綜合英語(yǔ)教學(xué)課件

Contents123456ActiveReading2Watchthevideoclipandanswerthequestions.1.WhatdoyouknowaboutthemannamedBryanWoodman?2.HowareyouimpressedbytheArabsandtheirculture?WarmingUpHeisabusinessman,tryingtodobusinessinthelineofenergywiththeKingofanArabiancountry.Theyseempolitebutarrogantwhentalkingtoaprospectivebusinesspartner.TheArabianwomenareinferiortomen.Thewhitesheetsmakethemalllookalike…TextI,we,theyI,we,they1

Amedium-sizedSwedishhigh-technologycorporationwasapproachedbyacompatriot,abusinessmanwithgoodcontactsinSaudiArabia.

Thecompanysentoneoftheirengineers–letmecallhimJohannesson–toRiyadh,wherehewasintroducedtoasmallSaudiengineeringfirm,runbytwobrothersintheirmid-thirties,bothwithBritishuniversitydegrees.JohannessonwastoassistinadevelopmentprojectonbehalfoftheSaudigovernment.However,aftersixvisitsoveraperiodoftwoyears,nothingseemedtohappen.

TextJohannesson'smeetingswiththeSaudibrotherswerealwaysheldinthepresenceoftheSwedishbusinessmanwhohadestablishedthefirstcontact.ThisannoyedJohannessonandhissuperiors,becausetheywerenotatallsurethatthisbusinessmandidnothavecontactswiththeircompetitorsaswell–buttheSaudiswantedtheintermediarytobethere.Discussionsoftendweltonissueshavinglittletodowiththebusiness–likeShakespeare,ofwhombothbrotherswerefans.Text2

JustwhenJohannesson'ssuperiorsstartedtodoubtthewisdomofthecorporation'sinvestmentintheseexpensivetrips,atelexarrivedfromRiyadhinvitinghimbackforanurgentvisit.Acontractworthseveralmillionsofdollarswasreadytobesigned.Fromonedaytothenext,theSaudis'attitudechanged:Thepresenceofthebusinessman-intermediarywasnolongernecessary,andforthefirsttimeJohannessonsawtheSaudissmile,andevenmakejokes.Text3

Sofar,sogood;butthestorygoeson.Theremarkableorder

contributedtoJohannessonbeingpromotedtoa

management

positioninadifferentdivision.Thus,hewasnolongerinchargeoftheSaudiaccount.Asuccessorwasnominated,anotherengineerwith

considerableinternationalexperience,whomJohannessonpersonallyintroducedtotheSaudibrothers.AfewweekslateratelexarrivedfromRiyadhinwhichtheSaudisthreatenedtocancelthecontractovera

detailinthedeliveryconditions.

Text

Johannesson'shelpwasasked.WhenhecametoRiyadhitappearedthattheconflictwasoveraminorissueandcouldeasilyberesolved–butonly,theSaudisfelt,withJohannessonasthecorporation'srepresentative.SothecorporationtwisteditsstructuretoallowJohannessontohandletheSaudiaccountalthoughhismainresponsibilitieswerenowinacompletelydifferentfield.Text4TheSwedesandtheSaudisinthistruestoryhavedifferentconceptsoftheroleofpersonalrelationshipsinbusiness.FortheSwedes,businessisdonewithacompany;fortheSaudis,witha

person

whomonehaslearnedtoknowandtrust.Aslongasonedoes

not

knowanotherpersonwellenoughitisconvenienttohavepresentanintermediaryorgo-between,someonewhoknowsandistrustedbybothparties.Attherootofthedifferencebetweentheseculturesisafundamentalissueinhumansocieties:theroleoftheindividualversus

theroleofthegroup.Text5Thevastmajorityofpeopleinourworldliveinsocietiesinwhichtheinterestofthegroupprevailsovertheinterestoftheindividual.Iwillcallthesesocietiescollectivist,usingawordwhichtosomereadersmayhavepoliticalconnotations,butitisnotmeanthereinanypoliticalsense.TextTextItdoesnotrefertothepowerofthestateovertheindividualbuttothepowerofthegroup.Thefirstgroupinourlivesisalwaysthefamilyintowhichweareborn.Familystructures,however,differbetweensocieties.Inmostcollectivistsocietiesthe"family"withinwhichthechildgrowsupconsistsofanumberofpeoplelivingcloselytogether;notjusttheparentsandotherchildren,but,forexample,grandparents,uncles,aunts,servants,orotherhousemates.Thisisknowninculturalanthropologyastheextendedfamily.

