

9、(9)

A.enthusiastic

B.emotional

C.furious

D.crazy

10、(10)

A.with

B.about

C.to

D.of

IK(11)

A.certain

B.typical

C.strange

D.peculiar

12、(12)

4

A.incredible

B.susceptible

C.superstitious

D.suspicious

13、(13)

A.mistake

B.error

C.accidence

D.chance

14、(14)

A.has

B.hashad

C.willhave

D.wouldhave

15、(15)

A.those

B.these

C.them

D.they

16、(16)

A.defect

B.problem

5

C.merit

D.virtue

17、(17)

A.so

B.therefore

C.and

D.thus

18、(18)

A.completed

B.finished

C.stopped

D.halted

19、(19)

A.possess

B.have

C.hold

D.share

20、(20)

A.important

B.urgent

C.interesting

D.pleasant

6

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessful,certainlythemost

flamboyant,SecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmodern

times.WhenhewasappointedinthelateI960,s,therewereno

AmericantieswithCommunistChina,VietnamandBerlinseemed

readytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwar,and

Russiawasseenas“theenemy”.

Butallthishaschanged,andHenryKissingercausedmuchof

thechange;in1971,hemadehisfirsttriptoChina,atrip

thatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnited

StatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiacloser

togetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled“detente”,

literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaysto

talkandtobringtogether.Withthesetwopolicies,Kissinger

didmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossible

Russia-Americanfriction.

In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.Herehewasableto

beginU.S.relationswithEgypt.Heusedhiscontactlaterto

beginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttle

diplomacy”.Forninety-ninedays,he"shuttled“backandforth

onflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkouta

step-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.

Hiswit,hiscarefulapproachtodetail,andhispresencemade

“shuttlediplomacy"work.Itwastheonlysuccessfulapproach

toMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsrael

wasfounded.

AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.

Thoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsigned,

KissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshad

alreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenth

reductioninnucleararms,amajoraccomplishmentbyany

standard,evenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditions

andlimitationsincludedinthetreaty.

EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnam

War,Kissinger'sfinaldaysinofficewereaffected,aswasthe

entireexecutivebranchinonewayoranother,bythescandals

oftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger'scriticspointtohisrole

inplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficials

andtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed“approachtosetting

foreignpolicy.ButKissinger,duringthelastfewmonthsof

theNixonpresidency,limitedtheeffectsofAmericandomestic

problemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddle

East.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.

Historywilldecideinthefinalview,asKissinger一andmany

presidents一oftensaid,onthevalueofhisservice.Whatever

theydecide,whetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsidered

wiseorfoolish,hehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficult

tomatch.

Notes:workout制定。spellout清晰地說明。wiretap竊聽（電

話）。scandal丑聞。

Accordingtothecontext,theword"flamboyant“mostlikely

means.

A.notorious.

B.ambiguous.

C.showy.

D.arbitrary.

2、

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphofthetextthat

A.shuttlediplomacyseriouslyaffectedtheSALTtreaty.

B.WatergatescandalsmadeKissingerineffective.

C.someofthethingsKissingerinitiatedarestillbeing

workedout.

D.Kissingerisanoutstandingpoliticianbutunabletocope

withdomesticaffairs.

3、

Thetextdoesnotdirectlysay,butimpliesthatKissinger

A.sufferedaseriesofdefeatswhilebeinginoffice.

B.significantlyalteredthedirectionofinternational

relationships.

C.wasunsuccessfulinbringingaboutpeaceintheMiddleEast.

D.playedamoreimportantrolethanthepresidentduringthe

Nixonadministration.

4、

Themainideaofthetextisthat.

A.Kissingerhelpedsmoothovermanyconflictsintheworld.

B.astheSecretaryofState,Kissingerwasveryinfluential

inAmericanforeignpolicy.

C.alotofinternationalconflictswouldnothavebeen

resolvedwithoutKissinger，seffort.

D.KissingerdidmuchtoendthecoldwarwiththeCommunist

World.

5、

Theauthor;stoneinthetextmaybestbesummarizedasthat

of.

A.objectivity.

B.suspicion.

