四川外國語大學(xué)611基礎(chǔ)英語歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2003年四川外國語大學(xué)311基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2004年四川外國語大學(xué)311基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2005年四川外國語大學(xué)311基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2006年四川外國語大學(xué)311基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2007年四川外國語大學(xué)611基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2008年四川外國語大學(xué)611基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2009年四川外國語大學(xué)611基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2010年四川外國語大學(xué)611基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2011年四川外國語大學(xué)611基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2012年四川外國語大學(xué)611基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2013年四川外國語大學(xué)611基礎(chǔ)英語考

研真題及詳解

2003年四川外國語大學(xué)311基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解

答題要求：所有答案均寫在答題紙上，否則不給分。共150分，3小時(shí)完

成。

I.Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectformof

thewordgiveninparenthesesfollowingthesentence:(20ps)

1．Thehijackersreceivedlifesentencesbecauseofthe_____oftheircrime.

(enormous)

【答案】enormity

【解析】句意：強(qiáng)盜因其罪大惡極而被判無期徒刑。the后面應(yīng)該加名

詞，故用enormous的名詞形式。enormity巨大；暴行；極惡。

2．TheIndiansbelievethatherbhas_____properties,andtheyalwaysuseit

totreatcertainailments.(medicine)

【答案】medical

【解析】句意：印度人相信香草具有藥用價(jià)值，總是用香草治療一些小

病。medicalproperty藥用價(jià)值。

3．_____handlingcanruinthecamera.(abuse)

【答案】abusive

【解析】句意：濫用可能會損壞相機(jī)。據(jù)題意handling前面應(yīng)該用形容

詞abusive濫用的。

4．The_____wasquestionedbytheprosecutingattorney.(defend)

【答案】defendant

【解析】句意：檢察官詢問了被告一些問題。由題意，該空應(yīng)該填名

詞，defendant被告。

5．Martin’sfatherhasa/an____disease.Thereisnoknowntreatment.(cure)

【答案】incurable

【解析】句意：馬丁的父親患了絕癥，已知沒有治療的方法。據(jù)題意，

該空應(yīng)該是絕癥：incurabledisease。

6．Theproblemsofurbanclusterswillbecome_____difficult.(increase)

【答案】increasingly

【解析】句意：城市群問題將會變得越來越厲害。修飾difficult應(yīng)該用

副詞，故答案為increasingly.

7．Thehouseissooldthatitis_____.(inhabit)

【答案】uninhabitable

【解析】句意：房子太舊了，不能住人了。由old可知，此處應(yīng)該填不

適宜居住的，uninhabitable。

8．Chocolateis_____tome.Icanneversaynowhenofferedsome.(resist)

【答案】irresistible

【解析】句意：我根本無法抗拒巧克力，別人給我的時(shí)候，我根本無法

拒絕。由題意，此空應(yīng)該填無法拒絕，irresistible。

9．Theauthorwriteswithgreat_____.Hisworksarealwaysunusual.

(origin)

【答案】originality

【解析】句意：這位作家的作品極富創(chuàng)造力，他的作品總是不同凡響。

由題意，此處應(yīng)該填創(chuàng)造力：originality。

10．Ithinkyouhaveabasic____aboutthematter.Whatyousaydoesn’t

holdwater.(concept)

【答案】conception

【解析】句意：我覺得你應(yīng)該對此事有個(gè)基本的了解，但你所說的根本

站不住腳。由題意，基本概念：basicconception.

11．Ifyouareseriouslyinjuredonthejob,youcanreceive_____

compensation.(disable)

【答案】disability

【解析】句意：如果你因公受傷嚴(yán)重，你可以得到殘疾賠償金。由題

意，殘疾賠償金disabilitycompensation。

12．Theswallowsreturninthespringin_____.(fail)

【答案】failure

【解析】句意：春天的時(shí)候，燕子沒有成功飛回。infailure以失敗告

終。

13．The_____airoftownsresultedfrompollution.(pure)

【答案】impure

【解析】句意：鎮(zhèn)子上的空氣因污染變得不清潔。由題意，該空應(yīng)該填

不純的；不潔的：impure。

14．InEnglandthelistenerstaresatthespeakerattentivelyandblinkshis

eyes_____asasignofinterest.(occasion)

【答案】occasionally

【解析】句意：英國人聽別人講話時(shí)會盯著講話人的眼睛，偶爾眨一下

自己的眼睛表示自己對其所說非常感興趣。由題意，該空應(yīng)填偶爾地：

occasionally。

15．Thereisnowheretowalk;onecan’tgooutfordaystogether;onehasto

paceupanddowntheroom,looking_____atthegraywindow.Itisdreary.

