2017高考英語真題分類匯編-專題05-閱讀理解（解析版）

./2016年高考試題分項(xiàng)解析之專題5閱讀理解1.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)I]AYouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas,butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.Oftheoutstandingladieslistedbelow,whodoyouthinkwasthemostimportantwomanofthepast100years?JaneAddams<1860-1935>AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.Addanshelpedthepoorandworkedforpeace.Sheencouragedasenseofcommunity<社區(qū)>bycreatingsheltersandpromotingeducationandservicesforpeopleinneedIn1931,AddamsbecamethefirstAmericanwomantowintheNobelPeacePrize.RachelCarson<1907-1964>Ifitweren’tforRachelCarson,theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.Herpopular1962bookSilentSpringraisedawarenessofthedangersofpollutionandtheharmfuleffectsofchemicalsonhumansandontheworld’slakesandoceans.SandraDayO’Connor<1930-present>WhenSandraDayO’ConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanArizonastatesenator<參議員>and,in1981,thefirstwomantojointheU.S.SupremeCourt.O’Connorgavethedecidingvoteinmanyimportantcasesduringher24yearsonthetopcourt.RosaParks<1913-2005>OnDecember1,1955,inMontgomery,Alabama,RasaParkswouldnotgiveupherseatonabustoapassenger.HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.ButitalsosetofftheMontgmerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear,andkickedoffthecivil-rightsmovement."TheonlytiredIwas,wastiredofgivingin,"saidParks.21.WhatisJaneAddamsnotedforinhistory?A.Hersocialwork.B.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.C.Hereffortstowinaprize.D.Hercommunitybackground.22.WhatisthereasonforO’Connor’sbeingrejectedbythelawfirm?A.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.B.Herlittleworkexperienceincourt.C.Thediscriminationagainstwomen.D.Thepoorfinancialconditions.23.Whomadeagreatcontributiontothecivil-rightsmovementintheUS?A.JaneAddams.B.RachelCarson.C.SandraDayO’Connor.D.RosaParks.24.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?A.Theyarehighlyeducated.B.Theyaretrulycreative.C.Theyarepioneers.D.Theyarepeace-lovers.[答案]21-24ACD.C考點(diǎn)：考查人物類短文閱讀[技巧點(diǎn)撥]細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題可以先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語〔題眼,然后以此為線索,運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的：段落、語句,仔細(xì)品味,對(duì)照比較,確定答案。2.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)I]BGrandparentsAnsweraCallAsathirdgenerationnativeofBrownsville,Texas,MildredGarzaneverpleasedmoveaway,.EvenwhenherdaughterandsonaskedhertomovetoSanAntoniotohelptheirchildren,shepolitelyrefused.OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMsGaffinallysayyes.Thatwasfouryearsago.Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemovetoasuccess,givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.NostatisticsshowthenumberofgrandparentslikeGarzawhoaremovingclosertothechildrenandgrandchildren.Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.EvenPresidentObama’smother-in-law,MarianRobinson,hasagreedtoleaveChicagoandintotheWhiteHousetohelpcareforhergranddaughters.Accordingtoastudygrandparentscom.83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson‘sdecisionwillinfluencethegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two-thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama’sfamily."inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenoughfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,"saysChristineCrosby,publisherofgratemagazineforgrandparents.Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportant""tobenearthem,especiallywhenyou’rerainingchildren."Movingisnotforeveryone.Almosteverygrandparentwantstobewithhisorhergrandchildrenandiswillingtomakesacrifices,butsometimesitiswisertosaynoandvisitfrequentlyinstead.Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard,especiallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling,butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.25.WhywasGarza’smoveasuccess?A．Itstrengthenedherfamilyties.B．Itimprovedherlivingconditions.C．Itenabledhermakemorefriends.D．Ithelpedherknowmorenewplaces.26.WhatwasthereactionofthepublictoMrs.Robinson’sdecision?A．17%expressedtheirsupportforit.B．Fewpeoplerespondedsympathetically.C．83%believedithadabadinfluence.D．Themajoritythoughtitwasatrend.27.WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?A．Theywereunsureofraisemorechildren.B．Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.C．Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.D．Theybadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparent.28.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdointhelasrparagraph?A.Makedecisionsinthebestinterests'oftheirownB.AsktheirchildrentopaymorevisitstothemC.SacrificefortheirstrugglingchildrenD.Gettoknowthemselvesbetter[答案]25-28.ADCA考點(diǎn)：社會(huì)生活類短文閱讀[技巧點(diǎn)撥]推理判斷題屬于主觀題,是層次較高的題目。此類題要求通過文章中的文字信息,上下文邏輯關(guān)系及事物的發(fā)展變化等已知的信息,推斷出作者暗含的意思。解題關(guān)鍵要注意表明作者觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)的動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞等。28題中則根據(jù)itiswisertosayno推斷出作者的立場(chǎng)。3.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)I]CIampeterHodes,avolunteerstemcourier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89tripsofthose,51havebeenabroad,Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells〔干細(xì)胞inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast,inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor<捐獻(xiàn)者>tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we’vegot72hoursatmost,SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.IhadonetriplastyearwhereIwascaughtbyahurricaneinAmerica.IpickedupthestemcellsinProvidence,RhodeIsland,andwasmeanttoflytoWashingtonthenbacktoLondon.ButwhenIarrivedatthecheck-indeskatProvidence,theladyonthedesksaid:"Well,I’mreallysorry,I’vegotsomebadnewsforyou-therearenofightsfromWashington."SoItookmyboxandputitonthedeskandIsaid:"Inthisboxaresomestemcellsthatareurgentlyneededforapatient-please,please,you’vegottogetmebacktotheUnitedKingdom."Shejustdroppedeverything.Shearrangedforaflightonasmallplanetobeheldformere-routed<改道>methroughNewarkandgotmebacktotheUKevenearlierthanoriginallyscheduled.Forthiscourierjob,you’reconsciouslyawarethanthatboxyou’regotsomethingthatispotentiallygoingtosavesomebody’slife.29.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword"courier"inParagraph17AproviderBdeliverymanCcollectorDmedicaldoctor30.Why

