2024屆高考英語二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)與測(cè)試專題一閱讀理解第二講推理判斷題-依文推理定選項(xiàng)

第二講推理判斷題——依文推理定選項(xiàng)推理判斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。解答該類題目時(shí)一定要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容，在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁，透過字里行間，去體會(huì)作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在進(jìn)行推斷時(shí)，要據(jù)文推理、合情推理，不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。高考對(duì)推理判斷題的考查形式包括細(xì)節(jié)推理題、寫作意圖題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題和文章出處題或讀者對(duì)象題。一、推理判斷題的4大題型分類考查內(nèi)容設(shè)問方式細(xì)節(jié)推理題細(xì)節(jié)推理題要求根據(jù)語篇內(nèi)容推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷。只有正確把握文章的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，理解文章的真正含義，才可能作出準(zhǔn)確的推斷注意題干中常用的六個(gè)動(dòng)詞：infer，indicate，imply，suggest(暗示)，conclude和assume。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現(xiàn)：Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________．Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________．Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat____________．Whatcanweinferabout...？寫作意圖題寫作意圖題要求根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測(cè)作者的寫作意圖及運(yùn)用某種寫作手段的目的。通常情況下，作者在文中不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文中所列事例使讀者感受到其所傳遞的想法。所以，這種題型要求具備對(duì)作者闡述的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)和分析的能力關(guān)于整篇文章寫作意圖的常見設(shè)問方式有：Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext？Whatisthepurpose/intentionoftheauthorinwritingthispassage?Forwhatpurposedidtheauthorwritethepassage?Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto________．觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題高考對(duì)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題的設(shè)題形式越來越靈活，題目難度也有所增加，考查作者對(duì)文中人、事、物或內(nèi)容的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度的題較多，對(duì)學(xué)生對(duì)文章的理解提出了更高的要求，學(xué)生要利用多種閱讀技巧來仔細(xì)確定題干的關(guān)鍵信息，借此定位文中的原句并準(zhǔn)確推斷出答案近幾年高考真題中常見的設(shè)題形式有：Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...?Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...?Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowards/to...?Theauthor'sattitudetowards...canbedescribedas________．文章出處題或讀者對(duì)象題文章出處題要求具備一定的常識(shí)，能夠根據(jù)文章的體裁和題材來推斷文章的出處或類別。讀者對(duì)象題要求根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和文中的措辭來推斷該類題型常見的設(shè)題形式有：Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthispassagemostlikelybefound?Wherewouldthepassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageisprobablyintendedfor________．Thetextiswrittenmainlyfor________.二、推理判斷題的5大命題陷阱推理判斷題是為了考查學(xué)生能否讀懂文章中字里行間隱含的含義，能否以文章中所敘述的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，經(jīng)過自己的思考和判斷進(jìn)行客觀的推理，從而得出結(jié)論。因此，命題者常常設(shè)置一些干擾項(xiàng)，沒讀懂文章的學(xué)生很容易受其“迷惑”而“誤入歧途”，掉入命題者精心設(shè)置的“陷阱”。陷阱(一)主觀臆斷eq\a\vs4\al(選項(xiàng)沒有基于原文進(jìn)行推斷，而是主觀猜測(cè)想象或根據(jù)常識(shí)進(jìn)行猜測(cè))[典例](2023·全國乙卷)PRACTITIONERSJacquelineFelicedeAlmania(c.1322)highlightsthesuspicionthatwomenpracticingmedicinefaced.BorntoaJewishfamilyinFlorence，shemovedtoPariswheresheworkedasaphysicianandperformedsurgery.In1322shewastriedforpracticingunlawfully.Inspiteofthecourthearingtestimonials(證明)ofherabilityasadoctor，shewasbannedfrommedicine.TanYunxian(1461—1554)wasaChinesephysicianwholearnedherskillsfromhergrandparents.Chinesewomenatthetimecouldnotserveapprenticeships(學(xué)徒期)withdoctors.However，Tanpassedtheofficialexam.Tantreatedwomenfromallwalksoflife.In1511，Tanwroteabook，SayingsofaFemaleDoctor，describingherlifeasaphysician.JamesBarry(c.1789—1865)wasbornMargaretBulkleyinIrelandbut，dressedasaman，shewasacceptedbyEdinburghUniversitytostudymedicine.Shequalifiedasasurgeonin1813，thenjoinedtheBritishArmy，servingoverseas.Barryretiredin1859，havingpracticedherentiremedicalprofessionlivingandworkingasaman.RebeccaLeeCrumpler(1831—1895)workedasanurseforeightyearsbeforestudyinginmedicalcollegeinBostonin1860.Fouryearslater，shewasthefirstAfricanAmericanwomantoreceiveamedicaldegree.ShemovedtoVirginiain1865，wheresheprovidedmedicalcaretofreedslaves.22．HowwasTanYunxiandifferentfromtheotherpractitioners?A．Shewroteabook.B．Shewentthroughtrials.C．Sheworkedasadentist.D．Shehadformaleducation.[解析]根據(jù)TanYunxian部分的介紹可知，談允賢從小跟著爺爺奶奶學(xué)醫(yī)，并通過了官方的考試，一生中為各行各業(yè)的女性診療。她還寫了一本名為《女醫(yī)雜言》的書，記錄了自己的女醫(yī)生涯。第一個(gè)人物介紹中提到JacquelineFelicedeAlmania因非法行醫(yī)受到法庭的審判，B項(xiàng)屬于張冠李戴，應(yīng)被排除；文章沒有提到談允賢當(dāng)牙醫(yī)，屬于主觀臆斷。故C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；談允賢從小跟著家人學(xué)醫(yī)，因此D項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。[答案]A陷阱(二)邏輯顛倒eq\a\vs4\al(某些選項(xiàng)顛倒原文邏輯，例如錯(cuò)誤歸因、倒置目的與手段等)[典例](2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934，betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.30．WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A．Thestamppricehasgonedown.B．Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C．Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D．Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.[解析]根據(jù)本段第一句可知，聯(lián)邦政府將出售鴨票的部分收入投入候鳥保護(hù)基金，用來保護(hù)水禽、濕地和野生動(dòng)物棲息地。該項(xiàng)法案的直接結(jié)果是政府籌集到了資金，D項(xiàng)所述符合句意。干擾項(xiàng)B說候鳥飛離，是1934年頒布法案的原因，而非頒布法案的結(jié)果，屬于邏輯顛倒。[答案]Deq\a\vs4\al(陷阱（三）,過度推斷或以偏概全)有時(shí)作者僅簡單、客觀敘述事實(shí)，并未作出評(píng)論，而部分選項(xiàng)卻擴(kuò)大作者的敘述范圍、進(jìn)行過度推斷；或者針對(duì)原文中某一句話進(jìn)行推斷，忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全錯(cuò)誤[典例](2021·天津卷)Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut，onceyouexploretheirdepths，youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni，whoisalsoawriter，haseditedseveralhistorybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter，sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy.“Idon'tknowwhereitwilllead，butI'mexcitedI'monthispursuit.”54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?A．Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson'ssuccess.B．In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C．Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.D．Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsareinawayconnected.[解析]根據(jù)本段第三句可知，作者引用Toni的例子意在說明看似沒有關(guān)系的興趣實(shí)際在聯(lián)系著。干擾項(xiàng)C說Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit，而原文中只提到Toni正在追求自己的興趣，并未評(píng)價(jià)是否成功，也更不能推斷出所有人都有希望成功，屬于過度推斷。[答案]D陷阱(四)偷換概念某些選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯使用高度相似，僅在不起眼處略微改動(dòng)用詞，或截取部分原文中出現(xiàn)過的關(guān)鍵詞，但整體意思不符合原文主旨，此類選項(xiàng)干擾性較強(qiáng)[典例](2022·全國乙卷)Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.30．Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A．Toprovideearlywarning.B．Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C．Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D．Toacceleratetransportation.[解析]題干問的是期待鐵路無人機(jī)有什么樣的功能。根據(jù)文段最后一句“Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime”(因?yàn)槟芴崆翱吹剑瑹o人機(jī)可以感知到任何問題，這樣快速前進(jìn)的列車就可以及時(shí)作出反應(yīng))可知，期待鐵路無人機(jī)具有的功能是提前發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，并給列車發(fā)出警告。