(despondence)

【答案】despondently

【解析】句意：沒有地方可以散步，所以人不可能連續(xù)幾天都出去，只

能在屋內(nèi)上上下下地走動(dòng)，沮喪地看著灰暗的窗戶。這日子真是無聊透

頂。由題意，此處應(yīng)該填的是意志消沉地；沮喪地，despondently。

16．Insomewayadvertisementsstimulateproductionand____economy.

(vitality)

【答案】vitalize

【解析】句意：從某些方面來看，廣告刺激生產(chǎn)，為經(jīng)濟(jì)注入活力。由

題意，此處應(yīng)該填動(dòng)詞，vitalize賦予……生命；激發(fā)；使有生氣。

17．Youshouldhavegivenhimsomeadvice.Hewasvery_____.

(experience)

【答案】inexperienced

【解析】句意：你應(yīng)該給他些建議的，因?yàn)樗翢o經(jīng)驗(yàn)。由題意，該空

應(yīng)該填入毫無經(jīng)驗(yàn)的，inexperienced。

18．Thewidemoatmadethecastle_____.Wecouldn’treachit.(approach)

【答案】unapproachable

【解析】句意：寬寬的護(hù)城河將城堡圍起來，我們不能靠近。由題意，

此處應(yīng)該填的是不能接近的，unapproachable。

19．Themedicineis_____butgoodforyou.(taste)

【答案】tasteless

【解析】句意：藥喝起來很無味，但對你有好處，由題意，該空應(yīng)該填

無味的：tasteless。

20．Itwasthemost____stormin30years.(destroy)

【答案】destructive

【解析】句意：這是30年來最具破壞性的風(fēng)暴。由題意，該空應(yīng)填形容

詞：破壞性的，毀滅性的：destructive。

II.Readthefollowingtwopassagesandworkonthequestionsasrequired:

ReadingPassage1(25ps)

Moleshappyashomesgounderground

A.firstanybodyknewaboutDutchmanFrankSiegmundandhisfamilywas

whenworkmentrampingthroughafieldfoundanarrowsteelchimney

protrudingthroughthegrass.Closerinspectionrevealedachinkofsky-light

windowamongthethistles,andwhenamazedinvestigatorsmoveddownthe

sideofthehilltheycameacrossapinedoorcompletewithleadeddiamond

glassandabrassknockersetintoanundergroundbuilding.TheSiegmunds

hadmanagedtoliveundetectedforsixyearsoutsidethebordertownof

Breda,inHolland.Theyarethelatestinaclutchofindividualistic

homemakerswhohaveburrowedundergroundinsearchoftranquility.

B.Most,fallingfoulofstrictbuildingregulations,havebeenforcedto

dismantletheirindividualistichomesandreturntomoreconventional

lifestyles.Butsubterraneansuburbia,Dutch-style,isabouttobecome

respectableandchic.Sevenluxuryhomescossetedawayinsideahighearth-

coverednoiseembankmentnexttothemainTilburgcityroadrecentlywent

onthemarketfor$296,500each.Thefoundationshadyettobedug,but

customers,queueduptobuytheunusualpart-submergedhouses,whoseback

wallconsistsofagrassymoundandwhosefrontisalongglassgallery.

C.TheDutcharenottheonlywould-bemoles.Growingnumbersof

Europeansareburrowingbelowgroundtocreatehouses,offices,discosand

shoppingmalls.Itisalreadyprovingawayoflifeinextremeclimates;in

wintermonthsinMontreal,Canada,forinstance,citizenscanescapethecold

inanundergroundcomplexcompletewithshopsandevenhealthclinics.In

Tokyobuildersareplanningamassiveundergroundcitytobebeguninthe

nextdecade,andundergroundshoppingmallsarealreadycommoninJapan,

where90percentofthepopulationissqueezedinto20percentofthe

landscape.

D.Buildingbigcommercialbuildingsundergroundcanbeawaytoavoid

disfiguringorthreateningabeautifulor‘environmentallysensitive’

landscape.Indeedmanyofthebuildingswhichconsumemostland—suchas

cinemas,supermarkets,theatres,warehousesorlibraries—havenoneedtobe

onthesurfacesincetheydonotneedwindows.

