跨文化交際必備詞

跨文化交際必備詞Astereotypeisacognitivestructurecontainingtheperceiver'sknowledge,beliefs,andexperiencesaboutsomehumansocialgroups.Abeingorientationreferstospontaneousexpressionofthehumanpersonality.Beliefsserveasthestoragesystemforthecontentofourpastexperiences,includingthoughts,memories,andinterpretationsofevents.Culturalpatternsareausefulumbrellatermthatallowsustotalkaboutvalues,beliefs,andotherorientationscollectively.Contextistheinformationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.Co-culturesareculturesdiscussinggroupsorsocialcommunitiesexhibitingcommunicationcharacteristics,perceptions,values,beliefs,andpracticesthataresufficientlydifferenttodistinguishthemfromothergroupsandcommunitiesandfromthedominantculture.Communicationisadynamicprocessinwhichpeopleattempttosharetheirinternalstateswithotherpeoplethroughtheuseofsymbols.Cultureisasetofhuman-madeobjectiveandsubjectiveelementsthatinthepasthaveincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvivalandresultedinsatisfactionfortheparticipantsinanecologicalniche,andthusbecamesharedamongthosewhocouldcommunicatewitheachotherbecausetheyhadacommonlanguageandtheylivedinthesametimeandplace.Culturalidentity:theidentificationofcommunicationsofasharedsystemofsymbolicverbalandnonverbalbehaviorthataremeaningfultogroupmemberswhohaveasenseofbelongingandwhosharetraditions,heritage,language,andsimilarnormsofappropriatebehavior.Culturalidentityisasocialconstruction.Collectivismisakindofthoughtthatpeopleprimarilyviewthemselvesasmembersofgroupsandcollectivesratherthanasautonomousindividuals.Insuchculturespeopleemphasizecommunity,collaboration,sharedinterest,harmony,tradition,thepublicgood,andmaintainingface.Collectivismmeansgreateremphasisontheviews.needs,andgoalsofthein-groupratherthanoneself;socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;beliefssharedwiththeingroupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishtheselffromin-group;andgreatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.Cultureshockisamentalstatethatcomesfromthetransitionthatoccurswhenyougofromafamiliarenvironmenttoanunfamiliaroneandfindthatyourold,establishedpatternsofbehaviorareineffective.Cultureshockisprecipitatedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallyourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thesesignsorcuesincludethethousandandonewaysinwhichweorientourselvestothesituationofdailylife:howtogiveorders,howtomakepurchases,whenandwherenottorespond.Nowthesecues,whichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornorms,areacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmuchasapartofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues,mostofwhichwearenotconsciouslyawareof.Allhumaninteractionisinfluencedtosomedegreebythecultural,social,andphysicalsettingsinwhichitoccurs.Thesesettingsarecalledthecommunicationcontext.Ethnocentrismisthenotionthatone'sowncultureissuperiortoanyother.Itistheideathatotherculturesshouldbemeasuredbythedegreetowhichtheyliveuptoourculturalstandards.Weareethnocentricwhenweviewotherculturesthroughthenarrowlensofourowncultureorsocialposition.Ethicsreferstojudgmentsthatfocusomdegreesofrightnessandwrongness,virtueandvice,andobligationinhumanbehavior.Familyisagroupofintimates,whogenerateasenseofhomeandgroupidentity,completewithstrongtiesofloyaltyandemotion,andanexperienceofahistoryandafuture.Globalizationisworldwideinterconnectedness,evidencedinglobalmovementsofnaturalresources,tradegoods,humanlabour,financecapital,information,andinfectiousdiseases.Historyisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime;itilluminesreality,vitalizesmemory,providesguidanceindailylife,andbringsustidingsofantiquity.Individualismisakindofthoughtthatinvolvesself-motivation,autonomy,andindependentthinking,whichtakesinthefollowingforms.People'spersonalgoalstakepriorityovertheirallegiancetogroupslikethefamilyortheemployer.Theloyaltyofindividualiststoagivengroupisveryweak;theyfeeltheybelongtomanygroupsandareapttochangetheirmembershipasitsuitstothem,switchingchurches,forexample,orleavingoneemployerforanother.Suchthoughtstressespersonalrightsandresponsibilities,privacy,voicingone'sownopinion,freedom,innovation,andself-expression.Identityisthereflectiveself-conceptionorself-imagethatweeachderivefromourfamily,gender,cultural,ethnic,andindividualsocializationprocess.Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Interculturalcommunicationcompetenceistheoverallinternalcapabilityofanindividualtomanagethekeychallengingfeaturesofinterculturalcommunication:namely,culturaldifferencesandunfamiliarity,inter-groupposture,andtheaccompanyingexperienceofstress.Masculinityandfeminityrefertothedegreetowhichmasculineorfemininetraitsarevaluedandrevealed.Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.Objectivityisthestateofbeingobjective,just,unbiasedandnotinfluencedbyemotionsorpersonalprejudices.Prejudicesaredeeplyheldnegativefeelingsassociatedwithaparticulargroup.Prejudiceamountstoarigidandirrationalgeneralizationaboutacategoryofpeople.Prejudiceisirrationaltotheextentthatpeopleholdinflexibleattitudessupportedbylittleornodirectevidence.Prejudicemaytargetpeopleofaparticularsocialclass,sex,sexualorientation,age,politicalaffiliation,race,orethnicity.(1)Perceptionisthemeansbywhichyoumakesenseofyourphysicalandsocialworld.Perceptionistheprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseoftheworld.Perceptionistheprocesswherebypeopleconvertexternaleventsandexperiencesintomeaningfulinternalunderstanding.Powerdistanceisacharacteristicofaculturedefiningtheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulpersoninsocietyacceptsinequalityinpowerandconsidersitasnormal.Racismisthebeliefintheinherentsuperiorityofaparticularrace.Itdeniesthebasicequalityofhumankindandcorelatesabilitywithphysicalcomposition.Thusitassumesthatsuccessorfailureinanysocietalendeavorwilldependupongeneticendowmentratherthanenvironmentandaccesstoopportunity.Stereotypesareacollectionoffalseassumptionsthatpeopleinallculturesmakeaboutthecharacteristicsofmembersofvariousgroups.Socialorganizationsorsocialinstitutionsarethegroupsthatmembersofacultureturntoforlessonsaboutthemeaningoflifeandmethodsforlivingthatlife.Thedominantcultureisatypeofculturethatonegrouppossessesthepowertospeakfortheentireculturewhilesettingthetoneandagendathatotherswillusuallyfollow.Thebeing-in-dongorientationstressestheideaofdevelopmentandgrowth.Itemphasizesthekindofactivitythatcontributestothedevelopmentofallaspectsoftheselfasanintegralwhole.Thedoingorientationdescribesactivityinwhichaccomplishmentsaremeasurablebystandardsexternaltotheindividual.Uncertaintyavoidancedefinestheextenttowhichpeoplewithinaculturearemadenervousbysituationswhichtheyperceiveasunstructured,unclear,orunpredictable,situationswhichtheythereforetrytoavoidbymaintainingstrictcodesofbehaviorandabeliefinabsolutetruths.Valuesareculturallydefinedstandardsofdesirability,goodness,andbeautythatserveasbroadguidelinesforsocialliving.Valuesaresharedideasaboutwhatistrue,right,andbeautifulwhichunderlineculturalpatternsandguidesocietyinresponsetothephysicalandsocialenvironment./doc/722063006.html,ckofcommunicationhasgivenrisetodifferencesinlanguage,inthinking,insystemsofbeliefandculturegenerally.Thesedifferenceshavemadehostilityamongsocietiesendemicandseeminglyeternal.語言，思維以及信仰和文化體制的差異通常源于匱乏的交流。這些差異使社會的敵意根深蒂固，似乎無窮無盡。Historyisphilosophyteachingbyexample.歷史是提供實例講解的哲學(xué)。Theparticularhumanchainwe'repartofiscentraltoourindividualidentity.獨特的人類聯(lián)系是獲取個人認同的關(guān)鍵。