B項(xiàng)“使火車自動(dòng)運(yùn)行”是偷換概念，文段中的“programmedtorunautonomously”指的是無人機(jī)可以自動(dòng)運(yùn)行，而不是火車；C項(xiàng)“為機(jī)組人員掙得利潤”和D項(xiàng)“加快交通運(yùn)輸”是無中生有，文章沒有提及。[答案]A陷阱(五)背離主題eq\a\vs4\al(選項(xiàng)背離了文章的主題思想)[典例](2022·全國甲卷)EverywhereinSydneythesedays，changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口號(hào))，andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald，thecity'sofficialhistorian，toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s，Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast，includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself，”shesaid.“Wecan'tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It'saconflictthatwearen'tgettinganybetteratresolving(解決)．”34．WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A．Itislosingitstraditions.B．Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C．Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D．Itisbecomingmoreinternational.[解析]根據(jù)文段中的“Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast，includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings”和“‘Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself，’shesaid.‘Wecan'tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.’”可以看出，ShirleyFitzgerald認(rèn)為在奔向現(xiàn)代化的過程中，悉尼摒棄了許多自己過去的東西，包括那些精美的建筑物。干擾選項(xiàng)B說悉尼應(yīng)該加快現(xiàn)代化的過程，屬于背離主題。[答案]A三、推理判斷題的7大解題技法推理判斷題中的正確選項(xiàng)是依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)或論據(jù)推斷出的符合邏輯的結(jié)論或觀點(diǎn)，它一般具有以下特征：(1)“立足原文，只推一步，”即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推得。(2)選項(xiàng)中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)概念，如only，never，all，absolutely等，正確答案的表述一般有一點(diǎn)模糊，會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留有余地的詞匯，如often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。對(duì)于推理判斷題，學(xué)生在平時(shí)的備考中要多注意從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容，判斷文章體裁，通過分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)找到主題段，定位主題句，再分析其他各段與主題之間的關(guān)系，理清文章脈絡(luò)和結(jié)構(gòu)；此外，還應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)理解字里行間的隱含意義，在已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁，領(lǐng)會(huì)字里行間的“弦外之音”。具體方法如下：技法(一)根據(jù)作者的思想傾向和感情色彩推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度此方法適用于推斷作者及文中人物的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、情感等。觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度一般分為三類：支持或反對(duì)、樂觀或悲觀、主觀或客觀。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文中的字里行間。解答此類題目應(yīng)多注意行文中的措辭，特別是具有感情色彩的形容詞或副詞[典例](2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷)AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain，thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.35．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?A．Unclear.B．Dismissive.C．Doubtful.D．Approving.[解析]根據(jù)文段的內(nèi)容可知，作者認(rèn)為雖然Navajas的研究有局限性，但對(duì)群體討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的。由此可推知，作者對(duì)于Navajas的研究持支持的態(tài)度。[答案]D技法(二)根據(jù)特定信息和逆向思維進(jìn)行推斷有些推理判斷題，可根據(jù)題干提供的信息，到原文中去抓關(guān)鍵信息，然后進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維，從而得出正確答案[典例](2022·全國乙卷)Today'sfigures，accordingtoonegovernmentofficial，showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities(設(shè)施)andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance，andtheindustryisplayingitspart.35．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A．Itisashort-sighteddecision.B．