Whenchildrengrowuptheylearntothinkofthemselvesaspartofa"we"group,arelationshipwhichisnotvoluntarybutgivenbynature.The"we"groupisdistinctfromotherpeopleinsocietywhobelongto"they"groups,ofwhichtherearemany.The"we"group(orin-group)isthemajorsourceofone'sidentity,andtheonlysecureprotectiononehasagainstthehardshipsoflife.Thereforeoneoweslifelong

loyaltytoone'sin-group,andbreakingthisloyaltyisoneoftheworstthingsapersoncando.Betweenthepersonandthein-groupadependencerelationshipdevelopswhichisbothpracticalandpsychological.TextText6

Aminorityofpeopleinourworldliveinsocietiesinwhichtheinterestsoftheindividualprevailovertheinterestsofthegroup,societieswhichI

willcallindividualist.Inthese,mostchildrenarebornintofamiliesconsistingoftwoparentsand,possibly,otherchildren;insomesocietiesthereisanincreasingshareofone-parentfamilies.Otherrelativesliveelsewhereandarerarelyseen.Thistypeisthenuclearfamily(fromtheLatin“nucleus”meaningcore).Text

Childrenfromsuchfamilies,astheygrowup,soonlearntothinkofthemselvesas"I".This"I",theirpersonalidentity,isdistinctfromotherpeople's"I"s,andtheseothersarenotclassifiedaccordingtotheirgroupmembershipbuttoindividualcharacteristics.

Playmates,forexample,arechosenonthebasisofpersonalpreferences.Thepurposeofeducationistoenablethechildtostandonitsownfeet.TextThechildisexpectedtoleavetheparentalhomeassoonasthishasbeenachieved.Notinfrequently,children,afterhavinglefthome,reducerelationshipswiththeirparentstoaminimumorbreakthemoffaltogether.Neitherpracticallynorpsychologicallyisthehealthypersoninthistypeofsocietysupposedtobedependentonagroup.我、我們、他們1有一位瑞典商人和本國(guó)的一家中等規(guī)模的高科技公司進(jìn)行了接洽，這位商人在沙特阿拉伯有許多關(guān)系良好的客戶(hù)。于是，該公司派了一名工程師——就叫他約翰尼森吧——去利雅得，經(jīng)這位商人引見(jiàn)，和一家小型的沙特工程公司合作，這家公司由一對(duì)兄弟經(jīng)營(yíng)著，他倆三十五歲左右，都擁有英國(guó)大學(xué)的學(xué)位。約翰尼森要做的是代表沙特政府協(xié)助一項(xiàng)建設(shè)工程。約翰尼森要做的是在為沙特政府的一項(xiàng)建設(shè)工程中給予協(xié)助。但是，雙方在兩年間進(jìn)行了六次接觸均無(wú)結(jié)果。Text

每次約翰尼森和沙特兄弟商談時(shí)，那位最初幫他們建立關(guān)系的瑞典商人都在場(chǎng)。這令約翰尼森和他的上司感到非常不快，因?yàn)樗麄儾桓铱隙ㄟ@位商人是否跟他們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手也有來(lái)往，但沙特人卻執(zhí)意要介紹人在場(chǎng)。他們經(jīng)常討論一些與生意毫無(wú)關(guān)系的話(huà)題，比如莎士比亞，哥倆都是莎士比亞迷。Text2

正當(dāng)約翰尼森的上司開(kāi)始懷疑公司花大筆旅費(fèi)派人去洽談是否明智時(shí)，利雅得那邊來(lái)了電報(bào)，邀請(qǐng)約翰尼森迅速趕赴利雅得，因?yàn)橐环輧r(jià)值幾百萬(wàn)美元的合同已準(zhǔn)備好，等著他來(lái)簽。一夜之間，沙特人的態(tài)度也發(fā)生了變化：那位中間商再也不用出場(chǎng)了，約翰尼森還第一次看見(jiàn)沙特人笑了，他們甚至還相互開(kāi)起了玩笑。Text3

到現(xiàn)在為止，一切都進(jìn)行得不錯(cuò)；但故事還沒(méi)有結(jié)束。由于得到了這份大訂單，約翰尼森被提拔為另一個(gè)部門(mén)的經(jīng)理，他也因此不用再管沙特那單生意了。另一位國(guó)際交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的工程師被提名接替他的工作，約翰尼森還親自把他介紹給了那兩位沙特兄弟。幾星期后，從利雅得發(fā)來(lái)一份電報(bào)，兩位沙特兄弟威脅說(shuō)要取消合同，僅僅是因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)有關(guān)交貨條件的細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題。Text他們請(qǐng)約翰尼森去協(xié)助解決。約翰尼森到利雅得后才發(fā)現(xiàn)，雙方的矛盾源于一個(gè)很容易解決的無(wú)關(guān)緊要的小問(wèn)題，但沙特人覺(jué)得一定要約翰尼森代表公司出面才能解決。因此，瑞典公司不得不打破慣例，允許約翰尼森處理沙特那邊的生意，雖然他現(xiàn)在的職責(zé)是管理另外一個(gè)完全不同的領(lǐng)域。Text4