C.sympathy.

D.admiration.

6、Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroups,twonational

scienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatban

classroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNational

AssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScience

TeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryand

secondaryschoolsand,inturn,discouragestudentsfrom

mishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefair

projects.

Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhigh

schoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricular

projects.BarbaraOrlans,PresidentoftheScientists'Center

forAnimalWelfare,saidthatstudentshavebeenperforming

surgeryatrandom,testingknownpoisonoussubstances,and

runningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithouteven

knowingnormalphysiology.

Atonesciencefair,astudentcutoffthelegandtailofa

lizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerate,she

said.Inanothercase,astudentboundsparrows,starvedthem

andobservedtheirbehavior.

“Theamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifying”,Orlanssaid.

Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedover

theteachers'policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated.

“TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrlans”,said

ThurmanGrafton,whoheadstherulescommitteeforthe

InternationalScienceandEngineeringFair."Backyardtabletop

surgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateron

students'inquisitiveness”,hesaid.

Graftonsaidhewouldn'tdenythattherehasn'tbeenanimal

abuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfair,butheadded

thatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjured

animals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocaland

regionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththe

internationalfair,srulesthatstresspropercareofanimals,

Graftonsaid.

Hesaidthatseveralyearsago,theWestinghouseScienceTalent

Searchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsors

threatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroups

lobbiedforchange.

Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposed

legislation—instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork—that

wou1drestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals.

Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon't

knowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.Onthe

onehand,manybiologyteachersarenottrainedintheproper

careofanimals,saidWayneMoyer,executivedirectorofthe

biologyteachers'association.Ontheother,theuseofanimals

inexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschool

budgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetter

animalcaretoitsmembers.

Notes:

pathology病理學(xué)。lizard蜥蜴。tabletop桌面。short-tempered

脾氣急躁的。lobbyfor游說支持。fendoff躲開。

Thetitlewhichbestexpressesthecontentofthetextis,

A.ScienceTeacherstoBanTestingHarmfultoAnimals.

B.Teachers,PolicyChangeinExperimentonAnimals.

C.TheNewPoliciesofBanningHarmfulExperimentstoAnimals.

D.TheImportanceofProhibitingHarmfulExperimentson

Animals.

7、

Accordingtothetext,animalwelfaregroupshavesucceeded

in.

A.stoppingallanimalabuseinschools.

B.establishingguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperiments

harminganimals.

C.protectinganimalsfrombeingexperimentedwithin

extracurricularprojects.

D.persuadingtwonationalscienceteachersassociationsto

adoptananimalprotectionpolicy.

8、

ThurmanGraftonsuggeststhat.

A.animalabuseishorribleandshouldbeterminated.

B.theteachershavebeencompelledtodoallanimal

experiments.

C.prohibitionofexperimentsonanimalswilldiscourage

studentsfrombeingcurious.

D.theinternationalscienceandEngineeringFairwillcease

tooperatebecauseofthenewpolicies.

9、

Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthattheteachersbanharmful

experimentstoanimalsinorderto.

A.maintainecologicalbalance.

B.pleaseanimalwelfaregroups.

C.getfinancialsupportfromtheirsponsors.

D.protectnecessaryharmlessexperimentsonanimals.

10、

Itissuggestedtowardtheendofthetextthat.

A.theseriousnessofanimalabuseintheclassroomisunknown.

B.trainingteachersinanimalcaremaycontributetoreducing

animalabuse.

C.feweranimalshavebeenusedinexperimentsinrecentyears.

D.manybiologyteachersarenottrainedinpropercareof

animal.

11、AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-larger

GNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialism,whichbecameasacred

obligationforallJapanesegovernments,businessesandtrade

unions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsof

rapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequently,

everythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthe

manufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarging

untreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmoke

intotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunion

leadersaswellasbymostofthecountry(sradicals;except

forafewisolatedvoices,nooneprotested.Aninsistenceon

treatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitated

expendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhave

givenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.Obviously,thiswould

havemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoods,andultimately

fewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP.

Thepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedby

theresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmerican

educationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.Aftersurveying

Japan'seducationalprogram,theAmericanssuggestedthatthe

Japanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartments

inchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediately,chemical

engineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry's

universitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrast,the

recommendationtoform,sanitaryengineeringdepartmentswas

moreorlessignored,becausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By

1960,onlytwosecond-rateuniversities,KyotoandHokkaido,

wereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments.

Thereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservation

isexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollution,but

thesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologythe

Japanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.Forthe

mostpart,theysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.This

meantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythat

stretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairand

watertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaa

fractionofthesize.Moreover,theJapanesedietwasmuchmore

dependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputinthe

irrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltup

muchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.

Notes:

heretic異教徒

sanitary衛(wèi)生的

forthemostpart基本上

receptacle儲(chǔ)存地

Accordingtothetext,nomeasureswereresortedtoin

environmentalprotectionafterWorldWarIIinJapanbecause

A.theywerereckonedtobeunnecessary.

B.theywouldcheckeconomicdevelopment.

C.noonewasmuchinterestedinthem.

D.pollutionwasheldasinevitableatthattime.

12、

Accordingtothecontext,theword“effluents“inPara.1is

closestinmeaningto.

A.by-effects.

B.drainage.

C.solidwastes.

D.risks.

13、

ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatsoonaftertheSecondWorld

War.

A.hardlyanyonesuspectedthatitwasunwisetocontaminate

thewaterandair.

B.peopleunanimouslyfounditacceptabletodampindustrial

wastesintothesea.

C.thegovernmenttriedtodealwiththepollutionproblembut

invain.

D.nobodyattachedgreatsignificancetotheremedyforpublic

hazards.

14、

Accordingtothelogicalclueofthetext,thesecondparagraph

isanexampletoshowthat.

A.JapanwasmarkedlyinfluencedbytheU.S.ineducation.

B.educationinJapanwasnotsodevelopedasthatintheU.S.

C.Japaneseeducationalinstitutionsweremuchthesameas

thoseintheU.S.

D.theJapanesegovernmentconcerneditselfonlyaboutthe

economicgain.

15、

Whichofthefollowingisnotareasonfortherapidityand

intensityofpollutioninJapan?

A.TheJapaneseweregenerallymodeledontheAmericanpattern

ofindustrialdevelopment.

B.Japanwasunwillingtoallocatefundsforthesolutionto

environmentalproblems.

C.Nosanitaryengineeringdepartmentsweresetupinhigher

institutionsinJapan.

D.Japanplacedtoomuchemphasisoneconomicgrowthand

neglectedenvironment.

16、Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseof

globalization,bothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathas

sweptthroughouttheworld,hasforgednewgroundasweenter

the21stcentury.Butaretheeffectsofglobalizationalways

positive?Somesayno.

MichaelTenet,headoftheInternationalInstituteforForeign

RelationsinAtlanta,isworriedaboutcurrentresentment

throughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization."Ever

sincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigers

inthelate1990s,therehasbeenare-evaluationoftherole

ofglobalizationasaforceforgood”,hesaid.，zIncomesinmany

countrieshavedeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichand

themostpoorhasbeenaggravated.Withoutfurtherintervention

bygovernments,wecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreased

levelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia”.

YetGeorgeFrank,aninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWall

Street,seesnosuchdanger.''Economicliberalization,

increasedtransparencyandmarket-basedreformshavepositive

effectinthelongrun,evenifmarketmechanismscanproduce

short-termdestabilizationproblems”,hesaid."Whatismost

importantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothat

activecompetitionforConsumergoodsreducespricesandin

turnraisestheaveragelevelofincome”.

Othersfeelthatglobalization，sculturalimpactmaybemore

importantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYawee,a

nativeofAfrica,feelsstronglythatglobalizationis

underminingherlocalcultureandlanguage."Mostofthe

world'sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.

We'repavingtheworldwithMcDonald，sandEnglishslang.It

tearsmeupinside”,shesaid.

Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsesto

thewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseen

asanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetrade,anditcertainly

hasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopoly

onworldwideentertainment.Butothercountries,mostnotably

inEuropeanddevelopingnations,havesoughttoreducethe

impactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs.

“WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakof”,saysone

Singaporeanresident."Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoa

boominghubforinternationalfinance”.Others,however,are

notsooptimistic."Globalizationisanevilforcethatmust

behalted”,aunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecently

commented,"It'ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritof

ourcountry”.(401words)

Notes:

slang俚語。tearup撕碎，挖開。proponent支持者，擁護(hù)者。hub

輪轂。suckaway削減。

Asforglobalization,MichaelTenet'sattitudetoitismost

probably.

A.firmsupport.

B.cautiousapproval.

C.seriousworry.

D.strongrepentance.

17、

TheviewsofMichaelTenetandGeorgeFrankonglobalization

are.

A.identical.

B.similar.

C.complementary.

D.opposite.

18、

WhenmentioningJaniceYawee,theauthoristalkingabout

A.herlocalcultureandlanguage.

B.theculturalimplicationsofglobalization.

C.McDonald'sandEnglishslang.

D.theeconomicimpactofglobalization.

19、

Accordingtoparagraph5,theresponsesofdifferentcountries

toglobalizationmaybelookedonas.

A.amixedblessing.

B.anactivestimulus.

C.anevilforce.

D.interventionintheirdomesticaffairs.

20、

Thetitlewhichbestexpressesthemainideaofthetextwould

be.

A.DisadvantagesofGlobalizationinEconomicArea.

B.People,sResponsestotheImpactsofGlobalization.

C.InfluenceofGlobalizationontheEconomyandCulture.

D.DifferentRolesofGlobalizationintheDevelopmentof

Economy.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstress,followedbyalist

ofarguments.Choosethebestargumentfromthelistforeach

numberedsubheading.

(41)Twotypesofstress:

Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhuman

beings一physicalandmental.

(42)Effectsofstress一physicaloremotional:

Whetherphysical'oremotionalinorigin,stresscausesthe

bodytoreactinthesameway.

(43)Guilty一useful,thoughmostharmful:

Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt.

(44)Instances—noneedtofeelguilty:

However,manyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolonger

need.

Nooneisperfect:

Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstress

aredifficulttoeradicate,butpeoplesubjecttoexcessive

guiltfeelingsshouldrealize,assimpleasitsounds,thatno

oneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpful

toeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakes

shouldbeforgotten,notlingeredoverandbroughtoutto

examineperiodically.

(45)Lifewithalittlestress—significant:

Alifewithoutstress,suchasretirementwithnothingtodo,

wouldbeboring.

Notes:

respiration呼吸pupil瞳孔dilate膨脹

perspiration出汗，勤奮date約會(huì)sour使別扭

eradicatevt.消退，根除atbest充其量lingerover細(xì)細(xì)品嘗

meditation深思，深思mightaswell不妨

A.Fatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavinga

littlefoodontheplate,asuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeel

guiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacation,

norshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstrip

totheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.

Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocent

actions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenot

worthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasother

fearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife'ssuccessestobe

bittersweet,atbest.

B.Stressfromphysicalactivity,ifnotcarriedtoofar,is

actuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforget

aboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmost

alwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelieved,itcan

actuallycausediseasessuchasulcers,migraineheadaches,

heartproblems,ormentalillness.

C.Justasweneedalittleguilt—tokeepuscorrectanda

littleworry—tomakeusplanahead—weneedalittlestress

tostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobother

you,youmightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoff

yourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscovera

solutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore.

D.Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisno

waytoavoidit.Infact,itisnotthebadthingitisoften

supposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovide

motivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestress

getsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceand

illhealth.

E.Somepeoplearenotafraidofstress,andsuchcharacters

areobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilities,

othersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties.

F.Inthefirststage,yourbodypreparestomeetthestress.

Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincrease,andthepupils

oftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreases,andthe

rateofperspirationspeedsup,whiledigestionslowsdownas

bloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthe

secondstage,yourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamage

causedbythestressfulsituation.However,ifstresscontinues,

thebodycannotrepairitself,andthefinalstage,exhaustion,

thenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinues,ifforexampleyouare

frustratedby

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

(46)Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnology

istheincreasingtrendtoward"directed"or"programmed”

research;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesare

predeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsrather

thanresearchersthemselves.Anyscientistworkingfors