Thevalueofidentityofcourseisthatsooftenwithitcomespurpose.我們尋求認同感的過程，其意義常常帶有目的性。Yourbeliefsbecomeyourthoughts.Yourthoughtsbecomeyourwords.Yourwordsbecomeyouractions.Youractionsbecomeyourhabits.Yourhabitsbecomeyourvalues.Yourvaluesbecomeyourdestiny.8.Onagroupoftheoriesonecanfindaschool;butonagroupofvaluesonecanfindaculture,acivilization,anewwayoflivingtogetheramongmen.信仰決定思想。思想決定語言。語言決定（形成）行動。行動決定習(xí)慣。習(xí)慣決定價值。價值決定命運。9.1fonefingerissore,thewholehandwillhurt.牽一發(fā)而動全身。Therearetimeswhensileneehastheloudestvoice有時沉默往往具有爆發(fā)力。Toknowwhatpeoplethink,payregardtowhattheydo,ratherthanwhattheysay知人所知，觀人所做，勿信人所說。Livetogetherlikebrothersanddobusinesslikestrangers.生活似兄弟，經(jīng)商如異客。15.Humanhistoryisincreasinglyaracebetweeninterculturaleducationanddisaster.Ifeducationisnotintercultural,itisprobablynoteducation,butrathertheinculcationofnationalistorreligiousfundamentalism.人類歷史更多地體現(xiàn)為跨文化教育和大災(zāi)難的競賽。教育不跨文化，它也許算不上真正的教育，充其量它只是在反復(fù)灌輸國家主義（民族主義）和基要主義16.Ouryoungmustbetaughtthatracialpeculiaritydoexist,butthatbeneaththeskin,beyondthedifferingfeaturesandintothetrueheartofbeing,fundamentallywearemorealike,myfriend,thanweareunlike年輕人必須知道種族獨特性確實存在，姑且不論膚色，不論各自的不同點，單從人們真實的內(nèi)心世界就可以看出，本質(zhì)上與其說我們不同，不如說我們彼此相同。Noculturecanliveifitattemptstobeexclusive.--MahatmaGandhi.任何排外的文化終將滅亡。Youcannotexpecttoachievenewgoalsormovebeyondyourpresenteireumstaneeunlessyouehange惟有改變自己，一個人才能實現(xiàn)目標，甚至超越自己。Apennysavedisapennyearned聚沙成塔，水滴石穿。/省錢即賺錢。Thequaekingduekisthefirsttogetshot.槍打出頭鳥。24.Strikewhiletheironishot趁熱打鐵。Hewhohesitatesislost.當(dāng)斷不斷，必受其患。Actionsspeaklouderthanwords行動勝于語言。Nothingventured,nothinggained.不入虎穴焉得虎子。Makehaywhilethesunshines.曬草須乘日照時。（乘熱打鐵，勿失良機）Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.自助者天助。Pullyourselfupbyyourbootstraps你要重新振作起來??！Pulloneselfupbyone'sownbootstraps“不依靠他人，經(jīng)過自己的努力來改善不良的處境”。Thesqueakywheelgetsthegrease.吱吱叫的輪子先上油。/會哭的孩子有奶吃。Varietyisthespiceoflife.變化是生活的調(diào)味品。變化乃是生活的情趣。Lightningneverstrikestwiceinthesameplace.壞事不過二。Thereismorethanonewaytoskinacat解決事情的方法不止一種。Aproblemgenerallyhasmorethanonesolution.Godgaveusthenutsbuthedoesn'tcrackthem.上帝給予我們美好的未來,但需要我們自己去奮斗。40.Toknowtheroadahead,askthosecomingback.欲知前方事,且問過來人。41.Onedoesnotmakethewind,butisblownbyit.順天者昌,逆天者亡。42.Sincewecannotgetwhatwelike,letuslikewhatweget.與其失去喜歡的，不如喜歡擁有的。ManproposesandGoddisposes.成事在人，謀事在天。Fallseventimes,standupeight.永不言敗。永不放棄。Aman'stongueishissword.言辭即匕首。Thosewhoknowdonotspeakandthosewhospeakdonotknow.知者不言，言者不慧。Eveninparadise,it'snotgoodtobealone.即使在天堂，人們總是聚集在一起。Atableisnotblessedifithasfednoscholars.不服務(wù)學(xué)者的桌子不值得擁有。Whenspiderwebsunite,theycantieupalion.蛛網(wǎng)聯(lián)結(jié)可束縛雄獅Asinglearrowiseasilybroken,butnotabunch一箭易折，一束難折。Asinglehandcannotliftthecalabashtothehead.單手難以提起葫蘆頭。Aharshworddroppedfromthetonguecannotbebroughtbackbyacoachandsixhorses.一個人所說的難聽的話即使用一輛有六匹馬的馬車也難以收回。Thespitaimedattheskycomesbacktoone害人反害己。Kickastoneinangerandharmyourownfoot.憤怒的踢石頭反而傷害自己的腳。55.Sweeponlyinfrontofyourowndoor各掃自家門前雪。Hewhostirsanother'sporridgeoftenburnshisown.愛管閑事的人沒有好下場Azebradoesnotdespiseitsstripes.知識（智慧）比珠寶更好.斑馬不會小看它身上的條紋。Thecandleofsomeonewholiesalmostalwaysburnsjusttomidnight.說謊者必半路敗露其真面孔。P31Ahousewithoutanelderlypersonislikeanorchardwithoutawell.沒有老者（長輩）的房子好比只有枯井的果園Don'tbeataroundthebush.不要拐彎抹角了。