E.Therearebigadvantages,too,whenitcomestoprivatehomes.A

developmentof194houseswhichwouldtakeup14hectaresoflandabove

groundwouldoccupy2.7hectaresbelowit,whilethenumberofroadswould

behalved.Underseveralmetersofearth,noiseisminimalandinsulationis

excellent.‘Weget40to50enquiriesaweek,’sayspeterCarpenter,secretary

oftheBritishEarthShelteringAssociation,whichbuildssimilarhomesin

Britain.‘Peopleseethisasawayofbuildingforthefuture.’Anunderground

dwellerhimself,Carpenterhasneverpaidaheatingbill,thankstosolar

panelsmudnaturalinsulation.

F.InEurope,theobstaclehasbeenconservativelocalauthoritiesand

developerswhoprefertoensurequicksaleswithconventionalmass-

producedhousing.ButtheDutchdevelopmentwasgreetedwithundisguised

reliefbySouthLimburgplannersbecauseofHolland’schronicshortageof

land.ItwastheTilburgarchitectJoHurkmanswhohitontheideaofmaking

useofnoiseembankmentsonmainroads.Histwo-floored,four-bedroomed,

two-bathroomeddetachedhomesarenowtakingshape.‘Theyarenotso

muchbelowtheearthasinit,’hesays.‘Allthelightwillcomethroughthe

glassfront,whichrunsfromthesecondfloorceilingtotheground.Areas

whichdonotneedmuchnaturallightingareattheback.Theliving

accommodationistothefrontsonobodynoticesthatthebackisdark.’

G.IntheUS,whereenergy-efficienthomesbecamepopularaftertheoil

crisisof1973,10,000undergroundhouseshavebeenbuilt.Aterraceoffive

homes,Britain’sfirstsubterraneandevelopment,isunderwayin

Nottinghamshire.Italy’soutstandingexampleofsubterraneanarchitectureis

theOlivettiresidentialcentreinIvrea.CommissionedbyRobertoOlivettiin

1969,itcomprises82one-bed-roomedapartmentsand12maisonettesand

formsahouse/hotelforOlivettiemployees.Itisbuiltintoahillandlittlecan

beseenfromoutsideexceptaglassfacade.PatrizeaVallecchi,aresident

since1992,saysitislittledifferentfromlivinginaconventionalapartment.

H.Noteveryoneadaptsowell,andinJapanscientistsattheShimiza

Corporationhavedeveloped‘spacecreation’systemswhichmixlight,

sounds,breezesandscentstostimulatepeoplewhospendlongperiodsbelow

ground.UndergroundofficesinJapanarebeingequippedwith‘virtual’

windowsandmirrors,whileundergrounddepartmentsintheUniversityof

Minnesotahaveperiscopestoreflectviewsandlight.

I.ButFrankSiegmundandhisfamilylovetheirhobbitlifestyle.Theirhome

evolvedwhenhedugacoolroomforhisbakerybusinessinahillhehad

created.Duringaheatwavetheytooktosleepingthere.‘Wefeltatpeaceand

soclosetonature,’hesays.‘GraduallyIbeganaddingtotherooms.Itsounds

strangebutwearesoclosetotheearthwedrawstrengthfromitsvibrations.

Ourchildrenloveit;noteverychildcanboastofbeingwatchedthroughtheir

playroomwindowsbyrabbits.’

Questions1-8

Readingpassage1hasnineparagraphs(A-I)Choosethemostsuitable

headingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethe

appropriatenumbers(i-xiiforquestions1-8onyouranswersheet.Paragraph

Ahasbeendoneforyouasanexample.

NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphssoyouwillnotuseallof

them.

Listofheadings

i.Adesignerdescribeshishouses

ii.Mostpeoplepreferconventionalhousing

iii.Simulatinganaturalenvironment

iv.Howanundergroundfamilyhomedeveloped

v.Demandsonspaceandenergyarereduced

vi.Theplansforfuturehomes

vii.Worldwideexamplesofundergroundlivingaccommodation

viii.Somebuildingsdonotrequirenaturallight

ix.Developingundergroundservicesaroundtheworld

x.Undergroundlivingimproveshealth

xi.Homessoldbeforecompletion

xii.Anundergroundhomeisdiscovered

1．ParagraphB

2．ParagraphC

3．ParagraphD

4．paragraphE

5．paragraphF

6．paragraphG

7．ParagraphH

8．ParagraphI

【答案與解析】

1．xi

（根據(jù)第二段最后一句話“Thefoundationshadyettobedug,but

customers,queueduptobuytheunusualpart-submergedhouses,whoseback

wallconsistsofagrassymoundandwhosefrontisalongglassgallery.”房屋

的地基尚未挖好，但是買房的人已經(jīng)排起了長隊(duì)準(zhǔn)備購買這種特殊的半

潛水式的房子，房子的背后是個(gè)草垛，前面是一個(gè)長長的玻璃走廊。故

答案為xi，房子尚未完成就開售了。）

2．ix

（第三段舉了歐洲，日本還有加拿大的例子，這些地方都在建地下設(shè)

