2019年考研英語真題及解析答案

2019年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)真題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphone1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can`tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybehowquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15.[A]form[B]through[C]beyond[D]under16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose1SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“l(fā)ong-termism，”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe[A].enhancebankers’senseofresponsibility[B].helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits[C].buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation[D].guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutivesAlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate[A].theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits[B].governments’impatienceindecision-making[C].thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies[D].“short-termism”ineconomicactivitiesItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe[A].indirect [B].adverse [C].minimal [D].temporaryTheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrate[A].theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.[B].thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.2[C].theapproachestopromoting“l(fā)ong-termism”.[D].theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A].FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism[B].PatienceasaCorporateVirtue[C].DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives[D].FrustrationofRisk-takingBankersText2Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?[A].Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.[B].Students’indifferencetoGPAS.[C].Colleges’neglectofGPAS.[D].Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?[A].helpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.[B].Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.[C].Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.[D].Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto[A].obtainmorefinancialsupport.[B].boosttheirstudentenrollments.3[C].improvetheirteachingquality.[D].meetlocalgovernments'needs.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?[A].counterbalanceeachother.[B].complementeachother.[C].beidenticalwitheachother.[D].Tobecontradictorytoeachother.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby[A].assessingitsfeasibility.[B].analyzingthecausesbehindit.[C].comparingdifferentviewsonit.[D].listingitslong-runeffects.Text3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren’tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAl”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAl-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity’shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein’sout-of-controlmonster.MaryShelley’snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit[A].fascinatesAlscientistsallovertheworld.[B].hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.[C].involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAltoday.[D].hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies4InDavidEagleman’sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness[A].helpsexplainartificialintelligence.[B].canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.[C].inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.[D].istoolimitedforustoreproduceitThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles[A].canhardlyeverbefound.[B].isstillbeyondourcapacity.[C].causeslittlepublicconcern.[D].hasarousedmuchcuriosity.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof[A].affirmation[B].skepticism.[C].contempt[D].respect.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A].Future:IntheHandsofGiants[B].Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAl[C].TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable[D].AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControlText4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt’sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer’spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn’thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn’thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren’tchargedit,butmostdidn’trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“l(fā)imitedstate’'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn’tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon’thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven’tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate’ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”5TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill[A].Dettebusiness’revolutionswithstates[B].putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma[C].makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax[D].forcesomestatestocutsalestaxItcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecision.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears[C].werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchases[D].wereconsiderunfavorablebystatesAccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas[A].hinderedeconomicdevelopment.[B].broughtprosperitytothecountry[C].harmedfairmarketcompetition[D].boostedgrowthinstates’revenueWhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling[A].Internetenterpreneurs[B].Big-chairowners[C].Third-partysellers[D].SmallretailersIndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor[A].givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences[B].describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking[C].presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem[D].citiessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplicationsPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments–fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding---thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.needtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppsiteside.Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.prospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhyso6manypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.Inhis1936workHowtoFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:"Thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon’tgetcaught.willbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.cancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneThereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,Iyell.“No,”neitherofuslearnsanything.neitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother’spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.41.→42.→F→43.→44.→C→45.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealizedjusthowbadofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled‘TheNaturalSelectionofBadScience”,publishedontheRoyalSociety’sopensciencewebsite,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhasbecomealmostanendinitself.Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork:47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Nevermindthequality,then,countthenumber.48)Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingtoincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintotheassessmentofanapplicant’spapers.Thisisthefamedcitationindex,thatistosaythenumberoftimesapaperhasbeenquotedelsewhereinthescientificliterature,theassumptionbeingthatanimportantpaperwillbecitedmoreoftenthanoneofsmallaccount.49)Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublications,orgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavors.Boilingdownanindividual’soutputtosimplemetrics,suchasnumberofpublicationsorjournalimpacts,entailsconsiderablesavingsintime,energyandambiguity.Unfortunately,thelong-termcostsofusingsimplequantitativemetricstoassessresearchermeritarelikelytobequitegreat.50)Ifweareseriousaboutensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.7Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.Nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingtoincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintotheassessmentofanapplicant’spapers.Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublicationorgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavors.Ifweareseriousaboutensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.SectionIIIWritingPartADirections：Supposeyouareworkingforthe“AidingruralPrimarySchool”projectofyouruniversitywriteanemailtoanswertheinquiryfromaninternationalstudentvolunteer,specifyingthedetailsoftheproject.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSEWERSHEETDonotuseyourownnameintheemail.Use“LiMing”instead.(10points)PartBDirections：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethepicturesbrieflyinterpretthemeaningandgiveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)82019年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)試題答案詳解SectionIUseofEnglish1、【答案】C.Few 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析和上下文語境【解析】此題詞義辨析和上下文語境。首句為主題句：今天，我們生活在一個GPS系統(tǒng)數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用程序都在我們的智能手機(jī)上唾手可得的世界空格所在句指出：我們中 在沒有電話個人GPS或其他導(dǎo)航工具的情況下直接走進(jìn)樹林本句有without與few構(gòu)成雙重否定表肯定，根據(jù)語義應(yīng)該填入few(幾乎沒有人)，符合文意。2、【答案】C.run 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞組搭配【解析】此題考查詞組搭配。runonbattery表示手機(jī)用電池發(fā)動，運(yùn)行。其他選項(xiàng)：Puton(穿上;使運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn));takeon(承擔(dān);呈現(xiàn));comeon(快點(diǎn);開始)，語義不通順。故正確答案為[C]run。3、【答案】B.If 【試題考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷if(如果)符合上下文的表達(dá)。其余選項(xiàng)：Since因?yàn)?自從though雖然until直到)帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為[BIf。4、【答案】D.literally【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【解析空格所在句譯文： 你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷路， 找不到北方我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航 文明此處literally表示確實(shí)地真正地帶入原文語義通順你的確找不到北方其余選項(xiàng)(正式地相對地逐漸地)帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為[D]literally.5、【答案】A.back 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析和上下文語境【解析空格所在句譯文： 你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷路， 找不到北方我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航 文明。前文講lost(迷路)，此處填入back(回到)文明之地相互呼應(yīng)，故正確答案為[A]back。6、【答案】[B]off 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析和詞組搭配【解析此處考察詞義辨析和詞組搭配空格所在句的句意為當(dāng)你 路徑但不完全 的區(qū)域你需要回答兩個問題在這個特殊區(qū)域哪兒條路是下坡?哪兒里有最近的水源?通過后半句的問題，能夠了解到前面是當(dāng)你偏離軌道，迷失蹤跡的時候。B選項(xiàng)off(遠(yuǎn)離，離開)符合語義要求;A選項(xiàng)onto(在...之上)，C選項(xiàng)across(穿過，橫穿)，D選項(xiàng)alone(獨(dú)自地，單獨(dú)地)帶入空格后，語義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為B選項(xiàng)off。7、【答案】[D]unfamiliar 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析butDunfamiliar(不熟悉的，不常見的)符合要求;A選項(xiàng)unattractive(不吸引人的uncrowded(unchanged(未改變的，無變化的)帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為[D]unfamiliar。8、【答案】[C]way 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析和上下文語境【解析】此處考察詞義辨析和上下文語境?？崭袼诰涞木湟猓耗阈枰卮饍蓚€問題：在這個特殊區(qū)域，哪兒個 是下坡?哪兒里有最近的水源?空格處所需的名詞需要符合上下文語境C選項(xiàng)way(道路)符合語義要求;A選項(xiàng)site(地點(diǎn)位置，場所)，B選項(xiàng)point(要點(diǎn)選項(xiàng)place(地方地點(diǎn))帶入空格后語義不通順均排除故正確答案為C選項(xiàng)way。9、【答案】[A]So 【試題考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系【解析此處考察詞邏輯關(guān)系空格所在句的前一句指出生活在山谷中的人基本都靠淡水為生。后面也就是空格所在句： 如果你下山，沿著水走，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的跡象很明顯空格處所填入的連詞和前面構(gòu)成因果的邏輯關(guān)系只有A選項(xiàng)So(所以因此)符合要求;B選項(xiàng)Yet(但是，然而)，C選Instead(代替，反而)，D選項(xiàng)Besides(此外，而且)帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為[A]So。10、【答案】[D]e