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盧梭瓦爾登湖畢業(yè)論文Thoreau's__walden2021屆分類號I106單位代碼10452 某某大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計敬畏生命梭羅?瓦爾登湖?的主題分析姓名某某某學(xué)號

ReverenceforLifeAThematicAnalysisofHDThoreausWalden AThesisSubmittedtoForeignLanguagesSchoolofxxxxUniversityinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofBachelorofArts By Xxxx Supervisorxxxx April202021

AcknowledgementsManypeoplehavecontributedtothewritingofthisdissertationbyprovidingmetheirinvaluabletimefeedbackscommentsandcritiquesFirstandforemostIwouldemphasizemygreatestdebttoProfessorGuHuipingmyadvisorwhopainstakinglywentthroughtheearlydraftsandprovidedgenerouslydetailedcriticismWithoutheradviceandconstantencouragementitwouldbeimpossibleformetoachievethecompletionofthisdissertationHerexpertiseandpatiencegivesthisthesismorechancestobeimprovedandpolishedDeeplyimpressedbyherkindnessandstrictstyleIbelievethatherinfluenceonmewillbelifelongIwouldalsoliketoexpressmyappreciationtomyclassmatesfortheirselflessassistanceandpatienceinhelpingmeatanytimeAtlastIfeelmuchobligedtomydearparentswhohavebroughtmeandsupportmeallthetimeNowordscanfullyexpressmysincereloveandgratitudeforthemAbstractAtpresenttheecologicalcrisisisbecomingmoreandmoreseriousanditisafactthatpeoplearechasingmaterialwealthblindlywithnoattentiontotheneedsfromheartthereforeitisofgreateducationalsignificancetoexploreThoreausattitudestowardslifeembodiedinhisworksWaldenHerethepaperattemptstoilluminateThoreauslifephilosophyfromthreeperspectivesreturningtosimplicityeco-centricequalityandpursuitofspiritualindependencewhichpointsoutthatThoreausideaofagoodlifeistoliveasimplefreelifeandtolivewithnatureharmoniouslyThusitprovidesagoodwayforpeopletogetridofspiritcrisesandtodealwithnaturecorrectlyKeyWordsThoreauWaldensimplicityequalityspiritualindependence摘要面對生態(tài)危機日益嚴重以及人們只顧追求物質(zhì)利益無視心靈需求的現(xiàn)實探討梭羅?瓦爾登湖?中所蘊含的對待生命的態(tài)度具有重要的教育意義本文通過回歸簡單萬物平等精神獨立三個方面闡述梭羅的哲學(xué)人生觀指出梭羅所追求的理想生活是簡單自由與自然和諧共處的生活這為當(dāng)代人擺脫精神危機正確處理好人與自然的關(guān)系指明了道路關(guān)鍵詞梭羅?瓦爾登湖?簡單平等精神獨立

TableofContents Acknowledgements iAbstract ii摘要 iiiIntroduction 1ChapterOneHenryDavidThoreauandWalden 311ThoreausLifeExperience 312ABriefIntroductiontoWalden 4ChapterTwoThoreausViewsofLife 621ReturningtoSimplicity 622Eco-centricEquality 823PursuitofSpiritualIndependence 9ChapterThreeTheLegacyofWalden 1231InfluencesonEcologicalLiterature 1232InfluencesonPeoplesLifeConcept 14Conclusion 16WorksCited 17

IntroductionHenryDavidThoreau1817-1862isanoutstandingAmericannaturewriterphilosopherandenvironmentalscientistHismasterpieceWaldendepictsthebeautyofnatureandisnotonlyapersonalexperimentwithanaturallifebutalsoaholisticphilosophyoftherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureAtpresenttheecologicalcrisisisbecomingmoreandmoreseriousanditisafactthatpeoplearechasingmaterialwealthblindlywithnoattentiontotheneedsfromheartthereforeitisofgreateducationalsignificancetoexploreThoreausattitudestowardlifeembodiedinhisWaldenAfterthemid-1990ssomeimportantresearchmonographsonecocriticismwerepublishedinAmericasuchasRebeccaStefoffsTheAmericanEnvironmentalMovementLawrenceBuellsTheEnvironmentalImaginationThoreauNatureWritingandtheFormationofAmericanCultureandTheEcocriticismReaderLandmarksinLiteraryEcologycollaboratedbyCheryllGlotfeltyandHaroldFrommandJonathanBatesRomanticEcologyWordsworthandEnvironmentalTraditionChristopherBelshawsEnvironmentalPhilosophyReasonNatureandHumanConcernWhichpointsoutthatThoreauistodayconsideredasthefirstmajorinterpreterofnatureinAmericanliteraryhistoryandthefirstAmericanenvironmentalistsaintTheresearchdevelopmentonecocriticisminEnglandcouldberepresentedbyLaurenceCoupesTheGreenStudiesReaderFromRomanticismtoEcocriticismAndrecentcriticalworkincludesDavidMRobinsonsNaturalLifeThoreausWorldlyTranscendentalism2004andGregGarrardsEcocriticismandDavidMazelsACenturyofEarlyEcocriticismNotuntil1949wasWaldenintroducedintoChinaItsfirstChineseversionwastranslatedbythefamousChinesewriterXuChiwhoregardeditasbothabookfulloflifewisdomandabookembodiedwithvividandbeautifuldescriptionaboutnatureThoreauvianstudyinChinamainlyfocusonThoreausideaaboutnaturehighlypraisinghisrespectfornatureandfurtheraffirminghisimportantroleineco-literaturesuchasChenKaisTheEcologicalIdeologyThoreausViewonNatureandGuanChunhuasThoreauandNatureReflectionsonThoreausWaldenPoundThefirstmonographonEuro-AmericanEcologicalLiteratureinChinabyWangNuowaspublishedin2003byBeijingPressUniversityHoweveruptonowmostofthestudiesarejustfocusontheinterpretationofThoreausworksonecologybutdonotmakedeepexplorationconcerningthelifephilosophyinhisWaldenwhichcangivepeopledirectionofthewayoflivinginwhichpeopleshouldtakeinthefutureandhowtorespecthumanslifeandnatureSothepresentpaperwillspecificallyanalyzethispointinWaldenThisthesisisdividedintofivechaptersChapterOneistheintroductionChapterTwodealswiththegeneralknowledgeofThoreauandhisWaldenChapterThreeismainlyaboutThoreauslifephilosophyfromthreeaspectsreturningtosimplicityeco-centricequalityandpursuitofspiritualindependenceChapterFourisananalysisofthelegacyofWaldenThelastchapteristheconclusionofthethesis

ChapterOneHenryDavidThoreauandWalden11ThoreausLifeExperienceHenryDavieThoreauwasborninConcordMassachusettsonJuly121817inwhathethoughtthemostestimableplaceintheworldandintheverynickoftimetooHarding19823ConcordsometwentymilesnorthwestofBostonislocatedontheplainssurroundingthejunctureoftheAssayedandSudburyRiverswhichformstheConcordRiversoneoftheprincipaltributariesoftheMerrimackIn1817itwasaquitelittletownoftwothousanddevotedchieflytoagricultureThetownscitizensknewneithergreatwealthnorextremepovertyandthetownwasessentiallyademocracynomanfelttheneedofkneelingtohisneighborsThoreaugrewupveryclosewithhisolderbrotherJohnJrwhofirstshowaninterestinornithologyandThoreaulaterlearnedmuchofhisbirdfromJohnsnotebooksTheyopenedaprivateschoolwiththeprincipleoflearningbydoinganddevotedaconsiderablepartofitsprogramtofieldtripswhichprovedsuccessfulBecauseofJohnspoorhealththeschoolwasbroughttoanabruptcloseonApril11841theworstthingisthatJohndiedbecauseoflockjawinhisbrothersarmsinJanuary1842SoonafterJohnsdeathThoreaureturnedtolivewithEmersonandeventuallyheresumedhisnormalpatternoflifeThoreaulivedthereformorethantwoyearsHetutoredEmersonschildrenkeptEmersonsgardenandalsocontributedtoTheDialanimportantmagazineInspiredbyEmersonhebegantowritehisjournalIn1845hemovedtoacabinbuiltbyhimontheshoreofWaldenPoundandstayedthereformorethantwoyearsHelivedaverysimplelifeinitandenjoyedthegreatesthappinessinspiritHedevotedmostofhistimetoreadingwritingandhekeptadetailedjournalofhisobservationsofnatureactivitiesandthoughtsYethewasquiteenjoyingthatlifeandsolitudeAndtherehefinishedhismostfamousbookWaldenorLifeintheWoodswhichwascommonlyregardedashismasterpieceThoreaulovednatureverymuchHeenjoyedwalkinginthewoodsandstudiedvariousbirdsanimalstreesandflowersHecollectedvariousinterestingthingsinnaturewhichwassenttohismotherandyoungsisterSophiaInhislatelifehemadeseveraljourneystoMaineWoodsandCapeCodHeadmiredIndianandlikedorientalphilosophyverymuchHediedoftuberculosisin1862attheageof44afterhisdeathheandhisbookgotaprofoundunderstandingandwidelyattentionHelefttenbooksnumerousessaysandahugejournalpublishedlaterin20volumes12ABriefIntroductiontoWaldenWaldenwrittenbyHenryDavidThoreauwaspublishedin1854itdetailsThoreaussojourninacabinbesideWaldenPoundwherehelivedformorethantwoyearsbutWaldenwaswrittensothatthestayappearstobeayearwithexpressedseasonaldivisionsWaldenconsistsof18chaptersChapteroneisanattackontheAmericanlifestylealongwithThoreausalternativesolutionHedoesthishesaysinordertoillustratethespiritualbenefitsofasimplifiedlifestyleandheeasilysuppliesthefournecessitiesoflifefoodshelterclothingandfuelInChaptertwoandthreeThoreaudescribeshiscabinslocationanddiscussesbooksandwhathefeltthatpeopleshouldbereadingInChapterfourThoreaucontinuedhisdescriptionofhislifeinthewoodanddescribesthesoundsofnaturearoundhishomeanddescribeshissolitudeinthewoodsandendswithhisrecipeforgoodhealthinChapterfiveInChaptersixandsevenThoreauwritesaboutthevisitorstohiscabinandexplainshisworkinthebean-fieldindetailInChaptereightThoreauvisitsthesmalltownofConcordeverydayortwotohearthenewswhichhefindsasrefreshinginitswayastherustleoftheleavesInChapternineinautumnThoreauramblesaboutthecountrysideandwritesdownhisobservationsaboutthegeographyofWaldenPondThoreauurgesFieldtoliveasimplebutindependentandfulfillinglifeinthewoodstherebyfreeinghimselfofemployersandcreditorsinChaptertenanddiscusseswhetherhuntingwildanimalsandeatingmeatisgoodinChapterelevenInChaptertwelveThoreauprovidesashortspoofofhisandhisneighborsbehaviorandthendescribessomeanimalslivingaroundthePoundInChapterthirteenafterpickingNovemberberriesinthewoodsThoreaubestirshimselftoaddachimneyandplasterthewallsofhishutinordertostaveoffthecoldoftheoncomingwinterInChapterfourteenThoreaurelatesthestoriesofpeoplewhoformerlylivedinthevicinityofWaldenPondChapterfifteenisaboutThoreausamusementinwatchingwildlifeduringthewinterInChaptersixteenThoreaudescribesthewinterfishmenhissurveyofthepoundandtheharvestoficeonthepoundInChapterseventeenThoreaudescribesspringcomingtoWaldenPoundwithdetailssuggestiveofrecreationandsummarizeshismostimportantmessagetohisreadersinthelastchapterThebookisnotatraditionalautobiographybutpartlydeclarationofindependencepartlysocialexperimentpartlyvoyageofspiritualdiscoveryandmanualforself-relianceMuchofthebookisdevotedtostirringupawarenessofhowoneslifeislivedmateriallyandotherwiseandhowonemightchoosetoliveitmoredeliberatelyChapterTwoThoreausViewsofLife21ReturningtoSimplicityToliveasimplelifeisthecentralpointofWaldenItisanidealwayoflivingthatThoreauappreciatedOneofhispurposestoenterthewoodswastoconductanexperimentonsuchalifeJamesCMcKusicksaidasaparableofhumanexperienceitWaldenoffersanextendedmeditationonthevalueofasimplelifestyleMcKusick2000142ThoreauwroteifthenwewouldindeedrestoremankindbytrulyIndianbotanicmagneticornaturalmeansletusfirstbeassimpleandwellasnatureourselvesdispelthecloudswhichhangoverourbrowsandtakeupalittlelifeintoourporesDonotstaytobeanoverseerofthepoorbutendeavortobecomeoneoftheworthiesoftheworldSayre1985384ThesimplicitythatThoreauadvocatedhastwoaspectsOnonehanditurgespeopletogetridoftheirgreedyrequirementformaterialsOntheotherhanditencouragespeopletopursuitrichspiritualenjoymentThisideapermeatesthewholebookSimplicityisthefirstrulethatThoreauemphasizesmostbecausehebelievesthatitisaneffectiveremedytogetoneselfoutofbothmaterialandspiritualfetterthuswhichprovidesopportunityforself-cultivationStronglydenouncedthematerialismandcomplacencyofhiscompatriotsandluxuriouslifeThoreauisknownforhiscalltosimplifylifeHisstayatWaldenisinitselfanexperimentofasimplifiedlifestyleAsamatteroffactwhatThoreaupreachesisnotjustawayoflivingbutanattitudemanshouldadopttowardsnatureandhumanslifeWecanseehisexpressionofsimplicityintheopeningchapter揈conomyhexplicitlyInEconomyThoreaurevealstoustheworldfulloflimitlesssnatchingandconsumingthatinfacttrapshumansinendlesslaboranddeprivethemofauthenticlivingThemisfortunesofhumansinConcordistohaveinheritedfarmshousesbarnscattleandfarmingtoolsfortheseareeasilyacquiredthangotridofCramer20043SuchinheritanceencumbrancesforcethefarmerstoforgetheirowngoldenorsilverfettersCramer200416DuringhisstayatWaldenpoundhisfoodissimpleandplainInsteadofthreemealsadayifitbenecessaryeatbutoneinsteadofhundreddishesfiveandreduceotherthingsinproportionCramer200489HisnecessariesoflifeisquitesimilartothetermvitalneedsputforwardbyNaessinDeepEcologywhichmainlyreferstothesimplephysicalneedsNaess2002arguesthathumanshavenorighttoexploittheearthfortheirneedofexcessiveconsumptionwhenvitalneedshavealreadybeensatisfiedandheexpressedhisideainoneofhisbooksandthenameisLifesPhilosophyReasonandFeelinginaDeeperWorldThoreauarrivesataconclusionthroughhisownexperiencethathumanmayuseassimpleastheanimalsandyetretainhealthandstrengthHevoluntarilychoosestoliveasimplelifeofleastwantsmostofwhichareproducedbyhisownandhebelievesthathisexperimentconcerningfoodsimplicityissuccessfulandhemocksatthestupidityofotherswhomakeslifemorecomplicatedbydemandingmoredelicatefoodThoreauwritesOnefarmersaystomeYoucannotliveonvegetablefoodsolelyforitfurnishesnothingtomakeboneswithandsohereligiouslydevotesapartofhisdaytosupplyinghissystemwiththerawmaterialofboneswalkingallthewhilehetalksbehindhisoxenwhichwithvegetable-madebonesjerkhimandhislumberingplowalonginspiteofeveryobstacleCramer20049WithregardtoshelterThoreaucontendsthatalargeboxbytherailroadsixfeetlongbythreewidewilldoforthepurposeofgettingshelteredwhichisbynomeansadespicablealternativeCramer20048HedeploresthathistownsmenendeavorstobuildbeautifulandluxurioushousestoliveoriginallybuttoenslavethemselvesvirtuallyWhatThoreautriestorevealisthatweareoftenimprisonedratherthanhousedinhumansownhousesIncontrastThoreaupreferstheIndianswayofsettingupshelterInAmericathenativeIndianssetupwigwamsjustbeforesunsetbecauseitischeaperandoffersmoreopportunitytokeepcontactwithnatureandover-soulNaturallySimplicitysimplicitysimplicityisThoreauschoiceoflifemottoWecannotsaythatThoreausideaofsimplicityisthebestorperfectbutatleastitgetspeopletoknowthatlifecanbesimpleanditissimpleinitselfconsequentlyitwouldnothardforpeopletorealizethateverybodyshouldnotchasecomplexityblindlywithignoranceofsimplicity22Eco-centricEqualityThenotionofeco-centricEqualityisthatallthingsintheecospherehaveanequalrighttoself-realizationThisbasicnotionadvocatesthatallorganismsandentitiesintheecosphereaspartoftheinterrelatedwholeareequalinintrinsicworthHisconceptonbio-centricequalityiscontrarytowesterntraditionalphilosophyofanthropocentrismwhichholdsthathumanshouldbefundamentallyseparatefromtherestofnatureandbesuperiortotherestofcreationThoreaubelievesthatasanequalmemberinnaturehumancanneverdominateovernatureandshouldneverexpecttotamenatureforeconomicusehumanwillneversucceedultimatelyinconqueringControllingorremarkingnatureaccordingtohumanslimitlessdesiresInWaldenheconveyshisdissatisfactionforhumansmakinginterruptionanddestructiontonatureHeexpresseshisaffectionandintimacytowardstreesbywritingthatEverylittlepineneedleexpandedandswelledwithsympathyandbefriendedmeIwassodistinctlymadeawareofthepresenceofsomethingkindredtomeeveninsceneswhichweareaccustomedtocallwildanddrearyandalsothatthenearestoffoodtomeandhumanistwasnotapersonnoravillagerthatIthoughtnoplacecouldeverbestrangemeagainCramer2004128HispureloveforwoodspermeatesinWaldenAfterheleftWaldenalargenumberoftreeslikepinespruceandcedarweredeforestedbypeopleformoneyThedestructedwoodsconcernedhimsomuchthathecouldnothelpquestioningHowcanyouexpectthebirdstosingwhentheirgrovesarecutdownCramer200486Thisthought-provokingquestionrevealsthatThoreauhasrealizedthedisastrousimpactcausedbyhumansdeforestationnotonlyrenderedbirdshomelessbutalsoseverelydisruptedthebalanceandharmonyofnatureWhatsmoreinresponsetohumansself-centeredandirresponsibleattitudetowardnatureheneversparesanysarcasticremarkstoconveyhisdisgustwhichcanbeseenfromhisvividaccountinironictonethatsomeguestsofWaldenbroketheiceforfarminginchaptersixteenHewritesInthewinterof46-7therecameahundredmenofHyperboreanextractionswoopdownontoourpoundonemorningwithmanycarloadsofungainly-lookingfarmingofungainly-lookingfarmingtoolsplowsdrill-barrowsturf-knivesspadessawsrakesandeachmanwasarmedwithadouble-pointedpike-staffTheysaidthatgentlemanfarmerwhowasbehindthesceneswantedtodoublehismoneywhichasIunderstoodamountedtohalfamillionalreadybutinordertodiscovereachoneofhisdollarswithanotherhetookofftheonlycoatayCramer2004284InThoreausmindthisactionhasdisruptedthepeaceandtranquilityofthelake-virtuallytheincarnationofnature-onlybecauseagreedywell-offgentlemenfarmerwantedtooccupymorematerialwealththroughtheexploitationoflakewhichexplicitlyconveyshisideathateverymatterinnatureshouldenjoyequalrightinecosphereonaccountoftheirintrinsicvalueandhumansarenotentitledtotakeeverythinginnatureastheirtoolstoliveandexploitnaturefortheirexclusiveuseAndthiscaseexpressesThoreausreverenceforwaterandemployswaterasasymbolforspiritualexplorationandofthehighestgoodnessinuniverse23PursuitofSpiritualIndependenceSinceitisapparentthatlifeissimpleinitselfandeverythingintheecosphereisequalinlivingandpeoplecannotliveattheexpenseofnaturethereforewhatpeopleshouldpayattentiontoishisorherinnerworldAsanactivetranscendentalistThoreauplacedstressonindividualityHewroteIdesirethattheremaybeasmanydifferentpersonsintheworldaspossibleButIwouldhaveeachonebeverycarefultofindoutpursuehisownwayandnothisfathersorhismothersorhisneighborsinsteadSayre1985378HoweverthiskindofindividualitydoesnotmeanthepeculiaritiesonthesurfacebutthespiritualindependenceHelikeseveryonetobeaColumbustowholenewcontinentsandwithinhimselfopeningnewchannelsnotoftradebutofthoughtButtoomuchofinvolvementofsocialactivitiesinpeopleslifebroughtaboutthespiritualwastelandforbusinessdestroyedthebeautyandpoeticsignificanceoflifeandthetruemeaningofitThoreaurefusestoworkveryhardlikeamachinewithoutanyfreedomhissolitudeatWaldenisjustavoyagetoexplorehisinnerworldSolitudecanhelppeopletoerasethestrainsontheirmindandthenprovideanopportunitytolistentothefaithfulsoundfromheartandsoulwhichisthebasicandthemostimportantneedsofpeoplesreallivingWhenwesaythatamanislivingitdoesnotonlymeanthatheisalivephysicallybutwhatismostlypointedisthatheisalivespirituallyOnereadingofWaldengivesreadersanassumptionthatitisamythofretreatamythofreturningtoEdenamythofstasisanditisaveryappealingmythtoapostindustrialsocietyfacedwithoverwhelmingchangeandamythofThoreauasthehermitsittingmeditativelybyWaldenPoundHoweveraclosereadingofWaldenrevealsaThoreauwhoisoftenlessinterestedinstasisthaninchangelessinterestedinmeditationthaninajourneyofspiritualexplorationThoreauspentagreatdealofhisadultlifeawayfromthecityandcivilizationintheoutofdoorsthewoodsandwildernessofNewEnglandWaldenwellreflectedhisinterestinitselfinthewoodWildernesstheoppositepartagainstthatofhumancivilizationwaswhatThoreauheatedlycalledformostandwasthearrestingthemeinhisNatureInChapterelevenheanalyzedthedualcharacteristicsinhimsayingthoughhewasalwaysseekingforaspirituallifehehadatthesametimeanotherinstincttowardaprimitiverankandsavageoneandhereveredthembothIlovethewildnotlessthanthegoodOurvillagelifewouldstagnateifitwerenotfortheunexpectedforestsandmeadowswhichsurroundithethoughtthatlifeconsistedwithwildnessandthemostalivewasthewildestWeneedthetonicofwildernesscalledhewemustberefreshedbythesightofinexhaustiblevigorvastandtitanicfeaturesthesea-coatwithitswreckthewildernesswithitslivinganditsdecayingtreesthethunder-cloudandtherainwhichlaststhreeweeksandproducesfreshetsWalden300-305ThoreauemphasizesthevalueofnatureinthepursuitofspiritualindependenceandhethoughtthatthefallenpeopleinamaterialsocietycouldberedeemedbygoingtonaturetorecovertheirlostinnocenceAsmanifestationofvigorousnatureandofGodsworkWaldeniseternalIttranscendstimeandchangeThoreauwritesinchapternineOfallthecharactersIhaveknownperhapsWaldenwearsbestandthisshoreandthenthatandtheIrishhavebuilttheirstiesbyitandtherailroadshasinfringedonitsborderandtheice-menhaveskimmeditonceanditisitselfunchangedthesamewaterwhichmyyouthfuleyesfellonallthechangeisinmeitisperenniallyyoungwhyhereisWaldenThesamewoodlandlakethatIdiscoveredsomanyyearsagowhereaforestwascutdownlastwinteranotherisspringingupbyitsshoreaslustilyaseverthesanethoughtiswellinguptoitssurfacethatwasthenitisthesameliquidjoyandhappinesstoitselfanditsMakerayanditmaybetomeItistheworkofabravemansurelyThoreaulivedaloneatWaldenawayfromthecivilizedtowntospiritualizehimselfHebelievesthatthedegreetowhichanindividualmayspiritualizemaycomprehenddivinitydependsonhisabilitytodifferentiatebetweenpermanentandtransientvaluesandhispersistenceinseekingthepermanenttheabsoluteandidealForallthephenomenaheexperiencedandobservedThoreauperceivedsomethinghighersomethingbeneaththemThefactshedepictsmanifestedhisspiritualcultivationHisspiritualjourneyinWaldenprovidesoneexampleofhisstrivingtowardtheabsoluteFromtheabovewecanmakeaconclusionthatheisseekingtheoriginalfreedomandindependenceofhumanlifethemostnaturalpartofitwhichcanbeseenclearlyfromaquotationfromtheZhuangZiNon-actiondoesnotmeandongnothingandkeepingsilentLeteverythingbeallowedtodowithwhatitnaturallydoessothatitsnaturewillbesatisfiedChapterThreeTheLegacyofWalden 31InfluencesonEcologicalLiteratureThoreauwasmockedbytheliteraryleadersofBostonandvirtuallyunknowntotherestoftheUnitedStatesinhistimeWaldenwhichisgenerallyacknowledgedtobeThoreausmasterpiecedidnotsell2000copiesduringhisshortlifetimeandwasalmostcompletelyignoredbycriticsintheunitedstatesItwouldwaitforlatergenerationsofreaderstoestablishitsimportanceintheAmericanliteratureTheonlysignificantartisttoreviewWaldenwithinayearandahalfofitspublicationwastheEnglandnovelistGeorgeEliotwhoinabriefnoticeappearingintheWestminsterreviewJanuary1856admiredthedeeppoeticsensibilitythatthatinformedthenaturaldescriptioninthebookanddefendeditsunworldlinessIt[Walden]isapartofpureAmericanlifenotthego-headspeciesbutitsoppositepoleanimatedbythatenergeticyetcalmspiritofinnovationthatpracticalaswellastheoreticalindependenceofformulaewhichispeculiartosomeofthefinerAmericanmindsqtdinMeyerIntroductiontoWaldenandCivilDisobedienceHoweverThoreausreputationhasbeenrisingsteadilythroughthetwentiethcenturyandhisWaldenisacclaimedasoneofthegreatestbooksthathasshapedAmericanmindAsaholyBibleofgreenliteratureWaldenhasbecomethepermanentsourceofferingsolacetomodernpeoplewhoarepressedbytheconsumerismandcareerismTocitebutoneexampleaCaliforniacompanysellingbooksrecordedoncassettetapesforpeopletolistentoastheycommutetoandfromworkreportsthatoneofthemostpopularselectionsisThoreausWaldenThischapterintendstostudythelegacyWaldenhasleftforusWiththeadventofindustrializationhumankindhasbeenregardingnatureasanobjectofconquestHumanbeingshavereclaimedthelandbutavastterritoryofforesthavedisappearedhumanshearmoretheroaringofmachinesbutlessthesingingofbirdshumanshavetheefficiencyandconvenienceofhighlydevelopedscienceandtechnologybutthedamageofozonosphereandthemushroomcloudaremenacinghumanexistenceHumanbeingshavebeenexploitingnatureinordertoaccumulatewealthandseekpleasureandluxuryinlifeatthepriceofravagingnatureAsaresultmankindisfacedwithnumerousproblemsthatcannotbesolvedeasilythedeficiencyofresourcesthediminishingofthespeciesetcThelatenineteenthcenturysawthebeginningofecologicalmovementinAmericaandthesemovementscametoafullswinginthe1970sTodaycontemporaryenvironmentalismisdevelopinggloballyThecalltoreconsidertherelationshipbetweennatureandhumanityhascomestrongerandstrongerinthewestaswellasinChinaManyliterarycriticsbegantostudytheenvironmentalorientedliteraryworksprobedandprobeintotheecologicalimplicationsreflectedinthemItisinthiscontextthatWaldenhasbecomethegreenBibleformoder

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