在這個(gè)真實(shí)的故事里，瑞典人和沙特人對(duì)人際關(guān)系在商業(yè)中的作用有著不同的理解。對(duì)瑞典人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們是在和一個(gè)公司做生意；但對(duì)沙特人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們是在和一個(gè)他們了解并且信任的人做生意。只要他們對(duì)某個(gè)人還不夠了解，就會(huì)讓一位雙方都認(rèn)識(shí)并信任的中間人或介紹人在場(chǎng)，這樣做會(huì)比較方便。這兩種文化的差異源于人類(lèi)社會(huì)的一個(gè)根本問(wèn)題：即個(gè)人角色與集體角色的問(wèn)題。Text5

世界上大多數(shù)人都生活在團(tuán)體利益大于個(gè)人利益的社會(huì)里,我把這類(lèi)社會(huì)稱(chēng)作集體主義社會(huì)，集體主義這個(gè)詞在某些讀者看來(lái)具有政治意義，但我在使用這個(gè)詞時(shí)不帶任何政治色彩。Text它并不是指國(guó)家權(quán)力對(duì)個(gè)人的壓制，而是特指團(tuán)體的力量。我們生命中的第一個(gè)團(tuán)體向來(lái)都是我們出生的那個(gè)家庭。但不同社會(huì)有著不同的家庭結(jié)構(gòu)。在大多數(shù)集體主義社會(huì)里，小孩子成長(zhǎng)的“家庭”有許多人生活在一起；有父母，有別的孩子，還有比如爺爺、奶奶、叔伯、姑姑、傭人及其他的家庭成員。這種家庭在文化人類(lèi)學(xué)上被稱(chēng)為擴(kuò)展型家庭。Text小孩在成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中就學(xué)著把自己看作是“我們”團(tuán)體中的一員，這種關(guān)系并不是出于個(gè)人的選擇，而是與生俱來(lái)的?！拔覀儭眻F(tuán)體不同于社會(huì)上眾多隸屬“他們”團(tuán)體里的他者?！拔覀儭眻F(tuán)體（或內(nèi)部團(tuán)體）是個(gè)人認(rèn)同感的主要來(lái)源，是個(gè)人應(yīng)對(duì)生活艱辛所能依賴(lài)的唯一的安全保障。所以每個(gè)人一生都忠于自己的內(nèi)部團(tuán)體，而背叛這個(gè)團(tuán)體是個(gè)人所能犯下的最嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。個(gè)人和內(nèi)部團(tuán)體之間會(huì)逐漸建立起一種相互依存的關(guān)系，這種關(guān)系既有實(shí)用價(jià)值，又能給人心理上的依靠。Text6

世界上還有少數(shù)人生活在個(gè)人利益大于團(tuán)體利益的社會(huì)里，我把這類(lèi)社會(huì)稱(chēng)為個(gè)人主義社會(huì)。在這類(lèi)社會(huì)中，多數(shù)小孩出生在由父母和孩子組成的家庭里，當(dāng)然，可能還會(huì)有別的孩子；在某些社會(huì)中，單親家庭的數(shù)量呈逐漸上升的趨勢(shì)。其他的親戚住在別處，彼此很少見(jiàn)面。這類(lèi)家庭被稱(chēng)為核心家庭（源于拉丁詞nucleus，意為“核心”）。Text

核心家庭里的孩子在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中，很快就學(xué)會(huì)把自己看成是“我”。這個(gè)“我”——即他們的個(gè)人身份——區(qū)別于其他人的“我”，而且這所謂的其他人并不是以不同團(tuán)體的成員身份來(lái)區(qū)別的，而是以個(gè)人特點(diǎn)來(lái)分類(lèi)的。例如玩伴是根據(jù)個(gè)人的喜好來(lái)選擇的。教育的目標(biāo)是使孩子最終能自立。Text孩子一旦有了自立的能力，父母就會(huì)鼓勵(lì)他們離開(kāi)家。孩子離開(kāi)父母家后，與父母的往來(lái)頻率通常會(huì)降至最低點(diǎn)，或者完全斷絕往來(lái)。在這類(lèi)社會(huì)里，一個(gè)健全的人無(wú)論在實(shí)際生活中還是在心理上都不會(huì)依賴(lài)一個(gè)團(tuán)體。TextWords&Phrasescompatriotcompetitorintermediarydwellinvestmenttelexcontractcollectivistprevailversusgo-betweendeliverythreatennominatecorenucleusnuclearfamilyindividualistloyaltylifelongin-groupremarkablemanagementsuccessorextendedfamilyanthropologyhousemateenableplaymatemembershipWords&Phrasesonbehalfofdwellon/uponSofar,sogood.bebornintostandonone’sown(two)feetparentalWords&PhrasesSwedish瑞典的SaudiArabia沙特阿拉伯王國(guó)（位于阿拉伯半島）Johannesson約翰尼森（人名）Riyadh利雅得（沙特阿拉伯首都）compatriot

n.[C]someonewhoisfromthesamecountryasyou同胞；同國(guó)人e.g.1.

