商業(yè)銀行綠色信貸研究外文文獻翻譯

畢設(shè)附件外文文獻翻譯來源出處：WOOmonge.Thestudyongreencreditofcommercialbanks[J].TheJournalofEnvironment&Development,2015,13(2):119-134.原文ThestudyongreencreditofcommercialbanksWOOmongeAbstractGreencreditisthecommercialBanksandotherfinancialinstitutionsonthebasisofthecountry'senvironmentaleconomicpolicyandindustrialpolicy,newprojectsofenergyintensivehighpollutingenterprisesinvestmentloansandworkingcapitallimitandpunitiveinterestrates;Forresearchanddevelopmentandproductionofpollutiontreatmentfacilities,engagedintheecologicalprotectionandconstruction,thedevelopmentandutilizationofnewenergy,engagedinproductionandgreenmanufacturingaswellastheecologicalagriculturecirculareconomyofenterprisesorinstitutionstoprovideloanstosupportandpreferentialinterestrateslowmeansofmonetarypolicy.Greencreditisanimportanttrendinthedevelopmentofmodernfinance;itisthechangeanddevelopmentoftraditionalfinancialconcept.Keywords:greencredit;theequatorprinciples;greenstrategy;commercialBanks1IntroductionGreencreditemphasizethewayofakindofscientificdevelopment,hopethatthroughthefinancialsectortoguidetheflowoffunds,consciouslyencouragesocietytoreduceenvironmentalpollution,protecttheecologicalbalanceandsavingnaturalresources,avoidblindpursuequantitativeexpansion,isheavilydependentonresourcesandtheconsumptionofresourcesofeconomicdevelopmentpattern,formscientificandharmoniousinthewholesocietysustainabledevelopmentmechanism.Fromthesixtiesandseventiesofthelastcenturybegan,withEuropeandtheUnitedStates,Japanandotherdevelopedcountrieseconomyhighspeeddevelopment,thecontradictionbetweeneconomicgrowthandenvironmentaldegradationarebecomingmoreandmoreoutstanding,becomeaserioussocialproblem.Thebigfinancialinstitutionsofdevelopedcountrieshavesetstandardsforadmittanceintotheprojectloanenvironmentandsocialresponsibilityactively,establishagoodcorporateimage.InJune2003,bycitibank,abnamroanddeutschestateBanksandothersevencountries10famouscommercialBanks,thefirstvoluntarycommitmenttosustainabledevelopmentofthefinancialindustrybenchmark

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the"equatorprinciples".Subsequently,HSBCandstandardcharteredbankandbankofAmericaandotherwell-knownBanksresponse.Sofar,alreadyhas67commercialbank'scommitmenttocomplywiththe"equatorprinciples",theyarewell-funded,financialbusinesscoversmorethan100countries,thetotalprojectfinancingaccountsformorethan85%oftotalglobalprojectfinancingmarketshare.ManyBanksinthedevelopingworldwillalsobeenvironmentalandsocialimpactastheymakeloansriskassessmentcontent.Thelaunchofthe"greencredit”istheenvironmentalcontrolmeasurestoconcreteimplementationbyfinancialleverage.Throughsettingupenvironmentalbarrierstoentryinthefieldoffinancialcredit,tolimitandeliminatethenewproject,shallnotprovidecreditsupport;Toeliminateclassproject,shouldstopallkindsofnewcreditintheformofsupport,andtakestepstorecovertheloans,fromthesourcetocutofftheenergyintensiveandhighlypollutingindustriesdisorderlydevelopmentandtheeconomiclifelineofblindexpansion,effectivelycuttingoffseriousviolatorsoffundchain,curbingitsinvestmentimpulse,solvetheenvironmentalproblems,alsothroughthecreditindustrystructureadjustment.2Thegoldstandardofgreencredit

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theequatorprinciples2.1ThebrieflystatementofequatorprinciplesTheequatorprinciples(EPs),whichisbytheworld'smajorfinancialinstitutionsaccordingtotheinternationalfinancecorporationandtheworldbank'spoliciesandguidelines,aimstojudgment,evaluationandmanagementofprojectfinancingavoluntaryenvironmentalandsocialriskinthefinancialindustrybenchmark.ItrequirestheadoptionoftheprincipleofBanksaroundtheworldforalltheprojectfinancingoftheindustry,includingmining,oilandgas,andforestry,implementtheseprinciples,andtoensurethatonlythoseeligibleprojectloans,useoffinancialleveragetopromoteprojectsinenvironmentalprotectionandsocialharmoniousdevelopmentplayapositiverole.2.2BackgroundRootofequatorprinciplesisthatfinancialinstitutionstothepressureoftheperformanceofthecorporatesocialresponsibility.WhenBankstosomebigprojectfinancing,duetothenegativeenvironmentalimpactofprojectandleadtosocialproblemsandcontroversial,andreputationlossestothebank,includinggovernments,multilaterallendinginstitutionsandnongovernmentalorganizations(Ngos)andcommunitystakeholdersbelievethatthebankhasresponsibilityforenvironmentalandsocialproblemsontheprojectfinancingofprudentialinvestigateandsupervisetheprojectsponsororborrowerstotakeeffectivemeasurestoeliminateordecreasethenegativeeffectsof.TheinternationalfinancecorporationandtheNetherlandsbanknineBanksinLondon,suchaspresidingoverameetingtodiscussprojectfinancing,theenvironmentalandsocialissuesinthemeetingbytheDutchbank,Barclaysbank,weststatebankandthebankonthebasisoftheinternationalfinancecorporationenvironmentalandsocialpolicyintheworkofprojectfinancejointlydraftedasetofguidelinesaboutenvironmentalandsocialrisk,thatistheequatorprinciples.InJune2009,includingfourBankslaunched10bigBanksannouncedthataccepttheequatorprinciples.InJuly2012,accordingtotheinternationalfinancecorporationrevisedtheequatorprinciplesforthecorrectionofperformancestandardandredistribution.2.3TheequatorprinciplesofthemaincontentThecontentandstructureoftheequatorprinciplesissimpler,includingthepreface,theapplicablescope,principles,andnoticeanddisclaimerfourparts.Amongthem,theprefacetotheequatorprinciplesofmotivation,purposeandthemeaningoftheequatorprinciplesmadebriefexplanation;Scopeofprovisionsshallbeapplicabletotheequatorprinciplesapplicabletotheglobalindustryprojecttotalcostmorethan$10millioninfundingallnewprojectfinancingandbecauseoftheexpansion,rebuildingorsocietyhaveasignificantimpactontheenvironmentoftheoriginalproject.Principle,thestatementisthecorepartoftheequatorprincipleslistedtheequatorprinciplesoffinancialinstitutionstomakeinvestmentdecisionsbasedon10specialtermsandprinciples,theequatorBankspromisewillonlyprovideeligibleprojectloans.2.4ThemeaningoftheequatorprinciplesEquatorprinciplesisanimportantmilestoneinthebankingdevelopment,itisthefirsttimeinprojectfinancingfuzzyexplicitandconcreteenvironmentalandsocialstandards,maketheenvironmentalandsocialstandardsoftheentirebankingindustrythebasicunified,conducivetotheorderlycompetitionbetweenBanks,butalsotoformavirtuouscycle,enhancethemoralstandardsoftheindustry,Forasinglebanktoaccepttheequatorprinciplesisbeneficialtogainormaintainagoodreputation,toprotectmarketshare,andconducivetogoodcorporategovernanceandscientificandaccurateassessmentofthefinancialrisk,itcanalsoreducethepoliticalriskoftheproject;Forthesocietyasawhole,canmaketheenvironmentalandsocialsustainabledevelopmentstrategyintoeffect,theequatorBanksobjectivelybecometheprivateagent,protecttheenvironmentandsocialthroughfinancialcoreroleinconstructingtheharmonioussociety,canmakebetweenpeople,societyandnaturetoachieverealharmony.3Theapplicationofgreencredit3.1ThebankESRMsystemCitigroupisoneoftheimportantpromoter"equatorprinciples",themainwritersandpositive.In2003,thebankmadetheenvironmentalandsocialriskmanagement(ESRM)system,fromtheperspectiveofcreditriskandreputationrisktocontroltheenvironmentalandsocialrisk.Atthesametime,thebankcreditsupportforrenewableenergy.Beginningfrom2007,citigrouptosupportcleanenergyandrenewableenergyinChina'sinvestmenthasmorethanmorethan$8000,includingfoursolarenergycompanyandonewindpowercompanies.OnMay9,2007,citigroupannouncedthatitwillinvest$50billionoverthenext10years,throughmethodssuchasdirectinvestment,financing,initsservicemarketandwithinthegroup,togetherwiththecustomersupportalternativeenergyandcleantechnologydevelopmentandmercerization,inresponsetoglobalwarming.The$50billioninvestmenttargetisbasedontherealmarketactivityandcustomertransactions,andcitigroupinternaloperatingenergyconservationprojects.Thisgoalincludecitigrouppaid$1billiontosupporttheClintonclimateinitiativeactivity,energy-savingrenovationofbuildingsintheworld'smajorcitiestoprovideaid.Let'stheunderstandingandresearchofcitiESRMsystemindetail.ThesystemgeneralglobalpayforwasevaluatedbyESRMdepartmentoftradeandprovideconsultation,citiwillitsinputinasystem.Thesetransactionsintheinitialstageofmarketingwillbeinputtothesystem,dealfinallyornot.ESRMsysteminordertogetwork,citigrouphasalsosetupanenvironmentalandsocialriskpolicyreviewcommittee.Thecommitteeconsistsofseniormanagersofdifferentbusinessunits,andshallbetheresponsibilityofthedirectorofcitigroupcorporatecitizensalways.Commissionisayearto2~3timesmeeting,andthedepartmentofenvironmentalaffairsdepartment,theESRM,andotheroperatingenvironmentpolicyinitiativesrelateddepartmentstoprovideadvisoryservices.Citi'sdirectorofcorporatecitizenshipwillreporttothepublicaffairscommitteeoftheboardofdirectorsconcreteascity’senvironmentandsociety.3.2ThemoralconceptofbankHSBCMoralityreferstotheHSBConbankloansandinvestment,mustfollowthehighestinternationalstandards,underthefullconsiderationofsocialexpectationsandtheinterestsofgenerations.HSBCasearlyasin2003adoptedthe"equatorprinciples",andintheprocessofpromotingthe"equatorprinciples"playanimportantrole.HSBCgrouptodevelopaseriesofcoveringthesustainabledevelopmentofenvironmentsensitiveindustrycreditpolicy,startingfromtheenvironmentalandsocial,providedit’snotpreparedtoprovideloanstosupporttheindustriesandfields.Thesepoliciesarebasedon,includingthe"equatorprinciples",aseriesofhighestinternationalstandards,including:forestlandandforestproducts,freshwaterinfrastructure,chemical,energy,mineralandmetal,etc.HSBCwillbeaccordingtothespecificcountryspecificimplementationofthesustainabledevelopmentofthecreditpolicy,andinternationalstandardsandlocalpolicies.Creditmanagersuseenvironmentalmonitoringlisttofullyevaluatetheenvironmentalriskintheloanproposal,especiallythosedefinedbythegovernmentfor"playdates"(energyintensiveandhighlypollutingindustries.HSBCsetupprofessionalbackgroundandconsultingexperienceofenvironmentandsustainabledevelopmentcommissionerfull-timejobs,tostrengthentheenvironmentalassessmentofloanbusinesswiththecustomer,toensurethatmeetinternationalstandards,HSBCgrouploanstoguidetheenvironmentandenvironmentalprotectionregulationsofChina.Inaddition,HSBCandlocalgovernments,environmentalorganizationsanduniversitycooperation,raisethepublicawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandsustainabledevelopment.HSBCencourageemployeestoparticipateintheactivitiesofcorporatesocialresponsibility,inordertoimprovetheenvironmentalawarenessoftheemployees,andhelpstrengthentheemployees,theconnectionbetweenthebankandthecommunity.HSBCbyreducingtheiroperationaluseofenergy,waterandwastegeneratedinthecarbondioxideemissions,andbuyChina'senvironmentalprotectionenterprisecarbonemissionstargets,in2005tobecometheworld'sfirstcarbonneutralbigBanks.譯文商業(yè)銀行綠色信貸問題研究摘要綠色信貸是商業(yè)銀行等金融機構(gòu)依據(jù)國家的環(huán)境經(jīng)濟政策和產(chǎn)業(yè)政策,對高耗能高污染型企業(yè)的新建項目投資貸款和流動資金進行額度限制并實施懲罰性高利率;而對研發(fā)和生產(chǎn)治污設(shè)施、從事生態(tài)保護與建設(shè)、開發(fā)和利用新能源、從事循環(huán)經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)和綠色制造以及生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的企業(yè)或機構(gòu)提供貸款扶持并實施優(yōu)惠性低利率的金融政策手段。綠色信貸是現(xiàn)代金融發(fā)展的一個重要趨勢,它是對傳統(tǒng)金融觀念的改變和發(fā)展。關(guān)鍵詞:綠色信貸;赤道原則;綠色戰(zhàn)略;商業(yè)銀行1引言綠色信貸強調(diào)了一種科學(xué)發(fā)展的思路,希望通過金融業(yè)有意識地引導(dǎo)資金流向,促使社會減少環(huán)境污染,保護生態(tài)平衡,節(jié)約自然資源,避免盲目追求數(shù)量型擴張、嚴(yán)重依賴資源和消耗資源的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展模式,在全社會形成科學(xué)的、和諧的可持續(xù)發(fā)展機制。從上世紀(jì)六七十年代開始,隨著歐美、日本等發(fā)達國家經(jīng)濟高速發(fā)展,經(jīng)濟的增長和環(huán)境的退化之間的矛盾變得越來越突出,成為一個嚴(yán)重的社會問題。發(fā)達國家的一些大型金融機構(gòu)陸續(xù)設(shè)定了項目貸款環(huán)境準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),積極承擔(dān)社會責(zé)任,樹立了良好的企業(yè)形象。2003年6月,由花旗銀行、荷蘭銀行和德意志州立銀行等7個國家的10個著名商業(yè)銀行,率先自愿承諾遵守金融業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基準(zhǔn)—“赤道原則”。隨后,匯豐銀行、渣打銀行和美洲銀行等知名銀行紛紛響應(yīng)。到目前為止,己有67家商業(yè)銀行承諾遵守“赤道原則”,它們資金雄厚,金融業(yè)務(wù)覆蓋100多個國家,項目融資總額占全球項目融資市場總份額的85%以上。許多發(fā)展中國家的銀行,也將環(huán)境和社會影響作為它們發(fā)放貸款時的風(fēng)險評估內(nèi)容?！熬G色信貸”的推出,是將環(huán)保調(diào)控手段通過金融杠桿來具體實現(xiàn)。通過在金融信貸領(lǐng)域建立環(huán)境準(zhǔn)入門檻,對限制和淘汰類新建項目,不得提供信貸支持;對于淘汰類項目,應(yīng)停止各類形式的新增授信支持,并采取措施收回己發(fā)放的貸款,從源頭上切斷高耗能、高污染行業(yè)無序發(fā)展和盲目擴張的經(jīng)濟命脈,有效地切斷嚴(yán)重違法者的資金鏈條,遏制其投資沖動,解決環(huán)境問題,也通過信貸發(fā)放進行產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。2綠色信貸的黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)—赤道原則2.1赤道原則簡述赤道原則(簡稱EPs)是由世界主要金融機構(gòu)根據(jù)國際金融公司和世界銀行的政策和指南建立的,旨在判斷、評估和管理項目融資中的環(huán)境與社會風(fēng)險的一個自愿性金融行業(yè)基準(zhǔn)。它要求采納該項原則的銀行在全球范圍內(nèi)對所有行業(yè)的項目融資,包括采礦、石油和天然氣,以及林業(yè)等,均實行這些原則,并保證只為那些符合條件的項目發(fā)放貸款,利用金融杠桿促進項目在環(huán)境保護以及周圍社會和諧發(fā)展方面發(fā)揮積極作用。2.2產(chǎn)生的背景赤道原則的產(chǎn)生根源在于金融機構(gòu)履行企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的壓力。當(dāng)銀行向一些大型項目融資后,由于項目產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面環(huán)境影響和引發(fā)社會問題而備受爭議,并給銀行聲譽帶來損失,包括政府、多邊貸款機構(gòu)以及非政府組織和社區(qū)民眾在內(nèi)的利益相關(guān)方認(rèn)為,銀行有責(zé)任對項目融資中的環(huán)境和社會問題進行審慎性調(diào)查并督促項目發(fā)起人或借款人采取有效措施來消除或減緩所帶來的負(fù)面影響。國際金融公司和荷蘭銀行等9家銀行在倫敦主持召開會議討論項目融資中的環(huán)境和社會問題,會后由荷蘭銀行、巴克萊銀行、西德意志州立銀行和花旗銀行在國際金融公司環(huán)境和社會政策基礎(chǔ)上共同起草了一套針對項目融資中有關(guān)環(huán)境與社會風(fēng)險的指南,這就是赤道原則。2009年6月,包括4家發(fā)起銀行在內(nèi)的10家大銀行宣布接受赤道原則。2012年7月,根據(jù)國際金融公司修訂后的《績效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對赤道原則進行了修正并重新發(fā)布。2.3赤道原則主要內(nèi)容赤道原則的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單,包括序言、適用范圍、原則聲明和免責(zé)聲明四部分。其中,序言部分對赤道原則出臺的動因、目的和采用赤道原則的意義作了簡要說明;適用范圍部分規(guī)定赤道原則適用于全球各行業(yè)項目資金總成本超過1000萬美元的所有新項目融資和因擴充、改建對環(huán)境或社會造成重大影響的原有項目。原則聲明是赤道原則的核心部分,列舉了采用赤道原則的金融機構(gòu)作出投資決策時需依據(jù)的10條特別條款和原則,赤道銀行承諾僅會為符合條件的項目