Itisasuccessstory.C．Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D．Itupsetscustomers.[解析]本題詢問的是“關(guān)于采用糖稅政策可以推斷出什么”，根據(jù)文段中的“Today'sfigures，...showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities(設(shè)施)andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance，andtheindustryisplayingitspart.”可知，今天的數(shù)字顯示了糖稅對(duì)體育設(shè)施和學(xué)校的健康飲食的積極影響。幫助下一代擁有一個(gè)健康且積極的童年是非常重要的，而這個(gè)行業(yè)正在發(fā)揮其作用。由此可推斷，采取糖稅政策是一個(gè)成功的例子。故選B項(xiàng)。[答案]B技法(三)利用語境的褒貶性進(jìn)行信息推斷文章是作者抒發(fā)感情、表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的一種方式。因此，很多文章，尤其是記敘文和議論文，其語境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)以及作者的寫作意圖。利用好文章的語境褒貶性就能在把握主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行邏輯判斷。找出反映語境褒貶性及變化的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子，對(duì)掌握文章主旨大意、了解主人公的心理特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展變化，從而正確地進(jìn)行邏輯推斷很有用處[典例](2023·全國甲卷)Hemakesphilosophicalthoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequalityofourexperiences，andhedoessowithplentyofhumor.Weinerentersintoconversationwithsomeofthemostimportantphilosophersinhistory，andhebecomespartofthatcrowdintheprocessbydecoding(解讀)theirmessagesandaddinghisowninterpretation.TheSocratesExpressisafun，sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire，loneliness，andaging.Theinvitationisclear:Weinerwantsyoutopickupacoffeeorteaandsitdownwiththisbook.Iencourageyoutotakehisoffer.It'sworthyourtime，eveniftimeissomethingwedon'thavealotof.31．WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeiner'sbook?A．Objectiveandplain.B．Daringandambitious.C．Seriousandhardtofollow.D．Humorousandstraightforward.[解析]根據(jù)首段中的“andhedoessowithplentyofhumor”及末段中的“TheSocratesExpressisafun，sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemin...”可推知，作者認(rèn)為Weiner的這本書幽默風(fēng)趣且易懂。[答案]D技法(四)根據(jù)上下文的邏輯進(jìn)行結(jié)論推斷結(jié)論推斷是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料進(jìn)行推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。解答這類題的前提是獲得文章的主題思想或列舉的具體事實(shí)，然后按題目的要求進(jìn)行推斷[典例](2022·浙江卷)Thestorybeginsinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyinScotland，whereWattperfected“themachinethatchangedtheworld”．Kleinwrites，“Americadidnotinventthesteamengine，butoncetheygraspeditspossibilitiestheyputittomoreusesthananyoneelse.”Meanwhile，overthecourseofthe19thcentury，electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.Morseinventedacodeforsendingmessagesoveranelectromagneticcircuit.Bellthengavethetelegraphavoice.Edisonperfectedanincandescentbulb(白熾燈泡)thatbroughtelectriclightintotheAmericanhome.…Toframehisstory，KleincreatesthecharacterofNed，afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime...25．WhatcanbeinferredaboutNed?A．HewasborninNewYorkCity.B．Hewrotemanyinterestingstories.C．Hecreatedanelectricitycompany.D．Helivedmainlyinthe19thcentury.[解析]根據(jù)末段中的“KleincreatesthecharacterofNed，afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime”可知，Ned在他的一生中見證了蒸汽和電力革命給美國帶來的進(jìn)步；再結(jié)合第一段和第二段內(nèi)容可知，Klein在書中描繪了18世紀(jì)末期和19世紀(jì)蒸汽和電力的發(fā)展。由此可推知，Ned主要生活在19世紀(jì)。[答案]D技法(五)整合全文(段)信息進(jìn)行推斷有些推理判斷題，很難從某一句話或某幾句話推斷出其含義，這時(shí)就需要在理解全文(段)意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息，綜合起來去推理判斷，從而確定最佳答案[典例](2022·浙江卷)TheUnitedStatesrosetoglobalpoweronthestrengthofitstechnology，andthelifebloodofthattechnologyhaslongbeenelectricity.Byprovidinglong-distancecommunicationandenergy，electricitycreatedthemodernworld.Yetproperlyunderstood，theageofelectricityismerelythesecondstageintheageofsteam，whichbeganacenturyearlier.“Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions，”writesMauryKleininhisbookThePowerMakers：Steam，Electricity，andtheMenWhoInventedModernAmerica.Klein，anotedhistorianoftechnology，spinsanarrative(敘述)solivelythatattimesitreadslikeanovel.Thestorybeginsinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyinScotland，whereWattperfected“themachinethatchangedtheworld”．Kleinwrites，“Americadidnotinventthesteamengine，butoncetheygraspeditspossibilitiestheyputittomoreusesthananyoneelse.”Meanwhile，overthecourseofthe19thcentury，electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.Morseinventedacodeforsendingmessagesoveranelectromagneticcircuit.Bellthengavethetelegraphavoice.Edisonperfectedanincandescentbulb(白熾燈泡)thatbroughtelectriclightintotheAmericanhome.Mostimportantly，Edisonrealizedthatsuccessdependedonmasselectrification，whichheshowedinNewYorkCity.WithhelpfromTesla，Westinghouse'sfirmdevelopedasystemusingalternatingcurrent(交流電)，whichsoonbecamethemajorformofpowerdelivery.Toframehisstory，KleincreatesthecharacterofNed，afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.26．Whatisthetext?A．Abiography.B．Abookreview.C．Ashortstory.D．Asciencereport.[解析]文章首段通過電力和蒸汽引出MauryKlein的書，接下來對(duì)該書內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了介紹；最后一段提到為了構(gòu)建他的故事，Klein創(chuàng)造了Ned這個(gè)虛構(gòu)的角色，Ned在他的一生中見證了蒸汽和電力革命給美國帶來的進(jìn)步，這是一種有助于將長篇故事變得有趣的技巧。由此可推知，本文是一篇書評(píng)。[答案]B技法(六)根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容推斷文章出處判斷文章出處的題目應(yīng)從文章的體裁和內(nèi)容著手。一般來說，報(bào)紙上的新聞前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱等；廣告類文章因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)；產(chǎn)品說明類文章如器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會(huì)告知服用的時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等；來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)的文章一般比較新穎，時(shí)效性強(qiáng)[典例](2022·全國乙卷)In1916，twogirlsofwealthyfamilies，bestfriendsfromAuburn，N.Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmithCollege.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead，Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted：TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWestbyDorothyWickenden，whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff'sgranddaughter.Whydidtheygothen？Well，theywantedtodosomethinguseful.Soon，however，theyrealizedwhattheyhadundertaken.Theymovedinwithalocalfamily，theHarrisons，and，likethem，hadlittleprivacy，rarebaths，andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings，RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring，thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.InWickenden'sbook，sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism，whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls'decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads，whichentailed(牽涉)drillingthroughtheRockies，ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy'sreturntoAuburn.Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicism(堅(jiān)忍)ofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.HereisapictureofDorothyWoodruff，onherhorse，lookingdownfromahilltop：“Whenthesunslippedbehindthemountains，itshedarosyglowallaroundthem.Thenafullmoonrose.Thesnowwasmarkedonlybysmallanimals:foxes，coyotes，mice，andvaryinghares，whichturnedwhiteinthewinter.”27．Whatisthetext?A．Anewsreport.B．Abookreview.C．Achildren'sstory.D．Adiaryentry.