ChrisRobertsonofAustraliabeathiscompatriotinthefinal.來(lái)自澳大利亞的選手克里斯·羅伯森在決賽中戰(zhàn)勝自己的同胞贏得了比賽。2.Mydearcompatriots,itistimethatwedidsomethingforourcountry.親愛(ài)的同胞們，為國(guó)效勞的時(shí)候到了。Words&Phrasescompetitor

n.[C]1)anorganizationorcountrythatisengagedincommercialoreconomiccompetitionwithothers（商業(yè)）競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手e.g.U.S.businessischallengedbyaggressiveoverseascompetitors.

美國(guó)企業(yè)正受到咄咄逼人的海外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的挑戰(zhàn)。2)someonewhotakespartinasportscompetition（體育比賽的）參賽者e.g.Thefirstprizewasawardedtotheyoungestcompetitor.一等獎(jiǎng)授給了最年輕的比賽者。Wordfamily:

competev.competitionn.

competitivea.Words&Phrasesintermediary

n.[C]someonewhotalkstoeachofthepeopleorgroupsinvolvedinsomething,usuallypassinginformationfromonetotheotherortryingtopersuadethemtoagreewitheachother中間人；調(diào)解人e.g.1.Theywereapproachedindirectlythroughanintermediary.

通過(guò)一位中間人，他們進(jìn)行了間接接觸。2.Herefusedtoactasanintermediarybetweenthetwodirectors.他拒絕充當(dāng)這兩個(gè)董事之間的調(diào)解人。Wordfamily:

intermediatea.中間的，中級(jí)的Seealso:go-between.Words&Phrasesdwell

vi.

(literary)

livesomewhere（尤指作為常住居民）居住e.g.1.Fairiesaresaidtodwellintheheaven.

傳說(shuō)神仙住在天上。2.TheyareconcernedforthefateoftheforestandtheIndianswhodwellinit.他們十分關(guān)注森林以及居住在其中的印第安人的命運(yùn)。Seealso:dwellon/upon.Words&Phrasesinvestment

n.

1)[C,U]moneyusedinawaythatmayearnyoumoremoney,forexamplemoneyusedforbuyingpropertyorsharesinacompany投入的資本；投資e.g.1.

Greatchangesareinprospectinthisareaduetoforeigninvestment.因?yàn)橥赓Y的引進(jìn)，該地區(qū)會(huì)發(fā)生很大變化。2.Whenbuyingshares,it’swisetospreadyourinvestmentoverseveralcompanies.買(mǎi)股票要分散投資于不同的公司才是明智之舉。3.Idon’treallylikemodernartbutIboughtitasaninvestment.我并非真的喜歡現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)，購(gòu)買(mǎi)作品只是作為一種投資。Words&Phrases2)[sing,U]theamountoftime,energy,oremotionneededinordertomakesomethingsuccessful投入；投資e.g.1.Ihadmadeapersonalinvestmentintimeandenergy.

我個(gè)人投入了時(shí)間和精力。2.Thetimespentinattendingaone-dayseminarisaninvestmentinourprofessionalfutures.花時(shí)間參加一日研討會(huì)是對(duì)我們事業(yè)未來(lái)的一種投資。Wordfamily:invest

v.Words&Phrasestelex

1)

n.[U]asystemforsendingandreceivingmessagesusingatelephonelineandamachinecalledateleprinterthatprintsthe電傳（一種通訊方式）e.g.Ishallsendyoutheinformationbytelex.我將用電傳把這一信息給你傳來(lái)。2)

n.[C]amessagesentbytelex,orthemachineusedtosendorreceiveit

電傳電報(bào)（通過(guò)電傳發(fā)送的信息）e.g.HerushedinwithanurgenttelexfromHongKong.他手里拿著一份香港發(fā)來(lái)的緊急電傳沖了進(jìn)來(lái)。3)v.send(amessage)bytelex發(fā)電傳e.g.Theytelexedtheirprovisionalacceptanceofthecontract.Words&Phrases他們拍出電傳表示暫時(shí)接受合同。contract

1)n.[C]awrittenlegalagreementbetweentwopeopleorbusinessesthatsayswhateachmustdofortheotherorgivetotheother合同；契約e.g.1.Youshouldn'tenterintoacontractuntilyouhavestudieditsprovisionscarefully.

你應(yīng)該先仔細(xì)研究合同的條款，然后再簽訂。2.Thefirmoperatesschoolsundercontracttostateeducationauthorities.這家公司和州教育局簽約辦學(xué)。3.I'mnotapermanentemployee;I'mworkinghereonafixed-termcontract.我并不是永久雇員，而是根據(jù)定期合同在此工作的。Words&Phrases2)v.

enterintoaformalandlegallybindingagreement訂立合同，訂契約e.g.1.