備，辦公室，迪廳，還有購物中心。故答案為ix，全世界都在開發(fā)地下

設(shè)施。）

3．viii

（根據(jù)第四段最后一句話“Indeedmanyofthebuildingswhichconsume

mostland—suchascinemas,supermarkets,theatres,warehousesorlibraries

—havenoneedtobeonthesurfacesincetheydonotneedwindows.”實(shí)際上

許多耗地的建筑物，如：電影院，超市，劇院，倉庫以及圖書館并不非

要建在地面上，因?yàn)樗鼈儾⒉恍枰皯?。故答案是viii，有的建筑并不

需要自然光。）

4．v

（根據(jù)第五段第二句話“Adevelopmentof194houseswhichwouldtakeup

14hectaresoflandabovegroundwouldoccupy2.7hectaresbelowit,while

thenumberofroadswouldbehalved.”我們可知，地下建筑的占地面積變

小。根據(jù)最后一句話“Anundergrounddwellerhimself,Carpenterhasnever

paidaheatingbill,thankstosolarpanelsmudnaturalinsulation.”Carpenter

從未付過暖氣費(fèi)，因?yàn)樘柲馨蹇梢怨┡?，且地下房屋與自然絕緣。故

答案是V，地下房屋對空間和能量的要求降低。）

5．i

（根據(jù)第六段第三句話“ItwastheTilburgarchitectJoHurkmanswhohit

ontheideaofmakinguseofnoiseembankmentsonmainroads.”Jo

Hurkmans想起要利用主干道上的路堤來建造房子，接下來就是這位設(shè)計(jì)

師在談?wù)撟约旱脑O(shè)計(jì)，故答案是i。）

6．vii

（根據(jù)第六段，本段舉了美國，英國，意大利的地下房屋的例子，故答

案是vii，世界范圍內(nèi)地下建筑的例子。）

7．iii

（根據(jù)第七段第一句話“Noteveryoneadaptsowell,andinJapanscientists

attheShimizaCorporationhavedeveloped‘spacecreation’systemswhich

mixlight,sounds,breezesandscentstostimulatepeoplewhospendlong

periodsbelowground.”不是所有的人都能適應(yīng)地下的生活，日本的科學(xué)

家已經(jīng)開發(fā)出了“空間創(chuàng)造系統(tǒng)”，該系統(tǒng)里有光，聲音，微風(fēng)還有香

氣，能夠刺激那些長時(shí)間待在地下的人。故答案是iii，模仿自然環(huán)

境。）

8．iv

（根據(jù)最后段第二三句話“Theirhomeevolvedwhenhedugacoolroom

forhisbakerybusinessinahillhehadcreated.Duringaheatwavetheytook

tosleepingthere.”FrankSiegmund為自己的烘焙小店在地下挖了一個(gè)冷藏

室，然后他們的地下家庭開始形成。有段時(shí)間，天氣非常熱，他們就睡

在地下，故答案為iv，一個(gè)地下家庭是如何發(fā)展起來的。）

Questions9-14

Completethesentencesbelowwithwordstakenfromthereadingpassage.

UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Writeyour

answersfor9-14onyouranswersheet.

9．Manydevelopersprefermass-producedhousesbecausethey

10．TheDutchdevelopmentwaswelcomedby

11．Hurkmans’housesarebuiltinto

12．TheIvreacentrewasdevelopedfor

13．Japanesescientistsarehelpingpeople...undergroundlife

14．FrankSiegmund’sfirstundergroundroomwasusedfor

【答案與解析】

9．ensurequicksales

(根據(jù)第六段第一句話“InEurope,theobstaclehasbeenconservativelocal

authoritiesanddeveloperswhoprefertoensurequicksaleswithconventional

mass-producedhousing.”在歐洲，建造地下建筑的唯一阻力就是保守的地

方政權(quán)和開放商，開發(fā)商喜歡傳統(tǒng)的大批量生產(chǎn)的房子，因?yàn)樗鼈兡鼙?/p>

證銷量。)

