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大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解講座

第一節(jié)閱讀理解簡(jiǎn)介

《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》(修訂本)閱讀能力基本

要求

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱是對(duì)本科英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的指

導(dǎo),大綱對(duì)閱讀能力的基本要求是:能順利閱讀

語(yǔ)言難度中等的一般性題材的文章,掌握中心大

意以及說明中心大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié),并能進(jìn)行一

定的分析、推理和判斷,領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度,

閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘70詞。在閱讀篇幅較長(zhǎng)、

難度略低、生詞不超過總詞數(shù)3%的材料時(shí),能

掌握中心大意,捉住主要事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),閱讀

速度達(dá)到每分鐘100詞。

《閱讀理解》選材的原則

a.題材廣泛,可以包括人物傳記、社會(huì)、文化、

日常知識(shí)、科普常識(shí)等,但是所涉及的背景知識(shí)

應(yīng)能為學(xué)生所理解;

b.體裁多樣,可以包括敘述文、說明文、議論文

等;

C.文章的語(yǔ)言難度中等,無法猜測(cè)而又影響理解

的關(guān)鍵詞,如超出大綱詞匯表四級(jí)的范圍,用漢

語(yǔ)注明詞義。

閱讀理解部分主要測(cè)試下述能力

a.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意;

b.了解和說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié);

c.既理解字面的意思,也能根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一

定的判斷和推論;

d.既理解個(gè)別句子的意義,也理解上下文的邏輯

關(guān)系。

閱讀理解部分的目的是測(cè)試學(xué)生通過閱讀獲

取信息的能力,既要求準(zhǔn)確,也要求有一定的速

度。

閱讀理解題型:

1.主旨題

2.細(xì)節(jié)題

3.態(tài)度題

4.推斷題

5.詞匯題

第二節(jié)閱讀理解命題原則及題型分析

閱讀的路標(biāo)一文章十大命題原則

任何事物都有一定規(guī)定性,四級(jí)閱讀試題也不

例外,它體現(xiàn)了一些最基本的命題規(guī)則。茲將

這些規(guī)律歸納成以下十條原則,即十大考試要

點(diǎn):

(一)列舉處時(shí)考

列舉指的是由First,...Second,...Third,...

等別導(dǎo)的并列成分,或A、B、C、andD等并列的

成分。它們屬于“細(xì)節(jié)性問題”題型,主果有兩

種:

which題型

該題型栗求從并列的三選中選一項(xiàng)作為答案,其

他選項(xiàng)與題目無關(guān)。

Thetechnologythattheyareworkingon

wouldsuggestquitereasonablythat,within

threetofiveyears,we!11havesomeworkable

sensorsreadytouse.Suchdevicesmightfind

wideuseinplacesthatattractterrorists.

Policecoulddetectdrugs,bodiesandbombs

hiddenincars,whilefoodinspectorscould

easilytestfoodandwaterforcontamination.

Q:whichofthefollowingiswithinthe

capacityoftheartificialnosebeing

developed?

A.Monitoringfoodprocessing

B.Performingphysicalexaminations

C.Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorist

D.Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination

解題思路:文章從警察和食品檢驗(yàn)員的角度

列舉了人工的幾項(xiàng)功能,A)意為“檢測(cè)食

品加工”,文不對(duì)題,因?yàn)槲恼轮兄v了食品

污染。B)的內(nèi)容完全不相干。C)意為“確

定能吸引恐怖分子的地方”,命題者在這里

偷梁換柱,因?yàn)槲闹姓f的是“用于吸引恐怖

分子的地方”oD)正確,選取了列舉中的兩

Except題型

該題型要求考生通過核對(duì)文章內(nèi)容,排隊(duì)滿

足文章內(nèi)容的三個(gè)選項(xiàng),而留下“不”符合文章

的“錯(cuò)誤”選項(xiàng)作為答案,通附成為“三缺一”

題型或Except題型。如:

Ancientfossilbeds,RevolutionaryWar

battlefields,magnificentmountainranges,

andmonumentstoheroicmenandwomenwho

moldedthiscountryareallapartofour

NationalParkSystem(NPS).Thecareand

preservationforfuturegenerationsofthese

specialplacesisentrustedtotheNPS.

