新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程 第二版4 Syntax課件

Chapter4Syntax

新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxWhatissyntax?----abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxTransformationalGenerativeGrammar(TG)

Norm.Chomsky,themostinfluentiallinguistin20thcentury,someimportantworks:(1957)SyntacticStructure;(1965)AspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax;(1981)LecturesonGovernmentandBinding;(1986)Barriers(1993)AMinimalistProgramforLinguisticTheory;(1995)TheMinimalistProgram;(1998)TheMinimalistInquiry……新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4Syntax

Criteriaongoodgrammar

ObservationaladequacyDescriptiveadequacyExplanatoryadequacyTheultimategoalforanytheoryistoexplain.TGdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitnotonlyaimsatlanguagedescription,butalsoitsexplanation.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxChomskyismuchmoreinterestedinthesimilarities(languageuniversals)betweenlanguagesratherthantheirdifferences.Linguistsshouldattempttofindagrammaticalframeworkwhichwillbesuitableforalllanguages;Linguistsshouldconcentrateontheelementsandconstructionsthatareavailabletoalllanguagesratherthanonelementsthatactuallyoccurinalllanguages.TherearelikelytobeuniversalconstraintsonthewayslinguisticelementsarecombinedChomskyproposedthatthegrammarsofallhumanlanguagesshareacommonframework(UniversalGrammar).新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxCategoriesCategory（范疇）referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Themostcentralcategoriestothesyntacticstudyaretheword-levelcategories(traditionally,partsofspeech)新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxWord-levelcategories

Majorlexicalcategories:p.43N,V,Adj,Prep.MinorLexicalcategories:p.43Det（限定詞）,Deg,Qual（修飾語(yǔ)）,Auxi,Conj.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxThecriteriaonwhichcategoriesaredetermined

Meaning:n.entities,v.action,adj.propertiesEx.beawareofknowaboutInflection:n–s,v.–ed-ing,adj.–er-estEx.awordbelongingtomorethanonecategoryDistribution:a/ann.,bev-ed,bev-ing,Note:Themostreliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxPhrasecategoriesandtheirstructures

Phrasecategories----thesyntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrasecategories,suchasNP,VP,AP,PP.NPVPAPPPphraselevelllllNVAPwordlevelThestructure:specifier+head+complementhead（中心成分）----thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformedspecifier（標(biāo)志成分）----thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadscomplement（補(bǔ)足成分）----thewordsontherightsideoftheheads新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxPhrasestructurerules(PS-rule段語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則）Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule,suchas:NP

(Det)+N+(PP)……e.g.thosepeople,thefishontheplate,prettygirls.VP

(Qual)+V+(NP)……e.g.alwaysplaygames,finishassignments.AP

(Deg)+A+(PP)……veryhandsome,verypessimistic,familiarwith,veryclosetoPP

(Deg)+P+(NP)……ontheshelf,intheboat,quitenearthestation.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxSpecifierXComplementHeadXPTheXPrule

TheXPrule:XP(specifier)X(complement)Note:ThephrasestructurerulescanbesummedupasXPruleshowninthediagram,inwhichXstandsforN,V,AorP.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxCoordinationruleCoordinatestructures-----thestructuresthatareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,or,etc.----Coordinationhasfourimportantproperties:nolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesbeforetheconjunction;acategoryatanylevelcanbecoordinated;thecategoriesmustbeofthesametype;thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxPhraseelementsspecifier（標(biāo)志成分）head（中心成分）complement（補(bǔ)足成分）新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4Syntaxspecifiers----Semantically,specifiersmakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead-----Syntactically,theytypicallymarkaphraseboundary.SpecifierscanbedeterminersasinNP,qualifiersasinVPanddegreewordsasinAP.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxComplements----Complementsthemselvescanbeaphrase,theyprovideinformationabutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead,e.g.astoryaboutasentimentalgirl.Therecanbenocomplement,onecomplement,ormorethanonecomplementinaphrase,e.g.p.48(4-4)…(4-6)Asentence-likeconstructionmayalsofunctionasacomplementsuchasin“Ibelievedthatshewasinnocent.

Idoubtifshewillcome.Theyarekeenforyoutoshowup.”“That/if/for”intheabovesentencesarecomplementizers（補(bǔ)語(yǔ)化成分）,theclausesintroducedbycomplementizersarecomplementclause.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxModifiers----Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.ExpandedXPrule

XP(specifier)(modifier)X(complement*)(modifier)

新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxSentences(theSrule)

S

NPVPSNPVPNPDetNVDetNAboyfoundtheevidence新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4Syntax

S

NPinflVPManylinguistsbelievethatsentences,likeotherphrases,alsohavetheirownheads.Inflisanabstractcategoryinflection(dubbed‘Infl’)astheirheads,whichindicatesthesentence’stenseandagreement.InflP(=S)NPVPInflSentences(theSrule)新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxInflrealizedbyatenselabelInflP（=S）NPVPNPDetNVDetNAboyfoundtheevidence.Infl

Pst新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxInflrealizedbyanauxiliaryInflP（=S）VPNPNPDetNVDetNAboywillfindtheevidenceInfl新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxTransformations

Auxiliarymovement(inversion)DoinsertionDeepstructure&surfacestructureWh-movementMoveαandconstraintsontransformations新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxAuxiliarymovement(inversion)InversionMoveInfltotheleftofthesubjectNP.Inversion(revised)MoveInfltoCs.CsCPSDetNVthetrainwillarriveNPVPInfl新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxAuxiliarymovement(inversion)CPSCsNPDetNVWillthetraine

(“empty”---trace)arriveInflInflVP新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxDoinsertionDoinsertion----InsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInflposition.CPCsSNPInflVPBirdsflyCPCPCsCsSSInflNPInflVPNPInflVPBirdsdoflyDobirdseflyNVNNonpstVNonpstNV新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxDeepstructure----formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorization(p.48)properties;itcontainsalltheunitsandrelationshipsthatarenecessaryforinterpretingthemeaningofthesentence.Surfacestructure----correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations;itisthatofthesentenceasitispronouncedorwritten.Deepstructure&surfacestructure

新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxTheorganizationofthesyntacticcomponentTheXPruleDeepstructuretransformationsSurfacestructureSubcategorization(p.48)restrictschoiceofcomplements新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxWh-movementConsiderthederivationofthefollowingsentences:Whatlanguagescanyouspeak?Whatwillyoutalkabout?Thesesentencesmayoriginateas:Youcanspeakwhatlanguages.Youwilltalkaboutwhat.新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxWh-movementWh-movement----Moveawhphrasetothebeginningofthesentence.Whatlanguage

canyou

speak

?What

willyou

talkabout

?inversioninversionWh-movementWh-movement新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程第二版4SyntaxWh-movementWh-movement----MoveawhphrasetothespecifierpositionunderCP.(Revised)CPVP

NPV