Chap02像經(jīng)濟學(xué)家一樣思考

ThinkingLikeanEconomist

像經(jīng)濟學(xué)家一樣思索

Chapter2TheEconomistasaScientist

作為科學(xué)家的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家Theeconomicwayofthinking...經(jīng)濟學(xué)思索方法…Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.客觀地分析與思索。Makesuseofthescientificmethod.利用科學(xué)的方法。TheScientificMethodUsesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.

Developstheories,collects,andanalyzesdatatoprovethetheories.Observation,TheoryandMoreObservation!科學(xué)方法利用籠統(tǒng)的模型協(xié)助解釋復(fù)雜的真實世界如何運轉(zhuǎn)。

構(gòu)成實際，搜集并分析數(shù)據(jù)來驗證實際。察看,實際，更多的察看EconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworldTwoofthemostbasiceconomicmodelsinclude:TheCircularFlowModelTheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier經(jīng)濟模型經(jīng)濟學(xué)家利用模型來簡化真實世界，使我們更好地了解這個世界。兩個最根本的經(jīng)濟學(xué)模型是：循環(huán)流向圖消費能夠性邊境TheCircular-FlowModel

經(jīng)濟循環(huán)流向圖Thecircular-flowmodelisasimplewaytovisuallyshowtheeconomictransactionsthatoccurbetweenhouseholdsandfirmsintheeconomy.循環(huán)流向圖——一個直觀地闡明一個經(jīng)濟體內(nèi)家庭和企業(yè)之間的經(jīng)濟買賣行為的簡一方式。TheCircular-FlowDiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarketforFactorsofProductionMarketforGoodsandServicesSpendingRevenueWages,rent,andprofitIncomeGoods&ServicessoldGoods&ServicesboughtLabor,land,andcapitalInputsforproduction經(jīng)濟循環(huán)圖企業(yè)家庭消費要素市場物品與勞務(wù)市場支出收入工資、租金和利潤收入銷售商品和效力購買商品和效力勞動、土地和資本消費投入TheCircular-FlowDiagram

經(jīng)濟循環(huán)圖FactorsofProduction消費要素Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices用于消費物品與勞務(wù)的投入Land,labor,andcapital土地、勞動和資本TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphshowingthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtechnology.消費能夠性邊境消費能夠性邊境——表示一個經(jīng)濟在可得到的消費要素與消費技術(shù)既定時所能消費的產(chǎn)量的各種組合的圖形。TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier

消費能夠性邊境QuantityofComputersProducedQuantityofCarsProduced3,0001,0002,0002,200A70060030001,000BCDProductionpossibilitiesfrontier電腦產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量消費能夠性邊境ConceptsIllustratedbytheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierEfficiencyTradeoffsOpportunityCostEconomicGrowth消費能夠性邊境闡明的概念效率權(quán)衡取舍時機本錢經(jīng)濟增長MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsMicroeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.HowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarketsMacroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.Howthemarkets,asawhole,interactatthenationallevel.

微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)的研討對象是經(jīng)濟中的個體家庭和企業(yè)如何作出決策，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ㄊ袌錾舷嗷ベI賣。宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)研討經(jīng)濟總表達象。從總體上看，各種市場在國家程度上如何相互影響。

TwoRolesofEconomists

經(jīng)濟學(xué)家的兩個角色Whentheyaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.當他們努力去解釋世界時，他們是科學(xué)家。Whentheyaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicyadvisors.當他們想要改動世界時，他們是政策顧問。PositiveversusNormativeAnalysisPositivestatementsarestatementsthatdescribetheworldasitis. CalleddescriptiveanalysisNormativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.Calledprescriptiveanalysis實證分析與規(guī)范分析實證表述是企圖描畫世界是什么的觀念。被稱為描畫性分析。規(guī)范表述是企圖描畫世界應(yīng)該如何運轉(zhuǎn)的觀念。被稱為命令性分析。??PositiveorNormativeStatements?

實證性還是規(guī)范性表述？Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.提高最低工資程度會導(dǎo)致最低技藝工人的就業(yè)減少。Positive實證性????PositiveorNormativeStatements?

實證性還是規(guī)范性表述？Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment.提高最低工資程度得到的利益比由此帶來的略微的就業(yè)減少呵斥的損失大Positive規(guī)范性EconomistsinWashington... ...serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:LegislativeExecutiveJudicial華盛頓的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家... ...在以下三個政府部門的政策制定過程中充任顧問：立法行政司法EconomistsinWashingtonSomegovernmentagenciesthatcollecteconomicdataandmakeeconomicpolicy:DepartmentofCommerceBureauofLaborStatisticsCongressionalBudgetOfficeFederalReserveBoard華盛頓的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家一些搜集經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)并制定經(jīng)濟政策的政府部門:商務(wù)部勞工統(tǒng)計局國會預(yù)算辦公室聯(lián)邦貯藏委員會小結(jié)經(jīng)濟學(xué)家像科學(xué)家一樣客觀地來研討他們的學(xué)科。為了了解周圍的世界，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家進展適當?shù)募僭O(shè)并建立簡單的模型。兩個簡單的經(jīng)濟模型是經(jīng)濟循環(huán)圖和消費能夠性邊境。小結(jié)經(jīng)濟學(xué)分為兩個領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)。微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)家研討市場中的家庭和企