UniformedRagers,themostvisible

RepresentativesoftheService,notonly

offerparkvisitorsafriendlywave,a

helpfulanswer,orathought-provoking

historylesson,butalsoareskilledrescuers,

firefighters,anddedicatedresource

protectionprofessionals.TheNationalPark

Serviceranksalsoincludearchitects,

historians,archaeologists,biologists,and

ahostofotherexpertswhopreserveand

protecteverythingfromGeorgeWashington's

teethtoThomasEdison5swaxrecordings.

Q:TheNationalParkServicedoesallofthe

followingEXEPT.

A.offeringhelptovisitors

B.moldingtheNation

C.Keepingpeoplebetterinformedofthe

NationalParkSystem

D.Helpingpreservetheculturalheritage

解題思路:選項(xiàng)A)、C)、D)都是文章中提

到過的服務(wù)內(nèi)容,B)雖然也在文中出現(xiàn),但是仔

細(xì)看就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)moldedthiscountry是由heroic

menandwomen發(fā)出的動(dòng)作,而非NationalPark

System提供的服務(wù),所以B)是正確答案。

(二)轉(zhuǎn)折及與強(qiáng)對(duì)比外???/p>

轉(zhuǎn)折一般指由however,but,yet,infact

等詞引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或句子,這些詞前面往往是鋪墊、

介紹等信息,后面常衡是語(yǔ)義的重點(diǎn),是作者真

正感興趣的焦點(diǎn)信息,是重要的命題點(diǎn)。

Manypeoplebelievetheglarefromsnow

causesnow-blindnesso^etj,darkglassesor

not,theyfindthemselvessufferingfrom

headachesandwateringeyes,andeven

snow-blindness,whenexposedtoseveral

hoursof“snowlight”.

Q:Topreventheadaches,wateringeyesand

blindnesscausedbytheglarefromsnow,dark

glassesare.

A)indispensableB)useful

C)ineffectiveD)available

解題甩路:轉(zhuǎn)折詞后面的信息非常重要,往往

就是答案所在。Yet后面談到不管用不用墨鏡,人

們都會(huì)頭疼,流淚等,說明暮鏡沒什么效果,因

此C)是正確選項(xiàng)。

強(qiáng)對(duì)比附由unlike,until,however,but

等引導(dǎo)。命題模式如下:文章中說A具有X屬性,

B與A不同。問題是B有何屬性?答案為非X屬

性。參見常規(guī)命題思路節(jié)“反替考”o

(三)例舉用考

由as,suchas,forexample,forinstance

等別導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或句子通常是舉例,例子一般是和

文章或段落中心思慈緊密相關(guān),體現(xiàn)了“中心思

想是解”這一原則。參見解的特征節(jié)“中心圍想

“Woman'slanguage"showsupinalllevel

ofEnglish.Forexample,womenareencouraged

andallowedtomakefarmoreprecise

discriminationsinnamingcolorsthanmendo.

Wordslikemauve,beige,andsoon,are

unremarkableinawoman5sactivevocabulary,

butlargelyabsentfromthatofmostmen.

Q:Womencanmakefarmoreprecise

discriminationsinnamingcolorsthanmendo

because.

A)womenaremoreintelligentthanmen

B)womenseeawiderrangeofcolorsthan

mendo

C)womenareencouragedandsupposedto

paymoreattentiontofine

discriminationsofnamesthanmendo

D)womenintentionallylearnmoreof

thiskindofknowledgetoshowtheyareequal

tomeninintelligence

解題甩路:選擇項(xiàng)A)、B)、D)都是對(duì)文章意

思的胡諂,尤其B)把原文中談?wù)摰纳实脑~匯偷

換成了色彩本身,只有C)符合文義,其內(nèi)容就是

Forexample后面內(nèi)容的改寫。

(四)數(shù)字與年代時(shí)考

文中的數(shù)字,年代,日期等常附是命題者的命題

點(diǎn)。參見數(shù)字題形。

(五)最高級(jí)及絕對(duì)性詞匯附考

must,all,only,anyone,always,never

等意義絕對(duì)的詞或first,mostbeautiful等最

高級(jí)往往是考題要點(diǎn),一般出現(xiàn)在“細(xì)節(jié)性問題”