10．SouthLimburgplanners

(根據(jù)第六段第二句話“ButtheDutchdevelopmentwasgreetedwith

undisguisedreliefbySouthLimburgplannersbecauseofHolland’schronic

shortageofland.”但是荷蘭的地下建筑受到林堡以南的開發(fā)商青睞，因?yàn)?/p>

荷蘭長期以來土地資源稀缺。)

11．noiseembankments

(根據(jù)第六段第三句話“ItwastheTilburgarchitectJoHurkmanswhohiton

theideaofmakinguseofnoiseembankmentsonmainroads.”蒂爾堡的建筑

師JoHurkmans想到把房子建在主干道上的堤壩里面。)

12．Olivettiemployees

(根據(jù)第四段第七句話“CommissionedbyRobertoOlivettiin1969,it

comprises82one-bed-roomedapartmentsand12maisonettesandformsa

house/hotelforOlivettiemployees.”RobertoOlivetti于1969年開始建造該

中心，包括82間單身公寓，12間公寓，這些都是Olivetti公司員工的

家。)

13．a(chǎn)dapt

(根據(jù)第八段第一句話“Noteveryoneadaptsowell,andinJapanscientistsat

theShimizaCorporationhavedeveloped‘spacecreation’systemswhichmix

light,sounds…”不是所有的人都習(xí)慣住在地下的。日本科學(xué)家開發(fā)出一

套“空間創(chuàng)造系統(tǒng)”幫助人們適應(yīng)地下生活。)

14．coolroom

(根據(jù)最后一段第二句話“Theirhomeevolvedwhenhedugacoolroomfor

hisbakerybusinessinahillhehadcreated.”FrankSiegmund為自己的烘焙

小店在地下挖了一個(gè)冷藏室，然后他們的地下家庭開始形成。)

ReadingPassage2(25ps)

InSearchoftheHolyGrail

IthasbeencalledtheHolyGrailofmodernbiology.Costingmorethan￡2

billion,itisthemostambitiousscientificprojectsincetheApolloprogramme

thatlandedamanonthemoon.Anditwilltakelongertoaccomplishthanthe

lunarmissions,foritwillnotbecompleteuntilearlynextcentury.Even

beforeitisfinished,accordingtothoseinvolved,thisprojectshouldopenup

newunderstandingof,andnewtreatmentsfor,manyoftheailmentsthat

afflicthumanity.AsaresultoftheHumanGenomeProject,therewillbenew

hopeofliberationfromtheshadowsofcancer,heartdisease,autoimmune

diseasessuchasrheumatoidarthritis,andsomepsychiatricillnesses.

TheobjectiveoftheHumanGenomeProjectissimpletostate,butaudacious

inscope:tomapandanalyzeeverysinglegenewithinthedoublehelixof

humanity’sDNA.Theprojectwillrevealanewhumananatomy—notthe

bones,musclesandsinews,butthecompletegeneticblueprintforahuman

being.ThoseworkingontheHumanGenomeProjectclaimthatthenew

geneticanatomywilltransformmedicineandreducehumansufferinginthe

twenty-firstcentury.Butothersseethefuturethroughadarkerglass,andfear

thattheprojectmayopenthedoortoaworldpeopledbyFrankenstein’s

monstersanddisfiguredbyaneweugenics.

Thegeneticinheritanceababyreceivesfromitsparentsatthemomentof

conceptionfixesmuchofitslaterdevelopment,determiningcharacteristicsas

variedaswhetheritwillhaveblueeyesorsufferfromalife-threatening

illnesssuchascysticfibrosis.Thehumangenomeisthecompendiumofall

theseinheritedgeneticinstructions.Writtenoutalongthedoublehelixof

DNAarethechemicallettersofthegenetictext.Itisanextremelylongtext,

forthehumangenomecontainsmorethan3billionletters.Ontheprinted

pageitwouldfillabout7,000volumes.Yet,withinlittlemorethanadecade,

thepositionofeveryletteranditsrelationtoitsneighbourswillhavebeen

trackeddown,analysedandrecorded.

Consideringhowmanylettersthereareinthehumangenome,natureisan

excellentproof-reader.Butsometimestherearemistakes.Anerrorinasingle

‘word’—agene—cangiverisetothecripplingconditionofcysticfibrosis,

thecommonestgeneticdisorderamongCaucasians.Errorsinthegeneric

recipeforhaemoglobin,theproteinthatgivesblooditscharacteristicred

colourandwhichcarriesoxygenfromthelingstotherestofthebody,give

risetothemostcommonsingle-genedisorderintheworld;thalassaemia.