does

Peter

have

to

complete

his

trip

within

42hours?

A.

He

cannot

stay

away

from

his

job

too

long.

B.

The

donor

can

only

wait

for

that

long.

C.

The

operation

needs

that

very

much.

D.

The

ice

won't

last

any

longer.

31.Which

flight

did

the

woman

put

Peter

on

first?

A.

To

London

B.

To

NewarkC.

To

Providence

D.

To

Washington[答案]29-31.BD.B[技巧點(diǎn)撥]詞義猜測(cè)題的答題技巧。1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè)2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)3.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法<前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等>進(jìn)行猜測(cè)4.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。在本文中要根據(jù)上下文對(duì)作者工作的描寫來推測(cè)出正確的詞義。30.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句Ihave42hourstocarrystemcellsinmylittleboxbecauseI’vegottwoicepacksandthat’showlongtheylast.可知冰盒只能保持42小時(shí)適宜的溫度。故選D。31.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段末句Shearrangedforaflightonasmallplanetobeheldforme,re-routedmethroughNewark可知,這位好心的女士首先安排作者去Newark的航班。故選B?？键c(diǎn)：故事類短文閱讀4.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)I]D

The

meaning

of

silence

varies

among

cultural

groups.

Silences

may

be

thoughtful,

or

they

may

be

empty

when

a

person

has

nothing

to

say.

A

silence

in

a

conversation

may

also

show

stubbornness,

or

worry.

Silence

may

be

viewed

by

some

cultural

groups

as

extremely

uncomfortable;

therefore

attempts

may

be

made

to

fill

every

gap<間隙>with

conversation.

Persons

in

other

cultural

groups

value

silence

and

view

it

as

necessary

for

understanding

a

person's

needs.

Many

Native

Americans

value

silence

and

feel

it

is

a

basic

part

of

communicating

among

people,

just

as

some

traditional

Chinese

and

Thai

persons

do.