中。為什么可能是考點(diǎn)呢?因?yàn)樗齻兌加幸粋€(gè)共

同特點(diǎn):概念絕對(duì),答案唯一,無論是命題還是

答題,不會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義和疑問,因此容易命題,答

案不會(huì)摸棱兩可。相反,如果文章中出現(xiàn)相對(duì)性

的詞匯,就難有唯一的答案。請(qǐng)大家琢磨這個(gè)例

題:Someofthepeoplechoseredhats,some

chosegreenhats,andothersblueones.問

題:Whatcolorhatsdidsomepeopleprefer?因

為其中some為相對(duì)概念,所以就難有唯一正確的

答案,答案就可能為red,green或blue,這樣評(píng)

卷也難免沒有困難。大家體會(huì)一下,其實(shí)命題也

受諸多限制,要按照一個(gè)固定套路進(jìn)行。

Whenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheor

heboughtisfaultyorinsomeotherwaydoes

notliveuptothemanufacturer^claimfor

it,thefirststepistopresentthe

warranty(保單),oranyotherrecordswhich

mighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.

Q:Whenaconsumerfindsthathispurchasehas

faultinit,thefirstthingheshoulddois

to.

A)complainpersonallytothemanager

B)threatentotakethemattertocourt

C)writeafirmletterofcomplainttothe

storeofpurchase

D)showsomewrittenproofofthepurchase

tothestore

Complainingisusuallymosteffective

whenitisdonepolitelybutfirmly,and

especiallywhentheconsumercandemonstrate

whatiswrongwiththeiteminquestion.If

thiscannotbedone,theconsumerwill

succeedbestbypresentingspecific

informationastowhatiswrong,ratherthan

bymakinggeneralstatement.

Q:Themosteffectivecomplaintcanbemade

by.

A)showingthefaultyitemtothe

manufacturer

B)explainingexactlywhatiswrongwith

theitem

C)sayingfirmlythattheitemisofpoor

quality

D)askingpolitelytochangetheitem

Policymakersandindustryhavefour

options:reducevehicleuse,increasethe

efficiencyandreducetheemissionsof

conventionalgasolinepoweredvehicles,

switchtolessharmfulfuels,orfindless

pollutingdrivingsystems.Thelastof

these一一inparticulartheintroductionof

vehiclespoweredbyelectricity-is

ultimatelytheonlysustainableoption.

Q:Whichofthefollowingisthebestsolution

totheproblemsmentionedinpassage?

A)thedesigningofhighlyefficientcar

engines

B)areductionofvehicleuseincities

C)thedevelopmentofelectriccars

D)theuseoflesspollutingfuels

解題思路:以上三例中原文都出現(xiàn)了最高級(jí)或

概念絕對(duì)的詞語(yǔ),如例6中thefirststep,例

7中themosteffective,例8中ultimatelythe

onlysustainableoptiono命題者根據(jù)這些詞

語(yǔ)稍做改變,如在題干中將例6改為thefirst

thing;將例8改為thebestsolutiono對(duì)照問

題和原文中出現(xiàn)這些詞語(yǔ)的句子,就可以肯定地

找出三個(gè)答案分別是D)、B)和C)。

(六)專有名詞時(shí)考

包括人名、地名、或其他的專有名詞。閱讀文

章前,先掃視以下文章后面問題中是否有專有名

詞,這樣在閱讀時(shí)才能有的放矢。

Nocompanylikestobetolditis

contributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.

“Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwith

ourcareer?"SenatorRobertDoleaskedTime

Warnerexecutiveslastweek.uYouhavesold

yoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournation

andthreatenourchildrenaswell?”

Q:SenatorRobertDolecriticizedTime

Warnerfor.

Aitsraisingthecorporatestockprice.