Morethan4,000suchsingle-genedefectsareknowntoafflicthumanity.The

majorityofthemarefatal;themajorityofthevictimsarechildren.

Noneofthesingle-genedisordersisadiseaseintheconventionalsense,for

whichitwouldbepossibletoadministeracurativedrug;thedefectispre-

programmedintoeverycellofthesufferer’sbody.Butthereishopeof

progress.In1986,Americanresearchersidentifiedthegeneticdefect

underlyingonetypeofmusculardystrophy.In1989,ateamofAmericanand

Canadianbiologistsannouncedthattheyhadfoundthesiteofthegene

which,whendefective,givesrisetocysticfibrosis.Indeed,notonlyhadthey

locatedthegene,theyhadanalysedthesequenceofletterswithinitandhad

identifiedthemistakeresponsibleforthecondition.Attheleast,these

scientificadvancesmayofferawayofscreeningparentswhomightbeatrisk

oftransmittingasingle-genedefecttoanychildrenthattheyconceive.

Fetusescanbetextedwhileinthewomb,andiffoundfreeofthegenetic

defect,theparentswillberelievedofworryandstress,knowingthattheywill

bedeliveredofababyfreefromthedisorder.

Inthemid-1980s,theideagainedcurrencywithinthescientificworldthatthe

techniqueswhichweresuccessfullydecipheringdisorder-relatedgenescould

beappliedtoalargerproject;ifsciencecanlearnthegeneticspellingof

cysticfibrosis,whynotattempttofindouthowtospell‘human’?Momentum

quicklybuiltupbehindtheHumanGenomeProjectanditsobjectiveof

‘sequencing’theentiregenome—writingoutallthelettersintheircorrect

order.

ButtheconsequencesoftheHumanGenomeProjectgofarbeyondanarrow

focusondisease.Someofitssupportershavemadeclaimsofgreat

extravagance—thattheProjectwillbringustounderstand,atthemost

fundamentallevel,whatitistobehuman.Yetmanypeopleareconcerned

thatsuchanemphasisonhumanity’sgeneticconstitutionmaydistortout

senseofvalues,andleadustoforgetthathumanlifeismorethanjustthe

expressionofageneticprogramwritteninthechemistryofDNA.

Ifproperlyapplied,thenewknowledgegeneratedbytheHumanGenome

Projectmayfreehumanityfromtheterriblescourgeofdiversediseases.But

ifthenewknowledgeisnotusedwisely,italsoholdsthethreatofcreating

newformsofdiscriminationandnewmethodsofoppression.Many

characteristics,suchasheightandintelligence,resultnotfromtheactionof

genesalone,butfromsubtleinteractionsbetweengenesandtheenvironment.

Whatwouldbetheimplicationsifhumanityweretounderstand,with

precision,thegeneticconstitutionwhich,giventhesameenvironment,will

predisposeonepersontowardsahigherintelligencethananotherindividual

whosegenesweredifferentlyshuffled?

Oncebeforeinthiscentury,therelentlesscuriosityofscientificresearchers

broughttolightforcesofnatureinthepoweroftheatom,themasteryof

whichhasshapedthedestinyofnationsandovershadowedallourlives.The

HumanGenomeProjectholdsthepromisethat,ultimately,wemaybeableto

alterourgeneticinheritanceifwesochoose.Butthereisthecentralmoral

problem:howcanweensurethatwhenwechoose,wechoosecorrectly?That

suchapotentialisapromiseandnotathreat?Weneedonlylookatthepast

tounderstandthedanger.

Questions1-6

Completethesentencesbelow(questions1-6)withwordstakenfrom

ReadingPassage2.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSORA

NUMBERforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersfor1-6onyouranswersheet.

1．ThepassagecomparestheProjectinscaletothe______.

2．ThepossiblecompletiondateoftheProjectis_____.

3．Towriteoutthehumangenomeonpaperwouldrequire______books.

4．Ageneticproblemcannotbetreatedwithdrugsbecausestrictlyspeaking

itisnota_____.

5．Researchintogeneticdefectshaditsfirstsuccessinthediscoveryofthe

causeofoneformof_____.

6．Thesecondsuccessofresearchintogeneticdefectswastofindthecause

of_____.

