煤礦安全外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

煤礦安全外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)煤礦安全外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)基于WSN的煤礦安全監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的研究摘要

在本文中，我們使用無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控煤礦的經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了闡述。在一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)上的多傳感器可以捕獲各種各樣的環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)，包括礦山的振動(dòng)，礦井溫度，濕度和氣體濃度，和環(huán)境參數(shù)、控制風(fēng)扇運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)由許多無(wú)線傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)組成。煤礦安全監(jiān)控方案發(fā)展從可以保存匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)接收到的數(shù)據(jù)，并實(shí)時(shí)顯示和分析各種的信息來(lái)供決策。1背景與介紹煤炭安全生產(chǎn)關(guān)系到國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，如今，中國(guó)的煤礦安全信息系統(tǒng)是基于有線網(wǎng)絡(luò)，隨著煤炭開采的加速，有線網(wǎng)絡(luò)在擴(kuò)展，靈活性，覆蓋率等方面具有嚴(yán)重不足。為了解決這些問(wèn)題，無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)是最好的選擇。ZigBee是一種先進(jìn)的數(shù)據(jù)通信技術(shù)，具有低速率，低功耗，協(xié)議簡(jiǎn)單，成本低，良好的擴(kuò)展性，容易形成無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)等特點(diǎn)。相比現(xiàn)有煤礦監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備，節(jié)點(diǎn)構(gòu)成的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的更小，更輕，更易于大規(guī)模部署。由于數(shù)據(jù)采集和傳輸方式是通過(guò)無(wú)線電臺(tái)，節(jié)點(diǎn)掛鉤傳感器，可以打破電線電纜的約束，并可以使部署更加方便，靈活。此外，大規(guī)模的和靈活的部署節(jié)點(diǎn)對(duì)于礦工來(lái)說(shuō)使得更好的本地化工作。因此，它具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義，將這一新技術(shù)和新方法，應(yīng)用在煤礦安全信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)中。2系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)本文設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)煤礦安全監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，它是基于ZigBee2007無(wú)線通信協(xié)議，采用TI公司生產(chǎn)的CC2530芯片做無(wú)線數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。煤礦安全監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)由三部分組成：控制中心，協(xié)調(diào)和終端節(jié)點(diǎn)。終端節(jié)點(diǎn)有兩種類型：全功能設(shè)備（FFD），部分功能的移動(dòng)設(shè)備（RFD）。監(jiān)督控制中心軟件是以TI的Z-位置引擎，它顯示了各監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)的位置和狀態(tài)信息，它是一個(gè)在整個(gè)潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)域的地理信息的圖形化描述。協(xié)調(diào)也是一個(gè)網(wǎng)關(guān)，它獲得FFD和RFD的所有信息，然后發(fā)送到控制中心的節(jié)點(diǎn)上然后通過(guò)監(jiān)控軟件來(lái)更新狀態(tài)消息。此外，他還要廣播控制中心的指示。FFD是路由器，它SA節(jié)點(diǎn)組鏈接在一起，并提供多希望消息，它與其他路由器和終端設(shè)備相關(guān)聯(lián)，而RFD僅僅是一個(gè)終端設(shè)備。我們知道，整個(gè)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)可以分離的兩個(gè)子系統(tǒng)，煤礦井下環(huán)境調(diào)查和數(shù)據(jù)收集子系統(tǒng)和礦山集中智能信息管理子系統(tǒng)。本文將主要介紹煤礦井下環(huán)境調(diào)查和數(shù)據(jù)采集子系統(tǒng)?？紤]礦山井下的環(huán)境的實(shí)際情況，RFD主要負(fù)責(zé)用于收集礦工的生理功能，然后通過(guò)無(wú)線通訊方式將其發(fā)送到FDD，F(xiàn)DD由具有路由功能，可以收集環(huán)境參數(shù)的節(jié)點(diǎn)，然后將數(shù)據(jù)上傳到管理中心。礦山井下系統(tǒng)主要通過(guò)無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備的鏈接，可靠的通信應(yīng)用來(lái)保證它的正常工作。地面礦山系統(tǒng)包括各類綜合服務(wù)體系，服務(wù)平臺(tái)體系，監(jiān)測(cè)分析系統(tǒng)和緊急行動(dòng)中心等等，這些通過(guò)TCP/IP網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接設(shè)備連接。