Therefore,

when

a

person

from

one

of

these

cultures

is

speaking

and

suddenlystops,

what

maybe

implied<暗示>

is

that

the

personwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient’ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing<治愈>valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsilenceinconversations?Itimpliesanger.Itpromotesfriendship.Itisculture-specific.Itiscontent-based.Whichofthefollowingpeoplemightregardsilenceasacallforcarefulthought?TheChinese.TheFrench.TheMexicans.TheRussians.Whatdoestheauthoradvisenursestodoaboutsilence?Letitcontinueasthepatientpleases.Breakitwhiletreatingpatients.Evaluateitsharmtopatients.Makeuseofitshealingeffects.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?SoundandSilenceWhatItMeanstoBeSilentSilencetoNativeAmericansSpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold[答案]32-35.CADB考點(diǎn)：社會(huì)生活類短文閱讀5.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)II]AWhat’sOn?ElectricUnderground7.30pm－1.00amFreeattheCyclopsTheatreDoyouknowwho’splayinginyourarea?We’rebringingyouaneveningofliverockandpopmusicfromthebestlocalbands.Areyouinterestedinbecomingamusicianandgettingarecordingcontract<合同>?Ifso,comeearlytothetalkat7.30pmbyJulesSkye,asuccessfulrecordproducer.He’sgoingtotalkabouthowyoucanfindtherightpersontoproduceyoumusic.GeeWhizz8.30pm-10.30pmComedyatKaleidoscopeComeandseeGeeWhizzperform.He’sthefunnieststand-upcomedianonthecomedyscene.Thisjoyfulshowwillpleaseeveryone,fromtheyoungesttotheoldest.GeeWhizzreallyknowshowtomakeyoulaugh!Ourbarisopenfrom7.00pmfordrinksandsnacks<快餐>.Simon’sWorkshop5.00pm-7.30pmWednesdaysatVictoriaStageThisisagoodchanceforanyonewhowantstolearnhowtodocomedy.Theworkshoplooksateverykindofcomedy,andpracticesmanydifferentwaysofmakingpeoplelaugh.Simonisacomedianandactorwhohas10years’experienceofteachingcomedy.Hisworkshopsareexcitingandfun.AneveningwithSimonwillgiveyoutheconfidencetobefunny.CharlotteStone8.00pm-11.00pmPizzaWorldFinefoodwithbeautifuljazzmusic;thisisagreateveningout.CharlotteStonewillperformsongsfromhernewbest-sellingCD,withJamesPickeringonthepiano.ThemenuisItalian,withexcellentmeatandfreshfish,pizzasandpasta<面食>.Bookearlytogetatable.Ourbarisopenallday,andservescocktails,coffee,beer,andwhitewine.1.Whocanhelpyouifyouwanttohaveyourmusicproduced?A.JulesSkye.B.GeeWhizz.C.CharlotteStone.D.JamesPickering.2.Atwhichplacecanpeopleofdifferentagesenjoyagoodlaugh?A.TheCyclopsTheatreB.KaleidoscopeC.VictoriaStageD.PizzaWorld3.WhatdoweknowaboutSimon’sWorkshop?A.Itrequiresmembershipstatus.B.Itlaststhreehourseachtime.C.Itisrunbyacomedyclub.D.ItisheldeveryWednesday.4.WhenwillCharlotteStoneperformhersongs?A.5.00pm-7.30pm.B.7.30pm－1.00am.C.8.00pm-11.00pm.D.8.30pm-10.30pm.[答案]1.A2.B3.D4.C[名師點(diǎn)睛]本文屬于廣告類短文,所考查四題均為細(xì)節(jié)題中的直接理解題。細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)理解題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中某一些特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的重要實(shí)事的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語義理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤,從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低,只要學(xué)生讀懂文章,就能得分,屬于低層次題。