Bitsself-examinationofsoul

Citsneglectofsocialresponsibility

Ditsemphasisoncreativefreedom

解題思路:根據(jù)題干中的專有名詞,我們很快

可能在文中搜索到相關(guān)信息。C)符合題義,原文

中的corruptournationandthreatenour

children就是neglectofsocial

responsibility的同義語(yǔ)。

(七)隱蔽處???/p>

隱蔽處顧名甩義,即是指句子中隱蔽之處、容

易忽視之處,包括:

同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、長(zhǎng)旬后半旬、從旬、

副詞、不定式

Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,

whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,which

isamonopoly.

Q:Governmentisbelievedtodiffer

strikinglyfrombusinessinthatgovernment

ischaracterizedby.

A.itsroleinprotectingbasicAmerican

values

B.itsabsolutecontrolofpower

C.itsdemocraticwayofexercising

leadership

D.itsfunctioninpreservingpersonal

freedom

解題甩路:此題就在隱蔽的定語(yǔ)從句which

isamonopoly中,正確答案B)就是它的改

o

Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundly

oppositeincontent,whileatthesame

timestandingoutabovetherest,thanthe

JerrySpringandtheOprahWinfreyshows.

Q:ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,both

theJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfrey

are.

A.morefamily-orientedB.unusually

popular

C.moreprofoundD.relatively

formal

解題思路:While引導(dǎo)的插入語(yǔ),修飾two

shows,符合題干中的both,standingout

abovetherest則等同于選項(xiàng)B)的unusually

popular,故B)是正確答案。

(八)因果旬附考

句中含有如下結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯的稱為因果旬:

表示因果的連詞:because,since,for,as,

therefore,so,consequently等。

表示因果的動(dòng)詞:cause,resultin,

originatefrom等。

表示因果的名詞:base,basis,result,

consequence等。

這些都可指明因果關(guān)系,尤為命題者所青睞,

因?yàn)榭梢悦}考查文中的兩件事情的因果關(guān)

系,一般屬于“推斷性問題”O(jiān)

Becausepeoplebecomeadaptedtothetype

ofsoundscomingfromprogramming,a

dramaticchangeinsoundqualitydraws

viewers5attention.Forexample,notice

howmanycommercialsbeginwithacheerful

songofsomekindbecause.

A.popsongsattractviewers5attention

B.itcanincreasetheirloudness

C.advertiserswanttomakethemsound

differentfromregularprograms

D.advertiserswanttomergemusicwith

commercial

解題甩路:A)意為“流行歌曲吸引觀眾的注

意力”,這是干擾項(xiàng),因?yàn)樵闹懈緵]提流

行音樂。B)意為“它能增加它們的音量”,這

顯然荒謬:愉快的歌怎能增加廣告的音量?D)

意為“廣告商慈讓音樂同廣告相結(jié)合”,這聽

起來也許有道理,但文章中根本沒這樣說。C)

意為“廣告商想讓它們聽起來跟普通節(jié)目不一

樣”,我們只要仔細(xì)分析原文就可知道:For

example前后存在因果關(guān)系,而且adramatic

changeinsoundquality同sounddifferent

fromregularprograms的怠甩相同,故為正

確答案。

Overthepastfifteenyears,

informationtechnologyhasbecomean

essentialpartofthemanagerial

vocabularyforgreatmanybusinesses.

Today,however,telecommunicationsare

rapidlybecomingasimportantasthe

computerindustry.Thiscanbeattributed

totheliberalizationofworldmarket.

Q:Rapiddevelopmentinadvance

communicationshasresultedfrom

A.liberalizationofworldmarket

Bimplementationofnewstrategies

C.identificationofpotentialmarkets

D.connectionofbusinessoperations

解題甩路:文中的attributeto意為“歸因

于”,多用被動(dòng)式,其前為結(jié)果,其后為原

因;題干中的resultfrom意為…產(chǎn)生?,

多用主動(dòng)式,也是結(jié)果JL于其前,原因置于其

后。故A)是正確答案。

(九)段落主題句???/p>

段落的第一句和最后一句均是十分重要的地

方,二者往往是表達(dá)中心思想的主題句。有時(shí)

前者是主題旬,后者是主題總結(jié)句,因此用出

主題性問題、細(xì)節(jié)性問題和結(jié)構(gòu)性問題。

Crimehasitsowncycles,amagazine

reportedsomeyearsago.Policerecords

thatwerestudiedforfiveyearsfromover

2,400citiesandtownsshowasurprising

linkbetweenchangesinthereasonand

timepatterns...