3系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)3.1硬件設(shè)計(jì)。在系統(tǒng)中的每個(gè)終端節(jié)點(diǎn)組成的CC2530，振動(dòng)傳感器，氣體傳感器，溫度和濕度傳感器，射頻模塊，電源模塊，無(wú)線收發(fā)信機(jī)的天線和復(fù)位電路模塊?；贑C2530的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)示于圖1。這個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)是僅作為終端節(jié)點(diǎn)，預(yù)留外接電源接口和UART端口外部LPC1756板是為了滿足不同的應(yīng)用需求;ZigBee協(xié)議;移植后的TinyOS操作系統(tǒng)做準(zhǔn)備。圖1基于CC2530的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)硬件結(jié)構(gòu)圖無(wú)線電射頻模塊之間的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸是基于IEEE802.15.4。為了降低系統(tǒng)的成本，縮短產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期和降低的難度，功耗，提高發(fā)射功率，考慮接收靈敏度，芯片的成本，協(xié)議堆棧的成本因素以及芯片和外圍元件的數(shù)量需等，這些選擇一個(gè)芯片要主要考慮的因素。最后，TI的免費(fèi)協(xié)議棧的ZigBee芯片CC2530的ZigBee-2007被挑選出來(lái)。行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的增強(qiáng)型8051MCU與RF收發(fā)器，其發(fā)射功率為1mW，接收靈敏度為-94dBm，當(dāng)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤率是1％，電流損耗小于0.6μA當(dāng)系統(tǒng)處于待機(jī)模式，當(dāng)RF為2.4GHz，其數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率是240KB/s的所有參數(shù)滿足系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的需求。3.6V的鋰電池，電壓轉(zhuǎn)換電路是由電源管理模塊，它有兩個(gè)輸出通道提供不同的電壓和電流供給無(wú)線射頻模塊和傳感器檢測(cè)模塊。作為一個(gè)網(wǎng)關(guān)，需要協(xié)調(diào)與控制中心的溝通，這是與終端節(jié)點(diǎn)所不同的，所以我們需要在硬件設(shè)計(jì)上添加另一個(gè)通信端口，此端口可以廣泛使用，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)系統(tǒng)并不是專為一些計(jì)算機(jī)、單片機(jī)或PLC設(shè)計(jì)的。因此，RS-232和USB接口都適用于這個(gè)它。匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)如圖2所示。圖2匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)硬件結(jié)構(gòu)此模塊是匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)的主板的一部分，特殊應(yīng)用程序也可以使用它作為一個(gè)普通節(jié)點(diǎn);UART接口的RF模塊的一部分，則可以保留通過(guò)電源接口，此模塊的CC2530射頻模塊作為一個(gè)群集節(jié)點(diǎn)模塊時(shí)，上述結(jié)構(gòu)未配備傳感器;主板上的設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口連接到以太網(wǎng)，GSM模塊主要使用GPRS或3G數(shù)據(jù)通信功能，通過(guò)終端傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)和公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)（3G），進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程控制或遠(yuǎn)程擴(kuò)展監(jiān)測(cè)。3.2軟件設(shè)計(jì)ZigBee無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的有三種類型的節(jié)點(diǎn)：協(xié)調(diào)器，路由器（或FFD）和終端設(shè)備（或RFD）是在圖3中所示的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)的工作狀態(tài)圖。這種設(shè)計(jì)采用了由TI公司，這是免費(fèi)的和半開放源碼的ZigBee協(xié)議棧Z-stack2007提供。Z-stack2007是由MAC層，物理層和應(yīng)用層，網(wǎng)絡(luò)層之間的通信的設(shè)備和活動(dòng)，消息路由網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)現(xiàn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備在初始化的Z-stack2007是負(fù)責(zé)的。ZigBee標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義了三種類型的設(shè)備，每個(gè)設(shè)備都有自己的功能要求，ZigBee協(xié)調(diào)器啟動(dòng)和配置網(wǎng)絡(luò)。同時(shí)，它是負(fù)責(zé)正常工作并保持在與其它網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備通信。一個(gè)ZigBee網(wǎng)絡(luò)只允許一個(gè)ZigBee協(xié)調(diào)。

ZigBee路由器負(fù)責(zé)重發(fā)的消息發(fā)送到其他設(shè)備。電網(wǎng)的ZigBee和樹型網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以有多個(gè)ZigBee路由器。

