【高二 拓展閱讀-科技】Matter Is Everywhere

MatterIsEverywhere！Everythingaroundusismadeofmatter-yourclothes,thetrees,eventhewateryoudrink!Wedividematterintofourmajorcategories,whicharecalledthefourstatesofmatter:liquid,gaseous,solid,andplasma.However,wewillfocusonthefirstthreeWhateverthestateofmattermaybe,allmatterismadeoftinyparticlescalledatomsTheseparticlesaretootinytoseewiththenakedeye;they’reeventoosmalltoseewitharegularmicroscope.Ifyoulineupamillionatomsnexttoeachother,theywillbeasthickasasinglepieceofhumanhair.So,wecanonlylookatatomsthroughverypowerfultoolsoneofthembeingthe“scanningtunneling”microscope.HowDoWeKnow?Wecaneasilyseeliquidsandsolidsaroundus,butmostgasesaren’tvisible.Wecan’tseetheairaroundus,butitisstillmadeofatomsthatconstantlymovearoundfreelyinspace.Howcanwetell?Takeaballoon,forexample.Whenwepumpairintoaballoon,itvisiblyinflates.Thatmeansthatgaseousmatterisfillingtheballoonandtakingupspace.Themoreairweblowintotheballoon,thebiggeritgets.Therefore,wecanobservethewaygasmovesaroundspace.MovingAtomsAtomsareconstantlymoving.However,atomsmoveatdifferentspeedswithindifferentstatesofmatter.Wehavebeenabletodeterminethatatomsmoveslowerinsolidsthantheydoinliquids.That'sbecauseatomsinsolidsaretightlypacked,andthereislessspacetomovearoundfreely.theatomsingasmovethefastest.Sincetheatomsmovemorefreelyinliquidsandgases,theycanundergoaprocesscalleddiffusion.DiffusionisthemovementofparticlesfromahigherconcentrationtoalowerconcentrationThat’swhy,whenyousprayperfumeinacornerofaroom,youwilleventuallysmellitontheothersideoftheroomTheatomsfromtheperfumediffusethroughtheair.Becauseofthisdiffusion,theperfumescentspreads.IdentificationWecanidentifymaterialsaccordingtoavarietyofproperties.Scientistshavedeterminedseveraldifferentmeasurementstohelplabelmaterials.Someexamplesaretemperature,hardness,colourandlength.Usually,theseareusedtomeasuresolids,likerocksandminerals.However,temperaturecanbeusedtomeasureliquidsaswellhengeologistsstudyrocks,theyoftenusetheMohsscaleofmineralhardness.Thisscaleallowsustocharacterisethescratchresistanceofvariousminerals.Adiamondisdescribedashardbecauseitisextremelydifficulttoscratch.ReadingComprehensionChoosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.1.WhichconclusioncanwedrawfromtheunderlinedsentenceofParagraph1?A.Atomscanbeseenwitharegularmicroscope.B.Atomsareactuallyverytiny.C.Atomsarenotvisibletothenakedeye.D.Atomsareusuallyinsolidstate.2.Whydoestheauthormentiontheballoonfilledwithair?A.Toexplainwhatairismadeupof.B.Toshowthathowgasmovesisinvisible.C.Toshowthatairismadeupofmovingatoms.D.Toshowthatatomsinairmovemorefreelythaninliquid.3.Inwhichstateofmatterdotheatomsmovethefastest?A.Liquid.B.Gas.C.Solid.D.Plasma.4.WhatistheMohsscaleoftenusedtodo?A.Tohelpidentifymaterials.B.Tohelplabelvariousrocks.C.Tomeasurethetemperatureofsolids.D.Tocharacterisethescratchresistanceofminerals.5.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?A.Matterandthepropertiesithasincertainstates.B.Theprocessofdiffusion.C.Measurementscientistsusetolabelmaterials.D.Theinflationofballoonsandpooltoy.Vocabulary基礎(chǔ)詞matter n.物質(zhì)；事情，情況ⅵ重要，要緊；有關(guān)系搭tostudythecategoriesofmatter研究物質(zhì)的種類asamatteroffact實(shí)際上category n.種類；范疇英agroupofpeopleorthingswithparticularfeaturesincommon記詞根記憶：cate（下面）+gor（聚集）+y→同一種類的事物聚集在同一名稱下面→種類liquid n./adj.液體（的）記詞根記憶：liqu（液體）+id（…的）液體的atom n.原子記詞根記憶：a（不）+tom（切割）→不能再切割的微小粒子→原子regular adj.常規(guī)的；規(guī)則的；定期的搭thetrain’sregularschedule火車的常規(guī)時(shí)刻表constantly adv.不斷地記詞根記憶：con（表加強(qiáng)）+stant（站）+y（表副詞）直站著→始終→不斷地determine v.查明，測定；決定；裁決記詞根記憶：de（表加強(qiáng)）+termin（界限）+e→加強(qiáng)界限→決定例Ideterminedtogohomethisweekend.我準(zhǔn)備這周末回家。spray v.噴，嘖酒，向噴灑n.噴劑；噴霧；水花，浪花記聯(lián)想記憶：sp+ray（光線）→液體像光線一樣向四面射去→噴例Whenheopenedthebottle，thesodasprayedoutalloverhim.他一打開瓶子，就被噴了一身汽水。perfume n.香水；香味記詞根記憶：per（貫穿）+fume（氣體）縈繞在身上的氣體→香味；香水scent n.氣味，香味，芳香記聯(lián)想記憶：開放的花朵送出（sent）沁人的芳香（scent）scratch n.（刮、抓、劃的）痕跡；劃傷；搔；撓v.搔；抓；擦傷；刮壞記聯(lián)想記憶：s+cratch（看作catch，抓?。ocabulary進(jìn)階詞gaseous adj.（含）氣體的，氣態(tài)的記來自gas（n.氣體）plasma n.等離子（氣）體；血漿英agasthatcontainsapproximatelyequalnumbersofpositiveandnegativeelectricchargesparticle n.微粒，粒子；顆粒；[語]小品詞（與動詞構(gòu)成動詞短語的副詞或介詞）記聯(lián)想記憶：part（部分）+ile（看作article，物品）→物品的最小部分→微粒visible adj.看得見的，可見的；有形的，明顯的記詞根記憶：vis（看）+ible（能…的）→看得見的搭visiblespectrum可見光譜inflate adj.（使）充氣，膨脹；鼓吹，吹捧；（使）得意；使（通貨）膨脹英tofillsthwithairorgas記詞根記憶：in（進(jìn)入）+flat（吹）+e→往里面吹氣→使充氣例Theyellowballoonisinflatedwithhelium.黃氣球里充的是氦氣。undergo vt.經(jīng)歷；遭受記詞根記憶：under（在…下）+go（行走）→行走在苦難之下→遭受例Allformsofartwereundergoingarevolutionatthattime.當(dāng)時(shí)，所有的藝術(shù)形式都經(jīng)歷著革新。concentration n.集中；濃縮，濃度；含量；專心，專注搭glucoseconcentration葡萄糖含量concentrationonsth在某方面專注label n.標(biāo)簽；稱號ⅵ.貼標(biāo)簽于…；用標(biāo)簽標(biāo)明；把…稱為記聯(lián)想記憶：ab（實(shí)驗(yàn)室）+el→實(shí)驗(yàn)室里的試