Q:Agoodtitleforthispassagewould

be.

A.ATimeforMurder

B.SummerCrimes

C.CrimeCyclesThroughouttheYear

D.IntellectualSeasonalCycles

解題思路:這是一道主旨題。段落的首句就

概括了全文的主漉,所以C)正確,其余選項(xiàng)

都不全

(十)特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)常考

一些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)同篇章結(jié)構(gòu)或句間關(guān)系有密切

關(guān)系,常是考點(diǎn)。

破折號(hào):表示解釋,考細(xì)節(jié)性問題;

括號(hào):表示解釋,考細(xì)節(jié)性問題;

冒號(hào):表示解釋,考細(xì)節(jié)性問題;

引號(hào):表示引用,考細(xì)節(jié)性問題。

Scientisthavereasontothinkthataman

canputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1

remwithoutbeingdamaged,andthefigure

of60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetrouble

isthatisextremelydifficulttobesure

aboutradiationdamage-apersonmayfeel

perfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorher

sexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswill

notbediscovereduntilthebirthof

deformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.

Q:Weknowfromthepassage

that.

A.exposuretoeventinyamountsof

radiationisfatal

B.theeffectofexposureto

radiationisslowincoming

C.radiationisavoidableinspace

exploration

D.peopleneedn'tworryaboutany

radiationdamage

解題甩路:A)和D)過于絕對(duì),走兩個(gè)極端;

C)是胡亂推理。根據(jù)破折號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容,B)

是正確答案。

Alllanguagesusethesamechannelfor

sendingandreceiving;thevibrationof

theatmosphere.Allsetthevibrations

goinginthesameway,bytheactivityof

thespeechorgansandallorganizethe

vibrationsinessentiallythesameway,

intosmallunitsofsoundthatcanbe

combinedandrecombinedindistinctive

ways.

Q:Whichofthefollowingstatementsis

trueaccordingtothepassage?

A.Somelanguagesusethespeechorgansfor

sendingandreceiving.

B.Somelanguagesusesmalldistinctive

unitsofsoundforsendingand

receiving.

C.Alllanguagesusethevibrationsofthe

atmosphereforsendingandreceiving.

D.Eachlanguageshasauniquemediumfor

sendingandreceiving.

解題思路:抓住菖號(hào)后的內(nèi)容就能找到正確

答案C)o

Duringthediscussionofrocksinging

verseatlastmonth5sstockholder,s

meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnot

thecauseofsociety'sills"andeven

citedhisson,ateacherinBronx,NewYork,

whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.

Q:Levincitedhissontoshow

that.

A.hissonwasagoodmusicteacher

B.rapisverygoodcommunicationtool

C.rapmusicmaydogoodtopeopleif

properlytreated

D.manyteachersandstudentsare

fascinatedwithrapmusic.

解題甩路:Levin引證兒子的例子是為了說明

別號(hào)中的assertion,選項(xiàng)C)符合引號(hào)的內(nèi)

容,故是正確答案。

由此可見,如果利用上面所介紹的考點(diǎn)為“路

標(biāo)”,就可望迅速的找到正確答案。有些同學(xué)

做題很快,根本原因之一在于他對(duì)考點(diǎn)非常敏

感,見到“路標(biāo)”就能預(yù)見考題,甚至未見考

題巳知答案。說讀完文章后就能預(yù)測(cè)出后邊

會(huì)考哪些題有言過其實(shí)之嫌,但對(duì)深諳出題套

數(shù)的人來說,一篇文章讀過后,多數(shù)考題盡在

預(yù)料之中確實(shí)是可能的。

二、題型分析

問題類型一:主旨題(SubjectMatter)

?根據(jù)問題內(nèi)容的不同,這類問題可分為主理

型、標(biāo)題型和目的型o

?常見的命題方式:

?(1)Whatisthemainidea(subject)of

thispassage?

?(2)Whatdoesthispassagemainly

(primarily)concern?

?(3)Themainthemeofthispassageis

?(4)Themainpointofthepassage

is.

?(5)Whichofthefollowingisthebest

titleforthepassage?