ZigBee終端節(jié)點(diǎn)通過(guò)ZigBee網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以執(zhí)行它自己的相關(guān)的功能和與其它網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備進(jìn)行通信。圖3WSN節(jié)點(diǎn)的工作狀態(tài)圖圖4無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)軟件的的工作流程圖由于ZigBee的WSN網(wǎng)關(guān)，協(xié)調(diào)器會(huì)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的形成。在那之后，它會(huì)等待，直到所有的節(jié)點(diǎn)附近完成加盟網(wǎng)。然后，協(xié)調(diào)器會(huì)發(fā)送指令收集信息，如連接狀態(tài)，傳感器數(shù)據(jù)和位置數(shù)據(jù)，然后發(fā)送到控制中心，最后監(jiān)控軟件更新各種狀態(tài)值。所有這些過(guò)程都在一個(gè)定時(shí)執(zhí)行周期內(nèi)完成的。WSN中節(jié)點(diǎn)的軟件工作流程圖如圖四所示。4結(jié)論一種新的煤礦安全監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)，它包括智能，低成本，低功耗和低維護(hù)敏感的傳感器和ZigBee無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。該系統(tǒng)可以監(jiān)視該氣體的濃度，溫度和濕度和敏感振動(dòng)，對(duì)潛在的危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行早期警告;減少生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失?；跓o(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)是容易被部署，同時(shí)它克服了現(xiàn)有系統(tǒng)的缺點(diǎn)。

因此，可以說(shuō)它彌補(bǔ)現(xiàn)有系統(tǒng)的弱點(diǎn)。整個(gè)系統(tǒng)以無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)為核心，增強(qiáng)了系統(tǒng)的靈活性，可維護(hù)性和可擴(kuò)展性，同時(shí)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)制和開放式結(jié)構(gòu)，使系統(tǒng)能有一個(gè)良好的可能性。我們?cè)u(píng)估這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)，并獲得了一些有益的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，將有利于我們的后續(xù)工作。ResearchonMineSafetyMonitoringSystemBasedOnWSNAbstractInthispaperourexperiencesusingawirelesssensornetworktomonitorthecoalminesaredescribed.Themulti-sensorinonenodecancaptureavarietyofenvironmentaldata,includingthevibrationofthemine,theminetemperature,humidityandgasconcentration,andenvironmentalparameterscontroloperationofthefan.Networkconsistsofmanywirelesssensornodes.Minesafetymonitoringprogramhasbeendevelopedtosavethereceiveddatafromsinknodesandshowitonrealtimeandanalyzeallkindsofinformationfordecisionfunction.?2011PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Selectionand/orpeer-reviewunderresponsibilityofChinaAcademyofSafetyScienceandTechnology,ChinaUniversityofMiningandTechnology(Beijing),McGillUniversityandUniversityofWollongong.Keywords:CC2530;ZigBee;wirelesssensornetwork;Mine-monitoringsystem;sensornode1.BACKGROUNDANDINTRODUCTIONCoalproductionsafetyisrelatedtothedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy,nowadays,thecoalminesafetyinformationsystemofChinaisbasedoncablenetwork,withtheaccelerationofcoalmining,thewirednetworkhastheseriousinsufficiencyinaspectsandsoonextension,flexibility,coveragefractionall.Inordertosolvethesequestions,thewirelessnetworkisthebestchoice.ZigBeeisanup-to-datacommunicationtechnology,withthelowgearrate,lowpowerloss,simpleagreement,lowcost,goodextension,easyformingwirelessnetworks.Incontrastwithexistingcoalminemonitoringequipment,thenodesthatconstitutethewirelesssensornetworkaresmaller,lighterandeasierforlarge-scaledeployment.Asdataacquisitionandtransmissionapproachisthroughwirelessradios,thenodeslinkedsensorscanbreaktheconstraintofwireandcableandmakethedeploymentmoreconvenientandflexible.Moreover,thelarge-scaleandflexibledeploymentofnodesmakesforbetterlocalizationofminers.Therefore,ithasmomentouspracticalsignificancetoapplythisnewtechnologyandnewmethodinthedesignofcoalmineSafetyInformationSystem[1].2.STRUCTUREOFTHESYSTEMThispaperdesignedaminesafetymonitoringsystem,ItisbasedonZigBee2007wirelesscommunicationprotocol,adoptstheCC2530chipproducedbyTIcompanytodoingwirelessdatatransmission.Theminesafetymonitoringsystemconsistsofthreeparts:controlcenter,coordinatorandterminalnodes.Therearetwokindsofterminalnodes:full-functiondevice(FFD)andreduced-functiondevice(RFD).ThesupervisingsoftwareonthecontrolcenterisbasedonTI’sZ-LocationEngine,itshowsthelocationandthestatusmessagesofallthemonitoringsites[2],anditisagraphicaldescriptionofthegeographicalinformationoftheentirepotentialriskarea.Thecoordinatorisalsoagateway;itacquiresalltheinformationfromFFDandRFD,andthentransmitstothecontrolcentertoupdatethestatusmessagesofnodesonthesupervisingsoftware.Besides,itbroadcastsinstructionsfromcontrolcenter.FFDisarouter,itsanodethatlinksgroupstogetherandprovidesmulti-hopingformessages[2].Itassociateswithotherroutersandend-devices,whileaRFDisjustanenddevice.Aswecansee,thewholemonitoringsystemcanbeseparatedintwosubsystems,investigatingenvironmentandcollectingdatasubsystemdownthemineandcentralizedintellectualinformationmanagingsubsystemupthemine.Thisarticlewillmainlyintroduceenvironmentinvestigatinganddatacollectingsubsystemdownthemine[2].Consideringthepracticalsituationoftheenvironmentunderthemine,RFDaremainlyresponsibleforcollectingphysiologicalfeaturesoftheminers,andthensendthemtoFDDviawirelesscommunicationway.FDDconsistsofnodespossessingroutingfunctionswhichcancollectenvironmentalparametersintime,andthenuploadthedatatoadministrationcenter.Thedownminesystemsmainlylinkbywirelessnetworkequipmentstoapplyreliablecommunication.Theupperminesystemincludesvariouskindsofintegratedservicesystem,serviceplatformsystem,monitoringanalyticalsystemandemergencyoperationscenter,etc.TheseequipmentsconnectthroughTCP/IPinternetconnection.[2][3].3.SYSTEMDESIGN3.1.HardwaredesignEachterminalnodeinthesystemiscomposedofCC2530,vibrationsensor,gassensor,temperatureandhumiditysensor,radiofrequencymodule,powersupplymodule,wirelesstransceiverantennaandresetcircuitmodule.TheCC2530-basedsensornodehardwarestructureisshowninFig.2.Thisnodeisonlyasterminalnodes;ReservedexternalpowersupplyinterfaceandUARTportisintendedtoexternalLPC1756boardtomeetdifferentapplicationneeds;TheZigBeeagreement;post-transplantTinyOStopreparetheoperatingsystem。Fig.1CC2530-basedsensornodehardwarestructureThedatatransmissionbetweenradioRFmodulesisbasedonIEEE802.15.4.Inordertoreducethecostofsystem,shortenproductdevelopmentcycleandlowerthedifficulty,thefactorsincludingpowerconsumption,transmittingpower,receivingsensitivity,chipcosts,protocolstackcostsandthenumberofperipheralcomponentsthechipneedaremainlyconsideredwhenchooseachip.Finally,TI’sZigBeechipCC2530withfreeprotocolstackZigBee-2007ispickedout.TheRFtransceiverwithanindustry-standardenhanced8051MCU,itstransmittingpoweris1mw,receivingsensitivityis-94dBmwhenthesymbolerrorratiois1%,currentlossislessthan0.6μAwhenthesystemisinstandbymode,anditsdatarateis240Kb/swhentheRFis2.4GHz.Alltheparametersmeetthedemandofsystemdesign.Thepowermanagementmoduleiscomposedof3.6Vlithiumcellandvoltageconversioncircuit,ithastwooutputchannelsprovidesdifferentvoltageandcurrentsupplyfortheradioRFmoduleandthesensordetectingmoduleseparately[3].Asagateway,thecoordinatorhastocommunicatewiththecontrolcenter,whichisdifferentfromtheterminalnodes.Soweneedanothercommunicationportinhardwaredesign.Thisportshouldbewidelyusedbecausethissystemisnotspeciallydesignedforsomecomputer,SCMorPLC[3].Therefore,RS-232andUSBisqualifiedforthis.TheAggregationnodehardwarestructureisinshowninFig.2.Fig.2aggregationnodehardwarestructureThismoduleispartofthemotherboardastheaggregationnode,specialapplicationscanalsouseitasanordinarynode;RFmodulepartoftheUARTinterfacecanbereservedthroughthepowersupplyinterface,themodulewhentheCC2530RFmoduleasaClusternodemodule,theaboveisnotequippedwithsensors;OnthemotherboardhastheGSMmodulemainlytouseitsGPRSorthe3Gdatacommunicationfunction,withbytheterminalsensornetworkandthepublicnetwork(3G),designsthenetworkinterfacetoconnecttotheEthernet,carriesontheremotecontrolorthelong-distanceexpansionmonitoringbythis;3.2.SoftwaredesignZigBeeWSNhasthreekindsofnodes:thecoordinator,therouter(orFFD)andtheenddevice(orRFD).TheWSNnodeworkingstatediagramisinshowninFig.3.ThisdesignadoptsZ-stack2007offeredbyTIcompanywhichisfreeandhalfopen-sourceZigBeeprotocolstack.Z-stack2007ismadeupofMAClayer,physicallayerandapplicationlayer,ThenetworklayerofZ-stack2007isresponsibleforcommunicationamongthedevicesandactivities,messageroutingnetworkdiscoveryintheinitializationofnetworkdevices[3][4].ZigBeestandarddefinesthreetypesofequipment,eachhasitsownfunctionrequirement.ZigBeecoordinatorstartsandconfiguresthenetwork.Meanwhile,itisresponsibleforthenormalworkingandkeepingincommunicationwithothernetworkdevices.AZigBeenetworkonlyallowsoneZigBeecoordinator.ZigBeerouterisresponsibleforretransmittingthemessagestootherdevices.ZigBeegridandtreenetworkcanhavemultipleZigBeerouters.ZigBeeterminalnodescanexecuteitsownrelatedfunctionsandcommunicatewithothernetworkdevicesthroughZigBeenetwork[5].Fig.3WSNnodesworkingstatediagramAsthegatewayoftheZigBeeWSN,coordinatorautomaticallyinitiatestheformationofthenetwork.Afterthat,itwillwaitonuntilallthenodesnearbyfinishedjoininginthenet[6].Thenthecoordinatorwillsentinstructionsorcollectinformationsuchastheconnectionstatus,sensordataandlocationdata,andthensentthemtothecontrolcentertoupdatevalueinthesupervisingsoftware.Alltheseprocessesarecompletedinaspecifiednumberofregularlytimedexecutioncycles.ThesoftwareworkflowchartofWSNnodeisshowninFig.4.4.CONCLUSIONSAnewminesafetymonitoringsystemwasdeveloped;itcompromisessensitivesensorsandZigBeeWSNwhichissmart,low-cost,low-powerandlow-maintenance.Thissystemcanmonitorthegasconcentration,temperatureandhumidityandvibrationsensitively,carryontheearlywarningtothepotentialhazard;reducelossoflifeandproperty.BasedonWSN,thissystemiseasytobedeployedandovercomestheshortcomingsoncurrentsystems.Thereforeitcancompensatefortheweaknessesofcurrentsystems.Theoverallsystemtakethewirelesssensornetworkingtechnologyasacore,strengthenedthesystemflexibility,themaintainabilityandtheextendibility,meanwhilethesystemmodulationandtheopenstylestructureenab