Havingcontractedwiththemtodotherepairs,wecannotwithdrawnow.我們與他們訂有維修合約，現(xiàn)在不能撤消。2.Theyarecontractedtowork35hoursaweek.他們簽下合同每周工作35小時(shí)。Words&Phrasesremarkable

a.

worthyofattention;striking;unusualinawaythatsurprisesorimpressesyou值得注意的；顯著的；非凡的e.g.1.Heshowedremarkableendurancethroughouthisillness.他生病的整個(gè)階段都表現(xiàn)出非凡的忍耐力。2.

Theregionisremarkableforitsscenery.這個(gè)地區(qū)以其風(fēng)景而著稱(chēng)。3.Thesecarsareremarkableforthequietnessoftheirengines.

這些汽車(chē)因發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)沒(méi)有噪音而不同凡響。Words&Phrasesmanagement

n.

1)[sing,U]thepeoplewhocontrolandoperateabusinessororganization:canbefollowedbyasingularorpluralverb管理層，資方（后可接動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式）e.g.Themanagementis/areconsideringclosingthefactory.主管部門(mén)正在考慮把工廠關(guān)閉。2)[U]thecontrolandoperationofabusinessororganization

經(jīng)營(yíng)；管理e.g.Thefarmprosperedthroughgoodmanagement.由于管理有方，農(nóng)場(chǎng)興旺發(fā)達(dá)。Wordfamily:manage

v.

manager

n.

Words&Phrasessuccessor

n.[C]someonewhohasanimportantpositionaftersomeoneelse繼任人；繼承人；繼位人e.g.1.ThechairmanhasdesignatedChristinaashissuccessor.主席已指定克里斯蒂娜作他的繼任人。2.Sheprovedherselfaworthysuccessortotheformerchampion.她證明了自己是前冠軍的當(dāng)之無(wú)愧的接替人。3.Shewillhandovertohersuccessorinoneyear’stime.她將在一年內(nèi)向繼任者移交權(quán)力。Words&PhrasesWordfamily:succeed

v.

bethenextpersontotakeapositionorjobaftersomeoneelse接替；繼任；繼承e.g.1.

Whowillsucceedhimtothethrone?誰(shuí)將繼承他的王位？2.

Mr.Jones

willsucceedMr.Smithaschairman.

由瓊斯先生接替史密斯先生任董事長(zhǎng)。Words&Phrasesnominate

vt.

officiallysuggestthatsomeoneshouldbegivenajob,orthatsomeoneorsomethingshouldreceiveaprize提名；推薦e.g.1.InominateBillastheclubpresident.我提名比爾為俱樂(lè)部主席候選人。2.ThefilmwasnominatedforseveralOscars.那部影片被提名好幾項(xiàng)奧斯卡獎(jiǎng)。

3.Hehasnowbeenformallynominatedaspresidentialcandidate.他已獲得正式提名為總統(tǒng)候選人。Wordfamily:nomination

n.

Words&Phrasesthreaten

vt.

1)

tellsomeonethatyoumightoryouwillcausethemharm,especiallyinordertomakethemdosth.（尤指為使對(duì)方做某事而）恐嚇，威脅e.g.1.Thestrikerswerethreatenedwithdismissaliftheydidnotreturntowork.罷工者受到威脅說(shuō)，如果他們不復(fù)工，就會(huì)被解雇。2.Thehijackersthreatenedtokillallthepassengersiftheirdemandswerenotmet.劫機(jī)者揚(yáng)言若不滿(mǎn)足他們的要求，就把乘客都?xì)⑺?。Words&Phrases2)

belikelytoharmordestroysth.危害到；危及e.g.1.Meltingglacierswillultimatelythreatenfoodproduction.冰川融化最終會(huì)威脅到糧食生產(chǎn)。2.

Itwillseriouslythreatentheprosperityofthecountry.這將嚴(yán)重威脅國(guó)家的繁榮。3.Manyspeciesarenowthreatenedwithextinction.許多物種面臨滅絕之虞。Words&Phrasesdelivery

n.[C,U]theprocessofbringinggoodsorletterstoaplace送貨；投遞e.g.Wehavetwopostaldeliverieseachday.

我們每天收到兩次信。Choosethebestanswer.

Tospeedupthe___ofletters,thePostOfficeintroducedautomaticsorting.(CET4-2005-12-42)

A)treatment B)delivery C)transmission D)departureWordfamily:deliver

v.

e.g.Hisworkwastodelivertelegrams.他的工作就是送電報(bào)。Words&PhrasesBgo-between

n.[C]someonewhotakesmessagesbetweenpeoplewhocannotmeetorwhodonotwanttomeet中間人；信使e.g.1.Insomecountriesmarriagesarearrangedbygo-betweens.在有些國(guó)家，締結(jié)婚姻要靠媒妁之言。2.