Tellitlikeitis.P218實話實說.Allcultureshaveadominantornationalculturethatisnormallydefinedbyexaminingthepeoplewhocontrolthepowerwithintheculture.Co-culturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenmemberswhoholdtwoormoredivergentculturalexperiencesthatmightinfluencethecommunicationprocess.Communicationaccomplishesmanyinterpersonalneeds,helpsestablishpersonalidentities,andhasaninfluenceonpeople.Communicationisadynamicprocessinwhichpeopleattempttosharetheirinternalstateswithotherpeoplethroughtheuseofsymbols.Communicationisdynamic,symbolic,contextual,self-reflective,learned,andhasaconsequence.Cultureandcommunicationaresointertwinedthatitiseasytothinkthatcultureiscommunicationandcommunicationisculture.Cultureisasetofhuman-madeobjectiveandsubjectiveelementsthatinthepasthaveincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvival.Cultureseekstoinformitsmemberswhattoexpectfromlife,andthereforereducesconfusionandhelpsthempredictwhattoexpectfromlife.Cultureislearned,shared,andtransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,basedonsymbolsandadynamicandintegratedsystem.Domesticcontactsareincreasingbecausenewimmigrantsandco-culturesaregrowinginnumbers.Newandimprovedtechnology,growthintheworld'spopulation,andshiftsintheglobaleconomicarenahavecontributedtoincreasedinternationalcontacts.Everyoneworldwidewillbeaffectedbyandneedtocommunicateaboutfinitenaturalresourcesandtheenvironmenttohelpreduceandavoidinternationalconflict.Interculturalcommunicationpresentsyouwithachallengeyoumustmeetifyouaretobecomeaneffectivecommunicatorintoday'sworld.Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.13Theelementsthatcomposeaculturearehistory,religion,values,socialorganizations,andlanguage.15Someoftheproblemswithstudyinginterculturalcommunicationinvolveindividualuniqueness,stereotyping,lackofobjectivity,andviewingcommunicationasacure-all.Thedeepstructuresofaculture,whichincludesuchelementsasfamily,history(country),andreligion(worldview),areimportantbecausetheycarryaculture'smostimportantbeliefs.Theirmessagesendure,aredeeplyfelt,andhelpsupplymuchofaidentity.Familiescantakeavarietyofdifferentforms.3Traditionaldefinitionsof“family”areundergoingchangesintheUnitedStates4Globalizationhashadamajorimpactontraditionalfamilystructuresthroughouttheworld.5Familiesperformaseriesofkeyfunctionsinallcultures.Thesefunctionsincludeteachingmembersofthecultureaboutreproduction,economics,socializationandreligion,identity,andcommunication.6Thefamilyalsoteachesgenderroles,viewsonindividualismandcollectivism,perceptionsofaging,andsocialskills.7Historyandcultureareinterwoven.8Thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationandthestudyofhistorygohandinhand.9Historyisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime;itilluminesreality,vitalizesmemory,providesguidanceindailylife,andbringsusknowledgeofantiquity.10Theinfluenceofhistoryisdifficulttoexplain,becauseitcontainsallofthedeepstructureelementsofculture.11Aculture'shistoryaffectsindividualperceptionandbehaviorandhowpeoplerelatetoothercultures.12Historicaleventshelpexplainthecharacterofaculture.13Historyisakeyelementindevelopingaculture'sidentity,values,goals,andexpectations.Chapter4P182Therearemanyreasonsbehindtheneedtounderstandidentity,includingpersonalandpsychologicalwell-being.Identityisalsoafocalpointofinterculturalcommunication,whichisbecomingincreasinglyimportantasaresultofbothglobalizationanddomesticdiversitywithintheUnitedStates.Identityisahighlyabstract,dynamic,multifacetedconceptthatdefineswhoyouare.Turnerplacesidentitiesintothreegeneralcategories:human,social,andpersonal.Hallusesthreesimilarcategories:personal,relational,andcommunal.Everyindividualhasmultipleidentities—racial,ethnic,gender,national,regional,organizational,personal,andperhapscyber/fantasy—thatactinconcert.Theimportanceofanysingleidentityisaresultofthesituation.Identityisacquiredthroughinteractionwithothermembersofone'sculturalgroup.Thefamilyexertsaprimaryinfluenceonearlyidentityformation.IdentitydevelopmentmodelshavebeenconstructedbyPhinneyandbyMartinandNakayama.Identitiesareestablishedthroughgroupmembershipandareenactedinavarietyofways,includingritesofpassage,personalappearance,andparticipationincom-memorativeevents.Conceptsofidentitywithinthesamegroupcanchangeovertime.Identityplaysacriticalroleininterculturalcommunication.Competentinterculturalcommunicationisachievedwhentheparticipantsfindcommonalityinascribedandavowedidentities.Associetybecomesincreasinglymulticultural,newconceptsofculturalidentityareevolving.8Stereotypingoccurswhenpersonscategorizeexperiencesaboutanothergroupofpeopleandletthosecategorizationsguidetheirbehavior.Stereotypesrefertothebehavioralnormofthewholegroupofpeople,notindividualpersons.Aprejudiceisastrongfeelingorattitudetowardaparticularsocialgrouporthing.Racistpersonsbelievethattheirraceissuperiortoanotherraceofpeople.11Ethnocentrismoccurswhenpersonsbelievetheircultureissuperiortoothercultures.Chapter5P219-220Cultureandcommunicationaresointertwinedthatitiseasytoconceiveofcultureascommunicationandcommunicationasculture.Cultureseekstotellitsmemberswhattoexpectfromlife,andtherebyreducesconfusionandhelpspredictthefuture.Thebasicelementsofculturearehistory,religion,values,socialorganizations,andlanguage.Cultureisshared,learnedbehaviorthatpromotesindividualandsocialsurvival,adaptation,andgrowthanddevelopment.Culturemostdirectlyaffectscommunicationbecausecultureis(1)learned,(2)transmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,(3)basedonsymbols,(4)dynamic,and(5)anintegratedprocess.Perceptionisbestdefinedas“theprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseofourworld.”Perceptionistheprimarymechanismbywhichyoudevelopyourworldview.Beliefsareone'sconvictionsaboutthetruthofsomething—withorwithoutproof.Valuesareenduringattitudesaboutthepreferabilityofonebeliefoveranother.Culturalpatterntaxonomiesareusedtoillustratethedominantbeliefsandvaluesofaculture.DominantAmericanculturalpatternsincludeindividualism,equalopportunity,materialacquisition,scienceandtechnology,progressandchange,workandplay,andcompetitivenature.AprominenttaxonomyofdiverseculturepatternsthatexplainsbothperceptualandcommunicationdifferencesisHofstede'sValuesDimension,whichincludes(1)individualismandcollectivism,(2)uncertaintyavoidance,(3)powerdistance,(4)masculinityandfemininity,and(5)long-termandshort-termorientation.TheKluckhohn,Kluckhohn,andStrodtbeckValueOrientationtaxonomyincludes(1)humannature,(2)theperceptionofnature,(3)time,(4)activity,and(5)relationships.InHallsContextOrientation,highcontextandlowcontextdescribethedegreetowhichindividualsrelyoninternalizedinformation.14ForTing-Toomey,faceandfaceworktakedifferentformsandarevalueddifferentlyacrosscultures.Faceisafunctionofgroupaffiliationincollectivisticculturesandisself-derivedinindividualisticcultures.Inconflictsituations,collectivisticculturesfocusonother-faceandmutualface,whileindividualisticculturesfocusonself-face.Chapter7P2831.Nonverbalcommunicationisimportanttothestudyofinterculturalcommunicationbecausepeoplemakejudgmentsaboutothersbasedontheirnonverbalbehavior,usenonverbalmessagestocreateimpressions,andusenon-verbalstomanageinteraction.Nonverbalcommunicationisculture-bound.Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationset-tingthat(1)aregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentand(2)havepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.Nonverbalmessagesmaybeintentionalorunintentional.Nonverbalcommunicationhasfivebasicfunctions:torepeat,tocomplement,tosubstituteforaverbalaction,toregulate,andtocontradictacommunicationevent.Nonverbalactionsseldomoccurinisolation.Nonverbalcommunicationandculturearesimilarinthatbotharelearned,botharepassedonfromgenerationtogeneration,andbothinvolvesharedunderstandings.Studyingnonverbalbehaviorcanleadtothediscoveryofaculture'sunderlyingattitudesandvalues.Studyingnonverbalbehaviorcanassistusinisolatingourownethnocentrism.Thebodyisamajorsourceofnonverbalmessages.Thesemessagesarecommunicatedbymeansofgeneralappearance