【答案與解析】

1．Apolloprogramme

(根據(jù)第一段第二句話“…itisthemostambitiousscientificprojectsincethe

Apolloprogrammethatlandedamanonthemoon.”這是自阿波羅登月計(jì)劃

以來最為宏大的一個(gè)科學(xué)項(xiàng)目。故作者將該計(jì)劃與阿波羅登月計(jì)劃相比

較。)

2．earlynextcentury

(根據(jù)第一段第三句話“Anditwilltakelongertoaccomplishthanthelunar

missions,foritwillnotbecompleteuntilearlynextcentury.”但是這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃

比登月計(jì)劃持續(xù)的時(shí)間更久，到下世紀(jì)初都不一定能結(jié)束。)

3．7,000

(根據(jù)第三段第四句話“Itisanextremelylongtext,forthehumangenome

containsmorethan3billionletters.Ontheprintedpageitwouldfillabout

7,000volumes.”這將會是一本超長的書，因?yàn)槿祟惖幕蚪M包括超過30

億的字母，如果用打印紙寫出來的話，需要7000本。)

4．conventionaldisease

(根據(jù)第五段的第一句話“Noneofthesingle-genedisordersisadiseasein

theconventionalsense,forwhichitwouldbepossibletoadministera

curativedrug;thedefectispre-programmedintoeverycellofthesufferer’s

body.”所有的基因紊亂問題都不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的疾病，因此沒有藥可以

根治，缺陷提前寫入患者的每一顆細(xì)胞內(nèi)。)

5．musculardystrophy

(根據(jù)第五段第二句話“In1986,Americanresearchersidentifiedthegenetic

defectunderlyingonetypeofmusculardystrophy.”1986年，美國研究人員

找到了某種肌肉萎縮癥背后的基因缺陷問題。)

6．cysticfibrosis

(根據(jù)第五段第三句話“In1989,ateamofAmericanandCanadianbiologists

announcedthattheyhadfoundthesiteofthegenewhich,whendefective,

givesrisetocysticfibrosis.”1989年，美國和加拿大的生物學(xué)家們宣布他

們發(fā)現(xiàn)了導(dǎo)致囊胞性纖維癥的缺陷基因所在之處。)

Questions7-14

Classifythefollowingstatementsasrepresenting.

(A).thewriter’sfearsabouttheHumanGenomeProject

(B).otherpeople’sfearsabouttheProjectreportedbythewriter

(C).thewriter’sreportingoffactsabouttheProject

(D).thewriter’sreportingofthelong-termhopesfortheProject

WritetheappropriatelettersA-Dforquestions7-14onyouranswersheet.

7．TheProjectwillprovideanewunderstandingofmajordiseases.

8．AllthecomponentswhichmakeupDNAaretoberecordedandstudied.

9．Geneticmonstersmaybecreated.

10．Thecorrectorderandinter-relationofallgeneticdatainallDNAwillbe

mapped.

11．Parentswillnolongerworryaboutgivingbirthtodefectiveoffspring.

12．Being‘human’maybedefinedsolelyintermsofdescribablephysical

data.

13．Peoplemaybediscriminatedagainstthenewways.

14．Frompastexperiencehumansmaynotusethisnewknowledgewisely.

【答案與解析】

7．C根據(jù)第一段第四句話“Evenbeforeitisfinished,accordingtothose

involved,thisprojectshouldopenupnewunderstandingof,andnew

treatmentsfor,manyoftheailmentsthatafflicthumanity.”項(xiàng)目完成前就有

相關(guān)研究人員表示該項(xiàng)目將會增進(jìn)人們對一些折磨人類的疾病的了解，

并找出新的治療方法。這是有關(guān)該項(xiàng)目的事實(shí)。

8．C根據(jù)第二段第一句話“TheobjectiveoftheHumanGenomeProjectis

simpletostate,butaudaciousinscope:tomapandanalyzeeverysinglegene

withinthedoublehelixofhumanity’sDNA.”人類基因組計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)很簡

單，但是規(guī)模卻很龐大：記錄分析人類DNA雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)中的每個(gè)基因。

這也是項(xiàng)目的事實(shí)。

9．B根據(jù)第二段最后一句話“Butothersseethefuturethroughadarker

glass,andfearthattheprojectmayopenthedoortoaworldpeopledby

Frankenstein’smonstersanddisfiguredbyaneweugenics.”但是其他人從黑

暗面看待這一問題，害怕這一項(xiàng)目會打開一扇通往邪惡世界的大門，那

個(gè)世界都是像Frankenstein這樣的怪物，世界會被優(yōu)生學(xué)扭曲。故這是別

人的擔(dān)心。

10．C根據(jù)第三段最后一句話“Yet,withinlittlemorethanadecade,the

positionofeveryletteranditsrelationtoitsneighbourswillhavebeen

trackeddown,analysedandrecorded.”但是，在10年多一點(diǎn)的時(shí)間內(nèi)，每

個(gè)基因字母以及其與相鄰字母的關(guān)系都得到了追蹤，分析，記錄。故這

也是有關(guān)該項(xiàng)目的事實(shí)。

11．D根據(jù)第五段最后一句話“…theparentswillberelievedofworryand

stress,knowingthattheywillbedeliveredofababyfreefromthe

disorder.”父母將不再擔(dān)心，因?yàn)樗麄冎雷约旱暮⒆記]有問題。這是人

們的期望。

12．B根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段最后一句話“Yetmanypeopleareconcernedthat