在閱讀中可以使用定位法與跳讀法解決直接理解題。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子<即定位>,然后進(jìn)行比較和分析<尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換>,從而找出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文,并找到相關(guān)的句子<有時(shí)可能是幾個(gè)句子>或段落,然后進(jìn)行分析和推理等,從而找出正確答案。以本文為例,我們根據(jù)題干中"peopleofdifferentagesenjoyagoodlaugh"所有年齡段的人都能夠從中獲得笑聲,直接定位第二則廣告第三句Thisjoyfulshowwillpleaseeveryone,fromtheyoungesttotheoldest可知這場(chǎng)表演能夠讓所有年齡段的人都很開心,故選擇B項(xiàng)?？键c(diǎn)：考查廣告類閱讀6.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)II]BFiveyearsago,whenItaughtartataschoolinSeattle,IusedTinkertoysasatestatthebeginningofatermtofindoutsomethingaboutmystudents.IputasmallsetofTinkertoysinfrontofeachstudent,andsaid:"MakesomethingoutoftheTinkertoys.Youhave45minutestoday-and45minuteseachdayfortherestoftheweek."Afewstudentshesitatedtostart.Theywaitedtoseetherestoftheclasswoulddo.Severalotherscheckedtheinstructionsandmadesomethingaccordingtooneofthemodelplansprovided.Anothergroupbuiltsomethingoutoftheirownimaginations.OnceIhadaboywhoworkedexperimentallywithTinkertoysinhisfreetime.Hisconstructionsfilledashelfintheartclassroomandagoodpartofhisbedroomathome.Iwasdelightedatthepresenceofsuchastudent.Herewasanexceptionallycreativemindatwork.HispresencemeantthatIhadanunexpectedteachingassistantinclasswhosecreativitywouldinfect<感染>otherstudents.Encouragingthiskindofthinkinghasadownside.Irantheriskoflosingthosestudentswhohadadifferentstyleofthinking.Withoutfailonewoulddeclare,"ButI’mjustnotcreative.""Doyoudreamatnightwhenyou’reasleep?""Oh,sure.""Sotellmeoneofyourmostinterestingdreams."Thestudentwouldtellsomethingwildlyimaginative.Flyingintheskyorinatimemachineorgrowingthreeheads."That’sprettycreative.Whodoesthatforyou?""Nobody.Idoit.""Really-atnight,whenyou’reasleep?""Sure.""Trydoingitinthedaytime,inclass,okay?"5.TheteacherusedTinkertoysinclassinorderto________?A.knowmoreaboutthestudentsB.makethelessonsmoreexcitingC.raisethestudents’interestinartD.teachthestudentsabouttoydesign6.WhatdoweknowabouttheboymentionedinParagraph3?A.Helikedtohelphisteacher.B.Hepreferredtostudyalone.C.Hewasactiveinclass.D.Hewasimaginative.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"downside"inParagraph4probablymean?A.Mistake.B.Drawback.C.Difficulty.D.Burden.8.Whydidtheteacheraskthestudentstotalkabouttheirdreams?A.Tohelpthemtoseetheircreativity.B.Tofindoutabouttheirsleepinghabits.C.Tohelpthemtoimprovetheirmemory.D.Tofindoutabouttheirwaysofthinking.[答案]5.A6.D7.B8.A7.B詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線單詞后一句"Irantheriskoflosingthosestudentswhohadadifferentstyleofthinking."可知我冒著失去那些有不同思維方式的學(xué)生的危險(xiǎn)。說明我的這種教育方法也有不足之處。故劃線詞意為"drawback缺點(diǎn)"。故B正確。[名師點(diǎn)睛]本文屬于詞義猜測(cè)題。我們可以根據(jù)后句"Irantheriskthinking."中的"risk"說明我的教育方法也有不足之處,故劃線詞意為"drawback缺點(diǎn),不足"。本題屬于典型的理由上下文語境推測(cè)。近幾年高考閱讀中猜測(cè)詞義考查方法多樣化,其中根據(jù)上下文語境推測(cè)將會(huì)越來越多。根據(jù)上下文語境作出判斷：有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語,下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義域解釋或例子,這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。請(qǐng)看下例：Shanghai