,skincolor,attire,bodymovements(kinesics),posture,gestures,facialexpressions,eyecontact,touch,andparalanguage.Culturesdifferintheirperceptionanduseofpersonalspace,seating,andfurniturearrangement.Wecanunderstandaculture'ssenseoftimebylearningabouthowmembersofthatcultureviewinformaltimeandthepast,present,andfuture,andwhetherornottheirorientationtowardtimeismonochronicorpolychronic12TheuseofsilencevariesfromculturetocultureChapter8P324Thecommunicationcontextistheculturalenvironmentinwhichcommunicationoccurs.Culturallydiverserulesspecifyhowcommunicationistotakeplacebyprescribingtheappropriatebehaviorsforgivencontexts.Rulesconcerninginformality,formality,assertiveness,interpersonalharmony,andsocialstatuscanbefoundineverycommunicationsetting.Interculturalcommunicationtakesplacebothininternationalanddomesticbusinesssettings.Inthecross-culturalbusinesssetting,protocolinfluenceshowcontactsaremade,greetingbehavior,personalappearance,giftgiving,andconversationaltaboos.Managementstylesdifferacrosscultures.Thesestylesinfluenceleadershipanddecisionmaking.7Negotiationstylesdifferacrosscultures.Thesedifferencesarerevealedinhowculturesviewtheprocessofnegotiations,theselectionofnegotiators,businessethics,andparticipationpractices.Interculturalconflictispartofmanyinterculturalbusinesscontacts.InNorthAmerica,strategiesformanagingconflictincludeavoidance,accommodation,competition,compromise,andcollaboration.Thesestrategiesareoftendifferentfromthemethodsofmanagingconflictfoundinothercultures.Conflictcanfrequentlybereducedbyidentifyingthecause,keepinganopenmind,slowingdown,andfocusingonideasratherthanpeople.RapidlyincreasingculturaldiversityintheU.S.businesscommunitywillrequiregreaterinterculturalunderstandingandskills.Chapter9P355-356Systemsofformalandinformaleducationseektomeettheperceivedneedsofsocieties.Schoolsareaprimarymeansbywhichaculture'shistoryandtraditionsarepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Schoolsteachtheinformalknowledgeofaculture.Schoolsareaprimaryvehicleforteachingculturalvalues.SchoolsintheUnitedStatesarebecomingincreasinglydiverse.SchoolsnolongerteachonlyEurocentricculturalvalues;instead,todayschoolsroutinelyteachtheexperiencesandvaluesofmanycultures.Learningpreferencesareparticularwaysinwhichindividualsreceiveorprocessinformation.Cognitive,communication,relational,andmotivationallearningpreferenceshaveaprofoundimpactonclassroomlearning.StudentswhoarelimitedintheirEnglishproficiencyfacevariousobstaclesintheclassroom.theirstrengths,weaknesses,andbiases.AssessingtheacculturationlevelsofthestudentsintheclassroomwillhelpteachersdeterminehowmuchtheirstudentsareinvolvedintheirowncultureaswellastheAnglo-Americanculture.Chapter10P381-382Cultureandlanguagediversitycancauseproblemsinhealthcarecommunication.Culturesdifferinthewaystheyexplain,treat,andpreventillness.Healthbeliefsystemscanbedividedintothreecategories—supernatural/magical-religious,holistic,andscientific/biomedical—eachwiththeirownsetofunderlyingpremises.Culturaldiversityleadstodifferencesinbeliefsaboutthecausesofillness.Becauseofculturaldiversity,peopleholdvaryingbeliefsabouthowtotreatillness.Thewaysinwhichpeopletrytopreventillnessareculturallydiverse.7Healthcarepracticesmustaccommodateaculturallydiversepopulation.Itisnecessaryforhealthcareprovidersinamulticulturalenvironmenttobecomeinterculturallycompetent.Interculturalcompetencerequiresthathealthcareworkersknownotonlytheirownculturebutalsotheculturesofthepatientstheyserve.Aninterpretershouldbeusedwhenapractitionerarenotfluentinthelanguageoftheirpatients.Familymembersandfriendsgenerallyarenotgoodinterpretersbecauseoftheirconnectiontothepatient.Culturaldiversityaffectsindividualbeliefsaboutdeathanddying,whichcanleadtoconflictsbetweenprovidersandfamiliesaboutc