[解析]根據(jù)第一段中的“TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted：TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWestbyDorothyWickenden，whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff'sgranddaughter.”，第四段中的“InWickenden'sbook，sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism，whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls'decisiontogotoElkhead.”和最后一段中的“Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.”可推知，本篇文章是一則書評(píng)。[答案]B技法(七)理解通篇大意、把握寫作意圖做推理判斷題時(shí)，應(yīng)對(duì)整篇文章有完整、準(zhǔn)確的理解，從總體上把握文章的主題，善于抓住文中的關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵句，對(duì)文章的引申含義進(jìn)行分析。整合與題目相關(guān)的信息，綜合起來去把握寫作意圖，確定最佳結(jié)論[典例](2023·浙江卷)Livewithroommates？Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou？Chancesarethatifyou'relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle，noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon．IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago，asIwaslivingwithmyparents，andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband，asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I'velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough，whichIhopeyou'llfindencouragingifyou'redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson，sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars，andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater，Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries，andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued，IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom，soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn'tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品)，Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften，soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon'tentirelymaketheswitch，butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges，youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou'redoing，whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard，yourwordsprobablywon'tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.26．Whatcanweinferabouttheauthor?A．Sheisquitegoodatcooking.B．Sherespectsothers'privacy.C．Sheenjoysbeingahousewife.D．Sheisadeterminedperson.[解析]根據(jù)第二、三、四段可知，作者的“零廢棄”的生活方式?jīng)]有得到家人的理解，但是自己卻一直堅(jiān)持著。結(jié)合倒數(shù)第三段的最后一句和倒數(shù)第一段中作者的建議可知，作者認(rèn)為，也許你的家庭不會(huì)完全改變，但你可以控制自己的個(gè)人空間，做出你想要的改變，用行動(dòng)發(fā)揮引領(lǐng)作用。由此推斷，作者是一個(gè)意志堅(jiān)定的人。[答案]DA(2023·廣東普寧一中高三考前練兵)“Youshouldgetacat，”mydoctorsaid.“Acat？”Icouldn'tevenlookaftermyself.Itookadeepbreathandcarefullyconsideredtheideaofwelcomingafeline(貓科的)friendintomylife.Adoptingananimalduringtheheightofthepandemicwasfarfromeasy.WhenmypartnerandIfoundCinnamon，heradoptionprofilemadeheroutastheperfectkitten.Wefilledoutthepaperworkandhadafewweekstoprepareforherarrival.Whenshecamehome，itbecameincreasinglyobviousthatCinnamondidn'tunderstand“no”，“stopit”or“don'tdothat”．ShewastheworstcatI'veeverowned.Iwasbeginningtodoubtmydoctor'sadvice.Wedecidedtostarttakingherforwalks.Icouldbarelyleavethehousebefore，butmyheartcouldn'tsaynotoCinnamon.Cinnamonshowedmewhatbraverylookedlikeiftherewasadogatapark，shewouldruntowardit.Shejumpedwithoutknowingwhereshewouldland.Shelovedadventure.Ifoundmyselfmirroringherbehaviorafterawhile，jumpingoutofbedwithoutasecondthought.Ibegantofindthemotivationtogetoutofbedinthemorning.Cinnamonunfortunatelypassedawayafteramedicalaccident，leavingacat-sizedholeinmyheartthedaysheleftusatonlysixmonthsold.I'mnostrangertosadnessorgrief，butlosingmypetsosuddenlywasthemostconfusingemotionalexperienceI'veeverhad.Shewassupposedtohelpmethroughmoreofmylifethanthethreeshortmonthswehadher.Ourtimeisoftencutunpredictably，unmistakablyshort.Itwouldbeashametolivelifebeinganythinglessthanbraveandadventurous.