?(6)Thetitlethatbestexpressesthe

themeofthepassageis.

?(7)Onwhichofthefollowingsubject

wouldthepassagemostlikelybefoundin

atextbook?

?8)Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes

thepassageasawhole?

?(9)Thepurposeofthewriterinwriting

thispassage.

?(10)Theauthorwritesthispassage

to.

解題步賺

?找出主題句

?概括和歸納出主題思慈

舉例講解:

主題型例文(2002年6月閱讀部分第3篇)

Itishardtotrackthebluewhale,theocean's

largestcreature,whichhasalmostbeen

killedoffbycommercialwhalingandisnow

listedasanendangeredspecies.Attaching

radiodevicestoitisdifficult,andvisual

sightingsaretoounreliabletogivereal

insightintoitsbehavior.

Sobiologistsweredelightedearlythisyear

when,withthehelpoftheNavy,theywere

abletotrackaparticularbluewhalefor43

days,monitoringitssounds.Thiswas

possiblebecauseoftheNavy'sformerly

top-secretsystemofunderwaterlistening

devicesspanningtheoceans.

Trackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofan

excitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilian

scientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavy

startstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobal

networkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuilt

overthedecadestotracktheshipsof

potentialenemies.

Earthscientistsannouncedatanews

conferencerecentlythattheyhadusedthe

systemforcloselymonitoringadeep-sea

volcaniceruption(爆發(fā))forthefirsttimeand

thattheyplansimilarstudies.

Otherscientistshaveproposedtousethe

networkfortrackingoceancurrentsand

measuringchangesinoceanandglobal

temperatures.

Thespeedofsoundinwaterisroughlyone

mileasecond-slowerthanthroughlandbut

fasterthanthroughair.Whatismost

important,differentlayersofoceanwater

canactaschannelsforsounds,focusing

theminthesamewayastethoscope(聽診器)

doeswhenitcarriesfaintnoisesfroma

patient'schesttoadoctor'sear.This

focusingisthemainreasonthateven

relativelyweaksoundsintheocean,

especiallylow-frequencyones,canoften

travelthousandsofmiles.

31.Thepassageischieflyabout

A)anefforttoprotectanendangeredmarine

species

B)thecivilianuseofamilitarydetection

system

C)theexposureofaU.S.Navytop-secret

weapon

D)anewwaytolookintothebehaviorof

bluewhales

本文是一篇科普類說明文。第一、二段以追蹤藍(lán)

鯨引出話題,即軍事技術(shù)(水下監(jiān)聽)在非軍事

領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。第三段進(jìn)一步加以明確,說明

trackingwhales僅僅是這一技術(shù)應(yīng)用的一個(gè)例

子。第四段說的是水下監(jiān)聽技術(shù)在monitoring

deep-seavolcaniceruption方面的應(yīng)用。第四

段說的是水下監(jiān)聽技術(shù)在trackingocean

currentsandmeasuringchangesinocean

andglobaltemperatures方面的應(yīng)用。最后一

段是作了原理性的說明。

綜上所述,本文的話題是水下監(jiān)聽技術(shù),主題則

是這一技術(shù)的非軍事領(lǐng)域的廣泛應(yīng)用。因此31題

的正確答案應(yīng)為B)。

此外,這一題也可用排除法解題或加以驗(yàn)證。C)

的錯(cuò)誤之處在于與文章內(nèi)容完全不符,文中只提

到了水下監(jiān)聽技術(shù)曾是絕密的(formerly

top-secret),況且這項(xiàng)技術(shù)也并不是weapon。

A)、D)兩項(xiàng)涉及到藍(lán)鯨,而追蹤藍(lán)鯨只是這一

技術(shù)應(yīng)用的一個(gè)例子,屬細(xì)枝末節(jié)。如果A)或

D)是文章的主題的話,那么后面的三段與主題有

多大關(guān)系呢?

標(biāo)題型例文(2000年6月閱讀部分第三篇)

Americansareproudoftheirvarietyand

individuality,yettheyloveandrespectfew

thingsmorethanauniform,whetheritisthe

uniformofanelevatoroperatororthe

uniformofafive-stargeneral.Whyare

uniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?

Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneof

thefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeople

theylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian(百

姓的)Clothes.Peoplehavebecome

conditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfroma

manwhowearsauniform.Thetelevision

repairmanwhowearsauniformtendsto

inspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsin

civilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagarage

mechanicisincreasedbyauniform.What

easierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,

abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessional

identity(身份)thantostepoutofuniform?

Uniformsalsohavemanypractical

benefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.They

saveonlaundrybills.Theyare

tax-deductible(可減稅的).Theyareoften

morecomfortableandmoredurablethan

civilianclothes.

Primaryamongtheargumentsagainst

uniformsistheirlackofvarietyandthe

consequentlossofindividualityexperienced

bypeoplewhomustwearthem.Though

therearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearer

ofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwith

it,withoutchange,untilretirement.When

peoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,

andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.

Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepractical

problems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,

oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthe

costofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsare

alsoexpensivetomaintain,requiring

professionaldrycleaningratherthanthe

homelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypes

ofcivilianclothes.

65.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe

A)UniformsandSociety

B)TheImportanceofWearingaUniform

C)PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniform

D)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesof

Uniforms

本文可分為三個(gè)部分。第一段提出話題:uniformo

以下的四段中,每段的第一句話都是該段的主題

句。第二、三兩段說明了制服的好處,第三、四

兩段說的是制服的不利方面。因此,這篇文章的

主題是:制服的利與弊,故標(biāo)題應(yīng)為D)。

目的型例文(2000年6月閱讀部分第三篇)

Sportisnotonlyphysicallychallenging,

butitcanalsobementallychallenging.

Criticismfromcoaches,parents,andother

teammates,aswellaspressuretowincan

createanexcessiveamountofanxietyor

stressforyoungathletes(運(yùn)動(dòng)員).Stresscan

bephysical,emotional,orpsychologicaland

researchhasindicatedthatitcanleadto

burnout.Burnouthasbeendescribedas

droppingorquittingofanactivitythatwasat

onetimeenjoyable.

Theearlyyearsofdevelopmentarecritical

yearsforlearningaboutoneself.Thesport

settingisonewherevaluableexperiences

cantakeplace.Youngathletescan,for

example,learnhowtocooperatewithothers,

makefriends,andgainothersocialskills

thatwillbeusedthroughouttheirlives.

Coachesandparentsshouldbeaware,atall

times,thattheirfeedbacktoyoungsterscan

greatlyaffecttheirchildren.Youngstersmay

taketheirparents9andcoaches9criticismsto

heartandfindaflaw(缺陷)inthemselves.

Coachesandparentsshouldalsobe

cautiousthatyouthsportparticipationdoes

notbecomeworkforchildren.Theoutcome

ofthegameshouldnotbemoreimportant

thantheprocessoflearningthesportand

otherlifelessons.Intoday'syouthsport

setting,youngathletesmaybeworrying

moreaboutwhowillwininsteadofenjoying

themselvesandthesport.Followingagame,

manyparentsandcoachesfocusonthe

outcomeandfindfaultwithyoungsters9

performances.Positivereinforcement

shouldbeprovidedregardlessofthe

outcome.Researchindicatesthatpositive

reinforcementmotivatesandhasagreater

effectonlearningthancriticism.Again,

criticismcancreatehighlevelsofstress,

whichcanleadtoburnout.

Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage

is.

A)toteachyoungathleteshowtoavoid

burnout

B)topersuadeyoungchildrennottoworry

aboutcriticism

C)tostresstheimportanceofpositive

reinforcementtochildren

D)todiscusstheskillofcombiningcriticism

withencouragement

本文第一段論述了sportsarementally

challenging(第一句話后半句)。指出教練和家

長(zhǎng)的批評(píng)和急于獲勝的壓力可能會(huì)帶來負(fù)面的影

響。

第二段指出在早期發(fā)展階段教練和家長(zhǎng)要意識(shí)到

他們的反應(yīng)會(huì)極大地影響孩子(theirfeedback

toyoungsterscangreatlyaffecttheir

children)o

第三段的第一句話是這一段的主題句。本段告誡

教練和家長(zhǎng)不要使運(yùn)動(dòng)成為孩子的負(fù)擔(dān)。注意此

處的標(biāo)志詞“also”。

綜上所述,本文的主題是勸告教練和家長(zhǎng)不要對(duì)