suchanemphasisonhumanity’sgeneticconstitutionmaydistortoutsenseof

values,andleadustoforgetthathumanlifeismorethanjusttheexpression

ofageneticprogramwritteninthechemistryofDNA.”也有許多人擔(dān)心過

分強(qiáng)調(diào)人類基因組成會扭曲我們的價(jià)值觀，讓我們忘記人生不止是用

DNA化學(xué)表達(dá)的基因程序。人類就是描述性的物理資料，這是人們的擔(dān)

心。

13．A根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第二句話“Butifthenewknowledgeisnotused

wisely,italsoholdsthethreatofcreatingnewformsofdiscriminationand

newmethodsofoppression.”但是如果新發(fā)現(xiàn)得不到明智的利用，它也可

能會造成新形式的歧視和壓迫。這是作者的擔(dān)心。

14．A根據(jù)最后一段最后一句話“Weneedonlylookatthepastto

understandthedanger.”我們只需要借鑒歷史就能理解這種可能存在的危

險(xiǎn)。這是作者的擔(dān)心。

III.Readthefollowing2passagesandthenanswerthequestionsbelowthem:

(40ps)

PassageA

Socialclass,languageandeducationalfailure

Researchersinmanycountrieshaveobservedthatmiddleclasschildrenasa

grouparemoresuccessfulintheeducationalsystemthanworkingclass

children.Moreoftheformer,forexample,reachcollege.ProfessorBasil

BernsteinoftheUniversityofLondonhasarguedthatthereisalinkbetween

socialclassandeducationalfailureandthatthislinkislanguage.Inaseries

ofpaperspublishedfrom1958to1973Bernsteinhasdevelopedatheoryof

the“structureandprocessofculturaltransmission”orsocialization,partof

whichmaybesummarizedasfollows.

Onecharacteristicofmany(butnotall)workingclassfamiliesisthatthe

statusofdifferentmembersofthefamilyisclearlydefined;theauthorityof

thefather,forinstance,derivesfromthefactthatheisthefather.Thistypeof

familyBernsteincallspositional,andhecontrastsitwiththeperson-centered

familytype,morecommon(althoughnotomnipresent)inthemiddleclasses.

Inthelatter,status,authorityandinterpersonalrelationshipsare“negotiated”

accordingtotheuniquecharacteristicsofeachfamilymember.This

negotiation,orlackofit,isreflectedlinguistically.Thefollowing

conversationmighttakeplaceinapositionalfamily:

Child:CanIhaveanicecream?

Mother:No.

Child:Whynot?

Mother:BecauseIsaidso.

Inordertojustifyherrefusalofthechild’srequest,themotherresortstoher

authorityasmother.

Theequivalentexchangeina“person-centered”familymightgolikethis:

Child:CanIhaveanicecream?

Mother:No.

Child:Whynot?

Mother:Becauseifyouhaveanicecreamnow,youwon’twantyourlunch

lateron.

Thistimeanattemptismadetojustifythedecisioninlogicalterms.Inboth

casesa“reason”isgivenfordenyingtheicecream,butthe“rational”nature

oftheexplanationgivenbythesecondmotherleadshertotheexplicit

expressionofastatementofcondition—“ifyouhaveanicecreamnow”—

andresult—“youwon’twantyourlunchlateron.”

NowBernsteinisnotsayingthatmiddleclassparentsaremorerationalor

articulateorintelligentthanworkingclassparents.Henotes,however,thatif

thissonofdifferencedistinguishesalargeproportionoftheconversations

thesetwochildrenhearintheirchildhood,thenitisreasonabletoexpectthe

middleclasschildtoenterschool,atagefiveorsix,withtheabilityto

understandandproduceamorevariedlinguisticrepertoire,amore

“elaboratedcode”thanhisworkingclassschoolfriend.Thelattermaybejust

asintelligent,buthewillprobablypossessamore“restricted”linguisticcode.

Bernsteina