英語議論文寫作課件

議論文英語議論文寫作ContentsWhatisargumentationandpersuasion何為論證與說服Strategiesforusingargumentationandpersuasion使用論證與說服的策略英語議論文寫作WhatArgumentationIs所謂論證就是Itisalogicalwayofessaydevelopmentbywhichthewritertriestoconvincereadersorotherpeopleofthesoundnessofaparticularopiniononacontroversialissue.Ittriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.英語議論文寫作Speechesonpolicies,editorialsofnewspapers,articlesonpoliticalortheoreticalquestions,andvariousproposalsareoftenargumentative.有關政策的演講，報紙的編輯，政論或者理論問題的文章，及各種建議通常是要進行議論的。英語議論文寫作ArgumentationThepurposeofargumentation議論的目的Persuadereasonablepeopletoagreewiththeopinion說服理性的人們同意（作者的）觀點Defendanopinion,toestablishitsvalidityevenifotherscannotbepersuadedtoagree守護一個觀點，即使其他人不能被說服同意的時候也能建立該觀點的效力Attacksomeopinionyoubelievetobemisguided,untrue,orevil,withoutnecessarilyofferinganalternativeofyourown攻擊你確信是誤導的，不真實的或者邪惡的某一觀點，這時沒有必要提供你自己的替代觀點（論證他錯就OK至于正確的是什么樣子可以不管）英語議論文寫作Agoodargumentation好的議論Adebatablepoint有爭論的點Sufficientevidence充足的論據Goodlogic良好的邏輯Anhonestandfriendlyattitude誠實友好的態(tài)度英語議論文寫作AdebatablepointMerestatementsoffacts僅僅評論事實Statementsofpersonalpreference個人經歷的評論Viewpointsthataregenerallyacceptedorcanbeeasilyverified觀點可以大提升被接受或者容易闡述英語議論文寫作Organizingyourargument組織你的議論文Title題目Introduction導論Thesisstatement理論闡述BodyParagraphs正文段落ConstructingTopicSentences構造主題句BuildingMainPoints構建主要論點CounteringtheOpposition反對相反的的觀點Conclusion結論英語議論文寫作Title--whydoyouneedone?題目——你為什么需要題目呢？Introducesthetopicofdiscussiontotheaudience向讀者介紹討論的主題Generatesreaderinterestintheargument激發(fā)讀者對論文的興趣英語議論文寫作Whatisathesisstatement?

什么是論點闡述？TheMOSTIMPORTANTSENTENCEinyourpaper你文章中最重要的那句話Letsthereaderknowthemainideaofthepaper使讀者了解文章的主旨Answersthequestion:“WhatamItryingtoprove?”回答這個問題：我要試圖證明什么？Notafactualstatement,butaclaimthathastobeproventhroughoutthepaper不是事實闡述，而是通篇要證明的結論英語議論文寫作Roleofthethesisstatement

論點闡述的角色Thethesisstatementshouldguideyourreaderthroughyourargument.論點句應該通過議論來引導讀者Thethesisstatementisgenerallylocatedintheintroductionofthepaper.論點句通常在文章的引言部分Athesisstatementmayalsobelocatedwithinthebodyofthepaperorintheconclusion,dependinguponthepurposeorargumentofthepaper.也可以唯一正文或者結論當中，這取決于文章議論的目的英語議論文寫作StrategiesforArgumentation

議論的策略Consideringtheaudience考慮受眾Thinkinglogically邏輯思考英語議論文寫作ConsiderYouraudienceAsupportiveaudience支持你的受眾Youdon’tneedahighlyreasonedargumentfilledwithfacts,examples,andstatistics.Youcanrelyprimarilyonastrongemotionalappeal---toreinforcereaders’commitmenttoyourviewpoint.你不必以滿是事實、事例、統(tǒng)計資料的高度理性的論證。你可以注意靠強烈的情緒呼吁——來強化讀者對你觀點的認同（如果呼吁力強就直接忽悠就成了）英語議論文寫作AudienceAwaveringaudience搖擺不決的聽眾Trytocreatecredibilityandreliabilitybyfocusingonprovidingunified,coherent,accurateandsufficientfacts,statistics,examplesandauthoritativestatementstosupportyourviewpoint.通過聚焦于已有的統(tǒng)一的一致的精確的充足的事實，統(tǒng)計，事例和權威性表述來試圖建立信任和可靠度來支撐你的觀點Ahostileaudience敵意的聽眾Trytorelyonlogicalreasoningandhard-to-disputefacts.盡力依靠邏輯推理和無可爭辯的事實英語議論文寫作ThinkLogicallyInductionReasoningfromtheparticulartogeneral從特殊到一般的推理（歸納）Example例子---1stgrape:sour,2ndgrape:sour3rdgrape:sour….葡萄酸---Conclusion:Therestofthegrapeswereprobablysourtoo.結論：其余的葡萄可能也是酸的英語議論文寫作ThinkLogicallyDeduction演繹Reasoningfromthegeneraltoparticular(syllogism)從一般到特殊

Example:例如：---Majorpremise:Nodogshavefeathers---Minorpremise:Snowballisadog---Conclusion:Snowballdoesnothavefeathers.大前提：狗都沒有羽毛；小前提：雪球是條狗；結論：雪球沒有羽毛英語議論文寫作LogicalFallacies邏輯謬誤

Hastygeneralization草率的泛化（輕率的得出一般結論）Falseanalogy錯誤的類推Personalattack人身攻擊Questionableorfaultyauthority可疑或者錯誤的印證Circularreasoning循環(huán)推理Slantedlanguage帶偏見的語言

Faultycauseandeffect錯誤的因果關系Evadingtheissue回避問題英語議論文寫作Modelessay范文Opinionsummarization觀點摘要ArecentstudyshowsthatpeoplelivingonthecontinentofNorthAmericasuffer9timesmorechronicfatigueand31timesmorechronicdepressionthandopeoplelivingonthecontinentofAsia.Interestingly,Asians,onaverage,eat20gramsofsoyperday,whereasNorthAmericanseatvirtuallynone.Itturnsoutthatsoycontainsphytochemicalscalledisoflavones,whichhavebeenfoundtopossessdisease-preventingproperties.Thus,NorthAmericansshouldconsidereatingsoyonaregularbasisasawayofpreventingfatigueanddepression.最近的研究表明生活在北美大陸的人們比亞洲大陸的人們多出9倍的長期疲勞和31倍多的慢性抑郁。有意思的是，亞洲人，平均每天吃20克大豆，而北美人幾乎不吃。已經證明大豆含有叫做異黃酮的化學物質，發(fā)現其具有防止疾病的特性。因此，北美人應該考慮經常性的食用大豆作為預防長期疲勞和慢性抑郁的一種方式英語議論文寫作ModelessaySelf-refutedopinionpresentation自我反駁的觀點表達Inthisargument,thearguercitesastudyshowingthatNorthAmericanssufferfromanamazinglyhigherrateofchronicfatigueandchronicdepressionthanpeoplelivinginAsia.Fromanunknownsource,thearguerstatesthatAsianseatmuchmoresoythanNorthAmericans,whoeatalmostnone,andthatsoycontainsdisease-preventingproperties.ThearguerthenconcludeshisorherargumentbystatingthatNorthAmericansshouldconsiderregularlyeatingsoyasameansofbattlingfatigueanddepression.Thisargumentsuffersfromatleastfourcriticalfallacies.本文中，作者引用了一項研究表明北美人患上慢性抑郁和慢性疲勞的比例比亞洲人出奇的高。從一個位置的源頭，作者表達了亞洲人大豆比北美人吃得多（根據何在呢？沒有），北美人幾乎不吃，而大豆具有防病屬性。作者然后得出了他的結論就是北美人應該經常吃大豆。該文章至少有四處嚴重謬誤。英語議論文寫作ModelessayCounterevidence:hypothesis