Bashi

Tourism

Car

Rental

Centre

offers

a

wide

variety

ofchoices—deluxe

sedans,

minivans,

station

wagons,

coaches,

Santana

sedans

are

the

big

favorite.從前面的CarRentalCenter可知出租車公司提供的只能是carsforrent<出租汽車>,也就是說劃線的詞都是出租汽車的名稱。除此之外,我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞,如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別,從而依據(jù)某一句的含義,來確定另一句的含義。另外,分號(hào)<；>也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：俗話說,"有因必有果,有果必有因"。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果,根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如Biggestpowerfailureinthecity'shistory．．．Allofourice—creamandfrozenfoodsmelted．根據(jù)因果關(guān)系,停電只能導(dǎo)致冰淇淋和冷凍食品"融化",也就是melted。考點(diǎn)：考查記敘文閱讀7.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)II]CReadingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.Theychoosebookstoreadandthenmeettodiscussthem.Now,thewebsiteBookCturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup.Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit.BrucePederson,themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing,says,"Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth."Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.Peoplewhofindabookcanalsoleaveajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E-mailsarethensenttotheBookCrossingtokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.Brucepetersonsaystheideaisforpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.BookCrossingispartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogetbacktothe"real"andnotthevirtual<虛擬>.Thesitenowhasmorethanonemillionmembersinmorethanonehundredthirty-fivecountries.9.Whydoestheauthormentionbookgroupsinthefirstparagraph?A.Toexplainwhattheyare.B.TointroduceBookCrossing.C.Tostresstheimportanceofreading.D.Toencouragereaderstosharetheirideas.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inParagraph2referto?A.Thebook.B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.11.WhatwillaBookCrosserdowithabookafterreadingit?A.Meetotherreaderstodiscussit.B.Keepitsafeinhisbookcase.C.Passitontoanotherreader.D.Mailitbacktoitsowner.12.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.OnlineReading:AVirtualTourB.ElectronicBooks:AnewTrendC.ABookGroupBringsTraditionBackD.AWebsiteLinksPeoplethroughBooks[答案]9.B10.A11.C12.D[名師點(diǎn)睛]本文考查了代詞指代題。根據(jù)本句"hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit"留下書的人希望自己的書能夠隨著找到它的人走得更遠(yuǎn)?？芍渲械膇t指代前半句提到的同一事物"thebook"。閱讀的時(shí)候我們可以根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇：文章中的代詞it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn),要認(rèn)真查找；有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié),才能得出代詞所指代的事。例如：However,thequestionthat"moonpeople"askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingabout

it.