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了作者接受醫(yī)生的建議，養(yǎng)了一只貓，感受到了貓帶來的積極影響，并了解到人們應(yīng)該擁有冒險(xiǎn)的勇氣。1．Whydidthedoctoradvisetheauthortogetacat?A．Toteachhertointeractwithanimals.B．Toassisthertofilluphersparetime.C．Tohelpheroutofhermentaldisease.D．Toensurehersafetyintimeofpandemic.解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Icouldbarelyleavethehousebefore，butmyheartcouldn'tsaynotoCinnamon.(之前我?guī)缀醪桓页鲩T，但我的心無法拒絕Cinnamon。)”可推斷，作者的醫(yī)生建議她養(yǎng)一只貓是為了幫助她擺脫精神疾病。答案：C2．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthecatCinnamon?A．Stupidbutlovely.B．Outgoingandaggressive.C．Stubbornbutcourageous.D．Naughtyandadventurous.解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Cinnamonshowedmewhatbraverylookedlikeiftherewasadogatapark，shewouldruntowardit.Shejumpedwithoutknowingwhereshewouldland.Shelovedadventure.(Cinnamon讓我見識(shí)了什么是勇敢。如果公園里有只狗，她就會(huì)跑過去。她跳下去，不知道會(huì)落在哪里。她喜歡冒險(xiǎn)。)”可推斷，Cinnamon很頑皮并且喜歡冒險(xiǎn)。答案：D3．WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．WhyCinnamonlovedgoingoutside.B．HowCinnamonaffectedtheauthorpositively.C．WhytheauthordecidedtotakeCinnamonoutside.D．HowCinnamoninteractedwiththeauthoroutdoors.解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段“Ifoundmyselfmirroringherbehaviorafterawhile，jumpingoutofbedwithoutasecondthought.Ibegantofindthemotivationtogetoutofbedinthemorning.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在模仿她的行為，不假思索地從床上跳了起來。我開始找到早上起床的動(dòng)力。)”以及本段內(nèi)容可知，本段主要講述了Cinnamon是如何對(duì)作者產(chǎn)生積極影響的。答案：B4．Whatmessagedoesthestoryconvey?A．Thelossofapetispainful.B．Theshortlifeisunpredictable.C．Friendshipwithpetsishelpful.D．Thecouragetotakerisksisbeneficial.解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Itwouldbeashametolivelifebeinganythinglessthanbraveandadventurous.(如果生活中沒有勇氣和冒險(xiǎn)精神，那將是一種遺憾。)”以及文章內(nèi)容可推斷，作者希望通過本篇文章告訴讀者，冒險(xiǎn)的勇氣是有益的。答案：DB(2023·廣東六校聯(lián)盟高三第六次聯(lián)考)Doyoueverfeelguiltyforrelaxing，evenafteryou'veworkedhardallday？Doyoufeellikeyoushouldbedoingmoredespiteworkingfullhoursandnearingburnout？Youmaybeexperiencingproductivitydysmorphia(生產(chǎn)力畸形)．itisawaytodescribethefeelingoffailingtorecognizeyouraccomplishmentsandwantingtocontinuedoingmore，evenwhenyou'rerunning__onfumes.AuthorAnnaCodrea-Radowhowroteanarticleaboutproductivitydysmorphiaclaimed“itisthepursuitofproductivitythatdrivesustodomorewhilerobbingusoftheabilitytoenjoyanysuccesswemightencounteralongtheway”．Highlycompetitiveandjob-ledculturecontributetoconstantlypursuingproductivitythateatsawayatotherareasoflife.Infact，you'reoftenpraisedforputtingproductivityaboveyourwell-being.Rememberhowschoolsrewardedperfectattendance？Similarly，companiespreferemployeeswhogetthemaximumworkdonewhiletakingthefewestpossiblebreaks.Rewardslikethesehavestrengthenedthatrestisbadandthatbeingconstantlyatworkistherightthingtodo.Plus，theproblemisn'tthatthebosstellsthemtodoit，butratherthattheyinternalizetheneedtoalwaysbeproductiveevenwhenthey'regoingsomewheretoenjoyleisuretime.Habitslikethesemaybebornoutofthesocialpressuretofindself-worthinworkachievements.Somewritershaveevenbegundescribingrestasproductive，asifpeopleshouldstoprelaxingifitdoesn'timp