反對論據：假設Forthesakeofthisargument,wewillassumethatthestudiesandthestatisticsaboutNorthAmericans'andAsians'soyeatinghabitsarecorrect,andthatisoflavoneshavebeenfoundtohavedisease-fightingproperties.Giventhat,thereisstillaproblemwiththearguerdirectlycorrelatingtheeatingofsoywiththepreventionofdiseaseanddepression.針對這一論述，我們假定關于北美和亞洲大豆飲食習慣的研究與統(tǒng)計數據是正確的，而且異黃酮也確實有抗病功效。即便如此，作者將大豆的抗病功能與抗抑郁的功能直接聯(lián)系到一起仍然是有問題的。英語議論文寫作ModelessayEvidence1論據1Firstofall,simplybecausesoymayhavedisease-preventingproperties,thatdoesnotmeanthatitcanthereforefightchronicfatigueandchronicdepression.Fatigueanddepressionmaynotactuallyevenbeconsideredas"diseases",thereforeevengiventhefactthatsoyhasdisease-fightingproperties,itwouldhavenoeffectonthe"nondiseases"offatigueanddepression.Secondly,evenassumingthatfatigueanddepressionarediseases,theyarenotspecificallymentionedasdiseasesthatsoyorisoflavonesareabletoprevent.Perhapssoycanhelppreventosteoporosis(boneloss),mumpsorevenchickenpox,butthatdoesnotmeanthatitcanspecificallyaddresstheproblemsofchronicfatigueandchronicdepression.Thesetwocriticalweaknessesalonemaketheargumentunconvincing.首先，簡單的根據大豆可能有防病功能，那不意味著它就可以對抗慢性疲勞和慢性抑郁。疲勞和抑郁或許實際上不能被看做疾病，因此即使建設大豆確有抗病功效，那么也不會對疲勞和抑郁這些非疾病有效。其次，就算假定疲勞和抑郁確實是疾病，它們也沒有作為大豆或者異黃酮能夠防范的具體疾病中提到。或許大豆可以有助于防止（骨質疏松），但這不意味著大豆可以具體解決疲勞和抑郁的問題。僅僅這兩個嚴重的缺陷就使這一論證不令人信服。英語議論文寫作ModelessayEvidence2論據2Furthermore,thearguer'sconclusionisbasedontheideathatdietalonecanpreventfatigueanddepressionbycomparingthedietsofNorthAmericansandAsians.Itishighlyunlikelythatdietaloneisresponsibleforthetremendousdifferenceintheratesoffatigueanddepressionbetweenthetwopopulations.Otherfactorssuchaslifestyles,occupations,residenceincityorruralareasandlevelsofstressmayplayamuchbiggerfactorthandiet.Additionally,thearguerstatesthatsoycontainsphytochemicalscalledisoflavones,whichsupposedlyhavedisease-preventingproperties.并且，作者的結論是基于通過對比北美和亞洲人的飲食得出單靠飲食就可以防止疲勞和抑郁這一觀點得出的。然而單一的飲食因素就能夠解釋兩大人群中疲勞和抑郁的比例巨大差異是很不可能的。其他因素如生活方式、職業(yè)、城市還是郊區(qū)居住以及壓力水平可能影響更大。此外，作者描述了大豆含有異黃酮的植物化學物質，該物質假定有防病功效。英語議論文寫作ModelessayEvidence3論據3Whatisnotstated,however,iswhethertheseisoflavonesarecontainedinaforminsoythatisusablebythehumanbody.Itispossiblethattheparticularconfigurationofthephytochemicalsfoundinsoyproductsisnotusablebythehumanbody,therebyproducingnobeneficialeffectsbypeopleeatingmoresoyproducts.Inandofthemselves,isoflavonesmaypreventcertaindiseases,butperhapsthosefoundinsoyareofnobenefittohumans.Byfailingtoaddressthesepossibilities,thearguerhaspresentedanunconvincingargument.然而還有一點沒有提及，就是以大豆形式存在的異黃酮是否可以被人體利用?？赡茉诖蠖巩a品中找到的植物化學物質的具體配置不能被人踢利用，那么人們使用更多的豆制品沒有一處。英語議論文寫作Conclusion結論Insummary,theargumentfailsduetofourmajorflawsin