首先,it指上句中的thequestion,而thequestion又指上一段中"月球人"所提的問題,所以要經(jīng)過兩次查找才能選出答案。考點(diǎn)：考查說明文閱讀8.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)II]DAnewcollectionofphotosbringsanunsuccessfulAntarcticvoyagebacktolife.FrankHurley’spictureswouldbeoutstandingundoubtedlyfirst-ratephoto-journalismiftheyhadbeenmadelastweek.Infact,theywereshotfrom1914through1916,mostofthemafteradisastrousshipwreck<海灘>,byacameramanwhohadnoreasonableexpectationofsurvival.Manyoftheimageswerestoredinanicechest,underfreezingwater,inthedamagedwoodenship.TheshipwastheEndurance,asmall,tight,Norwegian-builtthree-masterthatwasintendedtotakeSirErnestShackletonandasmallcrewofseamenandscientists,27meninall,tothesouthernmostshoreofAntarctica’sWeddellSea.FromthatpointShackletonwantedtoforceapassagebydogsled<雪橇>acrossthecontinent.ThejourneywasintendedtoachievemorethanwhatCaptainRobertFalconScotthaddone.CaptainScotthadreachedtheSouthPoleearlyin1912buthaddiedwithhisfourcompanionsonthemarchback.AswriterCarolineAlexandermakesclearinherforcefulandwell-researchedstoryTheEndurance,adventuringwaseventhenathoroughlycommercialeffort.Scott’slastjourney,completedasbelayinatentdyingofcoldandhunger,caughttheworld’simagination,andafilmmadeinhishonordrewcrowds.Shackleton,aonetimeBritishmerchant-navyofficerwhohadgottowithin100milesoftheSouthPolein1908,startedabusinessbeforehis1914voyagetomakemoneyfrommovieandstillphotography.FrankHurley,aconfidentandgiftedAustralianphotographerwhoknewtheAntarctic,washiredtomaketheimages,mostofwhichhaveneverbeforebeenpublished.13.WhatdoweknowaboutthephotostakenbyHurley?A.TheyweremadelastweekB.TheyshowedunderseasceneriesC.TheywerefoundbyacameramanD.Theyrecordedadisastrousadventure14.WhoreachedtheSouthPolefirstaccordingtothetext?A.FrankHurleyB.ErnestShackletonC.RobertFalconScottD.CarolineAlexander15.WhatdoesAlexanderthinkwasthepurposeofthe1914voyage?A.ArtisticcreationB.ScientificresearchC.MoneymakingD.Treasurehunting[答案]13.D14.C15.C[名師點(diǎn)睛]本文三題均考查了細(xì)節(jié)題。在完成細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí),要特別注意排除干擾項(xiàng)。如中的A項(xiàng)"Theyweremadelastweek"屬于"顛倒黑白"類干擾項(xiàng),根據(jù)第二段第一句"FrankHurley’spicturesundoubtedlyfirst-ratephoto-journalismiftheyhadbeenmadelastweek."可知"如果這些照片是上周所拍,那么就會(huì)是一流的。"實(shí)際上這些照片是1914年左右拍攝的。說明A項(xiàng)明顯錯(cuò)誤。干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置方法除了"顛倒黑白"之外,通常還有以下幾種方式：1.張冠李戴。命題者把文章作者的觀點(diǎn)與他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來,題干問的是作者的觀點(diǎn),選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點(diǎn)；或者題干問的是他人的觀點(diǎn),卻把作者的觀點(diǎn)放到選項(xiàng)中去。2.偷梁換柱。干擾項(xiàng)用了與原文相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相似的詞匯,卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個(gè)詞匯,造成句意的改變。3.無中生有。干擾項(xiàng)往往是生活的基本常識(shí)和普遍接受的觀點(diǎn),但在原文中并無相關(guān)的信息支持點(diǎn),這種選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置往往與問題的設(shè)問毫不相干。4.以偏概全?？忌谧霾聹y(cè)文章中心思想、給文章添加標(biāo)題或判斷推理題時(shí),往往會(huì)犯以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤。產(chǎn)生這類錯(cuò)誤的原因是考生受思維定勢(shì)的影響或考慮不周,以局部代替整體。其具體表現(xiàn)為合理關(guān)聯(lián)與不合理關(guān)聯(lián)、準(zhǔn)確概括與不準(zhǔn)確概括之間的錯(cuò)位。不合理關(guān)聯(lián)就是表層理解與深層理解相混淆。表層理解是對(duì)文章中客觀事實(shí)的感知和記憶,往往是文章直接表述的結(jié)論；深層理解則是對(duì)文章中的客觀事實(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯推理、總結(jié)或概括后得出的結(jié)論。不準(zhǔn)確概括是指不能準(zhǔn)確地按題目要求概括或提取文中的表層或深層信息?？键c(diǎn)：考查記敘文閱讀9.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)III]AMusicOperaatMusicHall:1243ElmStreet.TheseasonrunsJunethroughAugust,withadditionalperformancesinMarchandSeptember.TheOperahonorsEnjoytheArtsmembershipdiscounts.Phone:241-2742..ChamberOrchestra:TheOrchestraplaysatMemorialHallat1406ElmStreet,whichoffersseveralconcertsfromMarchthroughJune.Call723-1182formoreinformation..SymphonyOrchestra:AtMusicHallandRiverbend.Forticketsales,call381-3300.RegularseasonrunsSeptemberthroughMayatMusicHallinsummeratRiverbend.http://.CollegeConservatoryofMusic<CCM>:Performancesareonthemaincampus<校園>oftheuniversity,usuallyatPatriciaCobbettTheater.CCMorganizesavarietyofevents,includingperformancesbythewell-knownLaSalleQuartet,CCM’sPhilharmonicOrchestra,andvariousgroupsofmusicianspresentingBaroquethroughmodernmusic.StudentswithI.D.cardscanattendtheeventsforfree.Afreescheduleofeventsforeachtermisavailablebycallingtheboxofficeat556-4183..RiverbendMusicTheater:6295KelloggAve.Largeoutdoortheaterwiththeclosestseatsundercover<pricedifference>.Bignameshowsallsummerlong!Phone:232-6220..1.Whichnumbershouldyoucallifyouwanttoseeanopera?A.241-2742.B.723-1182.C.381-3300.D.232-6220.2.WhencanyougotoaconcertbyChamberOrchestra?A.February.B.May.C.August.D.November.3.WherecanstudentsgoforfreeperformanceswiththeirI.D.cards?A.MusicHall.B.MemorialHall.C.PatriciaCobbettTheater.D.RiverbendMusicTheater.4.HowisRiverbendMusicTheaterdifferentfromtheotherplaces?A.Ithasseatsintheopenair.B.Itgivesshowsallyearround.C.Itoffersmembershipdiscounts.D.Itpresentsfamousmusicalworks.[答案]1.A2.B3.C4.A考點(diǎn)：廣告類短文閱讀[名師點(diǎn)睛]閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置手法體現(xiàn)在下列幾個(gè)原則：

1．包含項(xiàng)原則在答案選項(xiàng)分析中,假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其它三項(xiàng)<或其中某一項(xiàng)>的理解,那么我們就說選項(xiàng)A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系,包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如在"花"與"玫瑰"兩選項(xiàng)中,正確答案肯定是"花",花包含了玫瑰,因?yàn)槊倒蹇隙ㄊ腔?但花并不一定是玫瑰。