AUNrepresentativewillactasago-betweenforleadersofthetwocountries.一名聯(lián)合國(guó)代表將在兩國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間斡旋。

Seealso:intermediary.Words&Phrasesversus

prep.

1)

usedforstatingthattwothingsarebeingcomparedinordertoshowthattheyaredifferentorthatoneisbetterthantheother與……相對(duì)；與……相比e.g.Weeklyconsumptionhitanewhigh,jumpingto68%versus64%lastyear.每周消費(fèi)達(dá)到了新高，從去年的64%躍至68%。2)usedforshowingthattwopeople,groups,orteamsarecompetingagainsteachotherinasportseventoracourtcase（體育比賽或訴訟中）以……為對(duì)手e.g.ThemostexcitinggamewasHarvardversusYale.

最緊張刺激的球賽是哈佛對(duì)陣耶魯。

Words&Phrasesprevail

vi.

(fml)

1)

defeatsomeoneinagame,competition,argumentetc.（在比賽、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或爭(zhēng)辯中）擊敗，獲勝e.g.Yourinnerstrengthwillenableyoutoprevailoverlife'sobstacles.內(nèi)心力量將促使你戰(zhàn)勝生活中的困難。2)existataparticulartimeorinaparticularsituation

存在；盛行；流行e.g.Theoldcustomsstillprevailinthemountainousarea.這些舊習(xí)俗在這一山區(qū)仍很盛行。Wordfamily:prevailing

a.e.g.Ourguidelineistheprevailingworldmarketprices.

我們以當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的價(jià)格為準(zhǔn)繩。Words&Phrasescollectivist

n.[C]asupporterofcollectivism

集體主義者e.g.theidealofcollectivists

Wordfamily:

collectivism

n.

thepracticeorprincipleofgivingagrouppriorityovereachindividualinit,oftheownershipoflandandthemeansofproductionbythepeopleorthestate

集體主義（制度），公有制e.g.Undercollectivism,themeansofproductionisownedandcontrolledbythestateorthepeopleasawhole.在集體主義制度下,生產(chǎn)工具由國(guó)家或全民擁有和支配。Seealso:individualist.Words&Phrases集體主義者們的理想housemate

n.[C]someonewholivesinthesamehouseasyoubutisnotamemberofyourfamily

同住一所房子的人e.g.Thisformwillgiveyouafewtipsabouthowtochooseahousemateandthenhowtogetalongwithhim.這張表格會(huì)提示你如何選擇同住的屋友以及如何與他相處。Wordformation:-matei.e.:classmate schoolmate roommate playmate

Words&Phrasesanthropology

n.[C]thestudyofhumansocieties,customs,andbeliefs

人類(lèi)學(xué)e.g.1.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.人類(lèi)學(xué)是社會(huì)科學(xué)中的一支。2.Socialanthropologyexaminesfamilyrelationshipsindetail.

社會(huì)人類(lèi)學(xué)深入探討家庭關(guān)系。Wordfamily:

anthropologist

n.[C]人類(lèi)學(xué)家Words&Phrasesextendedfamily

n.[C]afamilygroupthatincludesgrandparents,cousins,auntsetc.（包括祖父母或外祖父母及近親的）大家庭e.g.1.

ThemainchangeoftheFrenchsincethewaristhatthefocusofloyaltyhasbeensteadilynarrowedfrom“extendedfamily”tothe“nuclearfamily”.戰(zhàn)后以來(lái)，法國(guó)人對(duì)家庭的忠誠(chéng)焦點(diǎn)早已從相對(duì)的大家庭而穩(wěn)步縮小，轉(zhuǎn)向了核心家庭。2.Ourextendedfamilyisspreadacrossthecountry.

我們這個(gè)大家庭的成員遍布全國(guó)。Seealso:nuclearfamily.Words&Phrasesin-group

n.[C]asmallgroupofpeoplewhoshareinterestsorattitudesandshowloyaltytooneanother小集團(tuán)；自己人團(tuán)體；圈內(nèi)e.g.In-groupsourcesattributedthedifficultcircumstancesconfrontedbythehighartlargelytotheunmatchedpromotionwork.

圈內(nèi)人士認(rèn)為，高雅藝術(shù)面臨困境主要是因?yàn)樾麄鞴ぷ鳑](méi)有跟上。Antonym:

out-group

e.g.out-groupsources圈外人士

Words&Phraseslifelong

a.

continuingallthroughone’slife

終生的；畢生的e.g.1.Educationwithintheenterpriseisalifelongprocess.企業(yè)中的培訓(xùn)是個(gè)終生教育的過(guò)程。2.Achildhoodjourneysparkedhislifelonginterestinrailways.兒童時(shí)代的一次旅行引發(fā)了他對(duì)鐵路持續(xù)終生的興趣。3.Hechosegeneticengineeringtobehislifelongcareer.他選擇了遺傳工程學(xué)作為終生的事業(yè)。Words&Phrasesloyalty

n.[U]supportthatyoualwaysgivetosomeoneorsomethingbecauseofyourfeelingsofdutyandlovetowardsthem

