高中高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧專題-干擾選項(xiàng)的特征

高考閱讀理解題六種常見干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置手法 閱讀理解是高考試卷中分值最大的題型。近年來隨著高考命題指導(dǎo)思想的開展，閱讀理解題的考查角度越來越靈活多變。其干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置不僅能檢測出考生理解、概括、推理等邏輯思維的精確性、深刻性，而且對考生個(gè)人心理品質(zhì)也是一種檢驗(yàn)，因此，干擾項(xiàng)常使很多考生陷入誤區(qū)。抓住試題選項(xiàng)特征，

正確答案手到擒來！1．包含項(xiàng)原那么 在分析選項(xiàng)時(shí)，假設(shè)A選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容概括其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)(或其中一個(gè)選項(xiàng))的內(nèi)容，那么，我們就說選項(xiàng)A是其他選項(xiàng)的包含項(xiàng)，包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。 例1Livinginaresidencehallcarriescertainobligation(義務(wù)).Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary(衛(wèi)生)aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerantofanotherperson’shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate’stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate’sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary例2Q:Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat______.

A.

QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.

Healthyhabitsbenefitourhealth

C.

FruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilkD.

Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.包含項(xiàng)原那么預(yù)示：選項(xiàng)中內(nèi)容全面、概況性強(qiáng)的，往往是正確答案。有時(shí)不讀原文照樣可以做對題，但這絕對不是瞎蒙。兩選項(xiàng)陳述的內(nèi)容完全相矛盾叫正反項(xiàng)。假設(shè)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng)，正確答案一般是A項(xiàng)或B項(xiàng)。用排除法先縮小范圍，以增加得分幾率。2.正反項(xiàng)原那么例3Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.

wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions例4Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusisalittlebetter,butthesurface’stemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause______.A.ithasverythinatmosphereB.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater

3．委婉項(xiàng)原那么所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。語氣平和、委婉的選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不肯定或試探性語氣的詞語，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition，tendto，beliableto等等。

而含有絕對語氣的詞語往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。例5Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,___. A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconcept B.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpower C.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergies D.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.例6Q:Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage? A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementof

all

employees. B.Goodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfield C.Theonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskills D.Whiletheimportanceofone’sabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.以后遇到此類干擾項(xiàng)，可以大膽作出判斷！掌握了此類瞬間解題秘訣，不僅縮短了答題時(shí)間，還能保障近乎100%的準(zhǔn)確率！這就是所謂的“竅門”！

當(dāng)然并非所有題目都可以這樣的。4．同形項(xiàng)原那么 幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)如存在形式與結(jié)構(gòu)上的相似，那它們就互為同形項(xiàng)。同形項(xiàng)之間只有語言形式的細(xì)微變化，考查學(xué)生的分辨能力。同形項(xiàng)原那么告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)里一般存在有正確答案。例7Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(與……平行)localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossible B.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry5．常識項(xiàng)原那么那些符合一般常識，意義深刻富有哲理，符合一般規(guī)律，屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。這是常識項(xiàng)。植樹造林是我國的一大國策，目的在于防止洪澇、風(fēng)沙、旱災(zāi)，所以C為正確答案：樹木可以幫助人類阻擋洪澇與旱災(zāi)。相對于其它三項(xiàng)，C項(xiàng)意義更加深遠(yuǎn)。例8Treesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?A.

TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.

TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.

TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.

Theygivehimshade這也是常識項(xiàng)。眾所周知，保險(xiǎn)公司之所以能盈利，那是因?yàn)楸槐ｋU(xiǎn)的對象平安無事，所以，人活得越長，他交的保險(xiǎn)額就越多，保險(xiǎn)公司利潤就越高，IfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.Q:Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits.A.ifthepremium〔保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)〕isincreased.B.ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.

ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.

ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.同形項(xiàng)原那么6．因果項(xiàng)原那么閱讀理解邏輯推理根本都是通過因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，在推理的選項(xiàng)中，有的會推理不到位，有的會推理過頭，這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原那么：四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，如果因項(xiàng)可以產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果，那么答案就是因項(xiàng)；如果果項(xiàng)可以對應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因，那么答案就是果項(xiàng)。Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Q:Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.

advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantagesD.

advocatedoingawaywithuniforms

果項(xiàng)因項(xiàng)果項(xiàng)Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Q:Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.

advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantagesD.

advocatedoingawaywithuniforms

果項(xiàng)因項(xiàng)果項(xiàng)推理過頭推理過頭六種常見干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置手法1．包含項(xiàng)原那么2．正反項(xiàng)