2．正反項(xiàng)原則所謂正反項(xiàng),是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。根據(jù)形式邏輯排中律知識(shí)：兩個(gè)相互矛盾的判斷不能都是假的,其中必有一真。所以在閱讀理解中,假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng),那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng),正確答案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中取其一。

3．委婉項(xiàng)原則所謂委婉,這里是指說話不能說死,要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達(dá),如：probably,possibly,

may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto,beliableto等等,而含有絕對(duì)語氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案,如：must,always,

never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。4．同形項(xiàng)原則幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)如存在形式與結(jié)構(gòu)上的相似,那它們就互為同形項(xiàng)。同形項(xiàng)組可喻為高爾夫球場(chǎng)上的"果嶺",而正確答案就是果嶺上的"球洞"。命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍,然后通過語言形式的細(xì)微變化來考察考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)一般存在有正確答案。

5．常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則在議論文當(dāng)中,那些符合一般常識(shí),意義深刻富有哲理,符合一般規(guī)律,屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。

6．因果項(xiàng)原則閱讀理解邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進(jìn)行的,前因后果,一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而,在推理題型的選項(xiàng)中,有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位〔止于前因,或者推理過頭〔止于后果,這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原則規(guī)定：假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關(guān)系,那么正確答案就是這兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。如果因項(xiàng)可以產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果,那么答案就是因項(xiàng)；如果果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因,那么答案就是果項(xiàng)。10.[2016·全國新課標(biāo)III]BOnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoupleofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSidecafeandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable."Hey,aren’tyoufromMississippi?"theelegant,white-hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger."I’mfromMississippitoo."Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoinedtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair."TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi,"Weltysaid."Ididn’tknowwhatmyNewYorkfriendswerethinking."TaxisonarainyNewYorknightarerarerthansunshine.Bythetimethegroupgotuptoleave,itwaspouringoutside.Welty’snewfriendsimmediatelysentawaitertofindacab.Headingbackdowntowntowardherhotel,herbig-cityfriendswereamazedattheturnofeventsthathadchangedtheirBigAppledinnerintoaMississippi."Myfriendssaid:‘Nowwebelieveyourstories,’"Weltyadded."AndIsaid:‘Nowyouknow.Thesearethepeoplethatmakemewritethem.’"Sittingonasofainherroom,Welty,aslimfigureinasimplegraydress,lookedpleasedwiththisexplanation."Idon’tmakethemup,"shesaidofthecharactersinherfictiontheselast50orsoyears."Idon’thaveto."Beauticians,bartenders,pianoplayersandpeoplewithpurplehats,Welty’speoplecomefromafternoonsspentvisitingwitholdfriends,fromwalksthroughthestreetsofhernativeJackson,Miss.,fromconversationsoverheardonabus.ItannoysWeltythat,at78,herleftearhasnowgivenout.Sometimes,sittingonabusoratrain,shehearsonlyafragment<片段>ofaparticularlyinterestingstory.5.WhathappenedwhenWeltywaswithherfriendsatthecafe?A.Twostrangersjoinedher.B.Herchildhoodfriendscamein.C.Aheavyrainruinedthedinner.D.Somepeopleheldapartythere.6.Theunderlinedword"them"inParagraph6referstoWelty’s.A.readersB.partiesC.friendsD.stories7.WhatcanwelearnaboutthecharactersinWelty’sfiction?A.Theyliveinbigcities.B.Theyaremostlywomen.C.Theycomefromreallife.D.Theyarepleasureseekers.[答案]5.A6.D7.C考點(diǎn)：故事類短文閱讀[名師點(diǎn)睛]猜詞技巧：閱讀理解的測(cè)試中經(jīng)常有猜測(cè)詞、短語、習(xí)語意義的題目,這些詞、短語、習(xí)語要么是生詞,要么是熟詞新義,單靠平時(shí)積累是不夠的,還要掌握一定的做題技巧。總結(jié)如下：

<1>根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法<轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生>進(jìn)行判斷。

<2>

根據(jù)文中的定義、解釋猜生詞

；利用事例或解釋猜生詞；利用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。

<3>根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇：文章中的代詞it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that還可以指一件事。第6題就是屬于對(duì)指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。

<4>根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞,如but,however,otherwise等就可