忠誠(chéng)；忠貞；忠心e.g.1.Inthesecountriesloyaltytothefamilyisplacedatapremium.在這些國(guó)家人們把對(duì)家庭的忠實(shí)看得尤其重要。2.Bymakingthebuyingexperienceaspleasantaspossible,thecompanyhelpsboostcustomerloyalty.這間公司盡力使顧客在購(gòu)物過(guò)程中感到愉快，從而提升客戶(hù)的忠誠(chéng)度。Wordfamily:

loyal

a.Words&Phrasesindividualist

n.[C]someonewhodoesthingsintheirownwaywithoutworryingaboutwhatotherpeoplethinkordo

個(gè)人主義者；我行我素的人e.g.1.Geoffwastoomuchofanindividualisttobeteamcaptain.杰夫過(guò)于我行我素了，沒(méi)法當(dāng)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。2.Individualistssaythatyoushouldbeabletowearwhatyouwant.強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性的人認(rèn)為人們應(yīng)該根據(jù)自己的想法穿著打扮。Wordfamily:individualism

n.

個(gè)人主義；利己主義Seealso:collectivist.Words&Phrasesnuclearfamily

n.[C]afamilyunitconsistingofamother,afather,andtheirchildren

（包括父母和子女的）核心家庭，小家庭e.g.The“nuclearfamily”isanothercharacteristicofAmericanfamilies.“小家庭”是美國(guó)式家庭的又一個(gè)特征。Seealso:extendedfamily.Words&Phrasesnucleus

n.[C](pl.nuclei)1)thecentralorbasicpartofsomething

核心；中心e.g.1.Intellectualsarethenucleusofthesociety.知識(shí)分子是社會(huì)的中堅(jiān)力量。2.Thefortresswasthenucleusoftheancientcity.這城堡是這座古城的中心。2)thecentralpartofanatom,consistingofprotonsandneutrons原子核（由質(zhì)子和中子構(gòu)成）e.g.

atomic/cellnucleus原子/細(xì)胞核Words&Phrasescore

n.[C]1)themostimportantormostbasicpartofsomething

核心；中心e.g.1.

Emotionistheaestheticcoreofthepaintingart.情感是繪畫(huà)藝術(shù)的美學(xué)內(nèi)核。2.HeisanEnglishmantocore.他是徹頭徹尾標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的英國(guó)人。2)thepartinsideanobjectthatisnearestitscentre

中心部分e.g.

Theatomhasanucleusatitscore.

在原子的中心有一個(gè)原子核。Words&Phrasesmembership

n.

1)[U]thefactofbeingamemberofaclub,organization,orgroup

會(huì)員身份；會(huì)籍e.g.Theclubmembershipwasoncelimitedtoaristocrats.這個(gè)俱樂(lè)部成員的資格一度僅給予貴族。2)[C,U]thepeoplewhobelongtoaclub,organization,orgroup

（全體）會(huì)員e.g.

1.Themembershipareveryannoyedatyoursuggestion.

會(huì)員們對(duì)你的建議甚為惱火。2.Membershipoftheclubhasfallenoffthisyear.今年該俱樂(lè)部的成員已經(jīng)減少。Words&Phrasesplaymate

n.[C]

achildwhoanotherchildplayswith

（兒童的）玩伴e.g.

1.Tomwasmychildhoodplaymate.

湯姆是我童年的玩伴。2.Herchiefplaymatewasherdog.她的主要玩伴是她的狗。Words&Phrasesenable

vt.

givesomeonetheabilityoropportunitytodosomething

使能夠；使有機(jī)會(huì)e.g.

1.Listeningtomusicenablesustofeelrelaxed.

聽(tīng)音樂(lè)使我們能夠感覺(jué)輕松。2.Thespreadoftelevisionenablesustoenjoythesceneryofforeigncountries.電視的普及使我們能夠欣賞國(guó)外的鄉(xiāng)村景色。Words&Phrasesparental

a.

involvingorprovidedbyparents

父親的；母親的；家長(zhǎng)的e.g.

1.Toorigidparentalcontrolfostersrebellioninchildren.

父母管教過(guò)嚴(yán)會(huì)促使子女反抗。2.Themoviewasgivenaparentalguidance(PG)ratinginHongKong,.在香港，該片被評(píng)為PG級(jí)影片，即需要在父母指導(dǎo)下觀看的影片。Wordfamily:parent

n.Words&Phrasesonbehalfof:1)

insteadofsomeone,orasarepresentativeofsomeone

代表某人；代替某人e.g.

1.Johnacceptedthechampionshipawardonbehalfoftheteam.