孩子的運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)過于批評(píng),而應(yīng)該象倒數(shù)第三、

第二句話暗示的那樣,多加以鼓勵(lì)。所以本文的

寫作目的應(yīng)選擇D)。

問題類型二:細(xì)節(jié)題(Sped仔cQuestions):

辯認(rèn)主題展開的重要細(xì)節(jié)(Recognizing

PrimarySupportingDetails)

細(xì)節(jié)是組成文章的主體部分,是用來闡明主

旨大意的,或者說,是用來支撐主題思想的。要

注意識(shí)別句子的功能及文中的承接語(yǔ),以便充分

理解文章的主旨及具體細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)。細(xì)節(jié)題就文

章中的具體的細(xì)節(jié)給予測(cè)試。有的測(cè)試考生對(duì)某

個(gè)句子或短語(yǔ)的理解,有的測(cè)試考生迅速查讀的

能力。

細(xì)節(jié)題的一般命題方式:

1、Whatdoesthepassagesayabout...

2、Whatistheauthor'sopinionof

3、Whereinthepassagedoesthe

authormention...

4、WhichofthefollowingisNOT

referredtobytheauthormentionas...

5、Whichofthefollowingismost

clearlyanexampieof...

6、Accordingtothepassage,whichof

thefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?

7、Theauthormentionsallofthe

followingexcept...

8、Thereasonfor...is...

9、Accordingtothepassage,when

(where,why,how,who,etc.)...

10、Allofthefollowingaretrue

except...

解題技巧:

1,考生有的放矢地找到原文的具體事實(shí)或特定信

息的位置,要求快速,準(zhǔn)確。

2,正確理解原文的意義后,比較選項(xiàng)中心詞是否

與所獲取的信息一致。

3,考生可以根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)文章未涉及的中心詞

來進(jìn)行排除。細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn):

1)部分正確,另一部分錯(cuò)誤;

2)是原文信息,但不是題目所要求的內(nèi)容;

3)符合常識(shí),但不是題目所要求的內(nèi)容;

4)明顯不是文章的信息。

舉例講解:

Oneofthemostimportant

weaponsusedduringtheSecond

WorldWarwasnotaweaponused

againstpeople,butratheradrugused

againstdisease.Thewartimeuseof

penicillin(青霉素)savedthousandsof

lives.IntheFirstWorldWar,for

exampie,pneumonia(肺炎)was

responsiblefor18%ofallthedeaths

intheUnitedStatesarmy.Inthe

SecondWorldWar,theratewent

downtolessthan1%.Inaddition,

penicillinwashelpfulinkeeping

woundsfromgettinginfectedandin

helpingtospeedthehealingprocess

ofthosewoundsthatdidbecome

infected.

Q:Whatwasthepneumoniadeath

rateofallthedeathsintheUnited

StatesarmyduringtheSecondWorld

War?

A)About18%.

B)Nomorethan1%.

C)1%.

D)About17%.

該段短文中句子的邏輯功能可劃分如下:第

一句為主題引介句。第二句"在戰(zhàn)時(shí)使用青霉素挽

救了幾千條人命”,應(yīng)為主題句。余下三句為支撐

主題的陳述細(xì)節(jié)的句子:

承接語(yǔ)forexampie提示,第三句為例解

性的細(xì)節(jié);第四句具有與之對(duì)比的含義,可視為

同一細(xì)節(jié);inaddition是增補(bǔ)性的承接語(yǔ),提

示第五句為另一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。

顯然,答案為B),二戰(zhàn)其間美軍中死于肺

炎的人“不到百分之一”,選項(xiàng)用了"nomore

than,5,等同于原文的“l(fā)essthan”。

Sexreferstothebiologicaldifference

betweenmalesandfemales,especiallythe

visibledifferencesinthesexualorgans

andtherelateddifferencesintheroleeach

sexplaysinthereproductiveprocess.

Genderreferstothesocialclassification

ofmasculineandfeminine.

Q:Genderisatermthatrefersto

A.thebiolo

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