約翰代表隊(duì)伍領(lǐng)取冠軍獎(jiǎng)。2.Onbehalfofallofyourguestshere,Iwishtothankyouforgivingusthisbanquet.我謹(jǐn)代表所有在座的賓客，對(duì)你們的盛情款待表示感謝。Words&Phrases2)intheinterestsofsomeone;inordertohelpsomeone;onaccountof為某人之利益；為了幫助某人；為了……的緣故e.g.

1.Thelegalguardianmustactonbehalfofthechild.法定監(jiān)護(hù)人應(yīng)該維護(hù)這個(gè)孩子的利益。

2.Heflatlydeclinedtoacceptabriefonbehalfoftheaccused.

他斷然拒絕為被告辯護(hù)。3.Wecollectedmoneyinbehalfofthehomeless.我們?yōu)槟切o(wú)家可歸的人募捐。Words&Phrasesdwellon

/

upon:spendalotoftimethinkingortalkingaboutsomethingunpleasant

詳述；強(qiáng)調(diào)e.g.

1.Sometimeshismindwoulddwellonthehorrorshehadbeenthrough.有時(shí)他會(huì)老是想著他所經(jīng)歷過(guò)的種種恐怖。2.Heimprovedtheoccasiontodwellontheevilsofdrinking.他趁機(jī)大談喝酒的弊端。3.I'vegotbetterthingstodothandwellonthepast.我有更重要的事情要做，不能老是想著過(guò)去。Seealso:dwell.Words&PhrasesSofar,sogood.

usedforsayingthatsomeoneorsomethinghasbeensuccessfuluptothispoint

到目前為止（或就某種范圍或程度來(lái)說(shuō)）一切順利。e.g.

1.Theyarehalffinishedwiththeirproject.Sofar,sogood.

他們已經(jīng)完成了工程的一半，到目前為止，一切都進(jìn)展順利。2.Askedabouthissuccessatcollege,hereplied,"Sofarsogood."有人問(wèn)起他上大學(xué)的情形如何，他答道：“截至目前，一切尚可?！盬ords&Phrasesbeborninto/to:beborninaparticularsituation,typeoffamilyetc.出生于……；誕生于……e.g.

1.Itisnotgiventomanyofustobebornintoawealthyfamily.

我們中并不是有很多人注定要生在富人之家的。2.Hehappenstobebornintoanerawherethemassmediaisking.

他剛好出生在大眾傳媒為王的年代。3.Hewasborntothepurple,soheisdestinedtoliveinthepubliceye.

他出身皇室，所以他的一言一行注定要受到公眾的注意。Words&Phrasesstandonone’sown(two)feet:behaveinanindependentway,especiallybynotaskingforfinancialhelpfromanyone（尤指經(jīng)濟(jì)上）自立，自主e.g.

1.Itriedtostandonmyowntwofeetratherthanturnedtomyparents.

我設(shè)法自立而不求助于我的父母。2.Thevotersdon'talwaysagreewithhimbuttheyreallylikethewayhestandsonhisownfeetandmakeshisowndecisionsonwhichwaytovote.

選民們不一定都同意他的觀點(diǎn)，但是他們倒很欣賞他在對(duì)各種提案投票時(shí)的那種獨(dú)立自主精神。Words&PhrasesSwedish1)a.oforrelatingtoSweden,itspeople,ortheirlanguage瑞典的2)n.[mass]theScandinavianlanguageofSweden,alsospokeninpartsofFinland.Ithasover8millionspeakers

瑞典語(yǔ)SwedenisaNordiccountryontheScandinavianPeninsulainNorthernEurope.SwedensharesborderswithNorwaytothewestandFinlandtotheeast,andisconnectedtoDenmarkbyabridge.ItisthethirdlargestcountryintheEuropeanUnionbyarea,Swedenhasarelativelylowpopulationdensityof21inhabitantspersquarekilometerwiththepopulationconcentratedtothesouthernhalfofthecountry.Sweden'scapitalcityisStockholm,itisalsoSweden'slargestcity.Words&PhrasesSaudiArabia沙特阿拉伯王國(guó)（位于阿拉伯半島）Words&PhrasesTheKingdomofSaudiArabia,foundedin1932,isthethird-largestArabcountry.SaudiArabia'sgovernmenttakestheformofanIslamicabsolutemonarchy.SaudiArabiahastheworld'slargestoilreservesandistheworld'slargestoilexporter.Oilaccountsformorethan90%ofexportsandnearly75%ofgovernmentrevenues,facilitatingthecreationofawelfarestate.Riyadh利雅得（沙特阿拉伯首都）

Words&PhrasesRiyadhisthecapitalandlargestcityofSaudiArabia.ItissituatedinthecenteroftheArabianPeninsulaonalargeplateau.Thecityisdividedinto15municipaldistricts.Amedium-sizedSwedishhigh-technologycorporationwasapproachedbyacompatriot,abusinessmanwithgoodcontactsinSaudiArabia.ASwedishbusinessmancontactedthecorporationbecausehecouldofferopportunitiest