課件大綱中級(jí)微觀濟(jì)學(xué)

北京大學(xué)北京大學(xué)國(guó)家發(fā)展研究院2011年秋季學(xué)本科雙學(xué)位課中級(jí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(2第二十二講：生第三第三十二章Production生Aone-personOptimalCompetitiveTwowelfareNon-convextechnologiesTwo-peopleProductionpossibilityfrontier生產(chǎn)可能ParetoefficientCompetitive2RobinsonRobinsonCrusoe’sOneagent-RobinsonCrusoeEndowedwithafixedquantityofone--24Technology:Laborproducesoutput(coconuts)accordingtoaconcaveproductionfunction.Labortime=L(forLeisuretime=24-L(forWhatwillheRobinsonCrusoe’sProductionRobinsonCrusoe’sProductionFeasibleproduction0LaborRobinsonCrusoe’sRobinsonCrusoe’sMoreLaborRobinsonCrusoe’sMRS=ProductionRobinsonCrusoe’sMRS=Production0LaborRobinsonCrusoeRobinsonCrusoeasaNowsupposeRCisbothautility-maximizingconsumerandaprofit-maximizingfirm.Usecoconutsasthenumerairegood;i.e.priceofacoconut=RC’swagerateisCoconutoutputlevelisRC’sfirm’sprofitis=C-C=+theequationofanisoprofitslope=wintercept=IsoprofitHigherprofit;1IsoprofitHigherprofit;12CwLSlopes=0LaborProfit-Isoprofitslope=productionfunctionwProfit-Isoprofitslope=productionfunctionw=Production0LaborProfit-Production0Profit-Production0Labor*C*wLUtility-NowconsiderRCasaconsumerendowedUtility-NowconsiderRCasaconsumerendowedwith$*whocanworkfor$wperWhatisRC’smostpreferredconsumptionbundle?C*wL.BudgetconstraintUtility-Budgetconstraint;slope=Utility-Budgetconstraint;slope=C*wL.0LaborUtility-MRS=Budgetconstraint;slope=Utility-MRS=Budgetconstraint;slope=C*wL.0Labor supplyUtility-Maximization&Utility-Maximization&Profit-–w=Coconutandlaborquantityofoutputsupplied=quantityoflabordemanded=Utility-w=quantityofoutputdemanded=quantityoflaborsupplied=Utility-Maximization&=ParetoefficiencymustUtility-Maximization&=ParetoefficiencymusthaveMRS=L0LaborFirstFirstFundamentalTheoremofAcompetitivemarketequilibriumisParetoefficientifconsumers’preferencesaretherearenoexternalitiesinconsumptionorproduction.The1stTheoremdoesnotrelyuponfirms’technologiesbeingconvex.SecondSecondFundamentalTheoremWelfareAnyParetoefficienteconomicstatecanbeachievedasacompetitivemarketequilibriumiftherearenoexternalitiesinconsumptionorproductionconsumers’preferencesarefirms’technologiesareReturns-to-Returns-to-Non-ConvexTheParetooptimalNon-ConvexTheParetooptimalMRS=cannotbeimplementedacompetitive0LaborThe2ndTheoremdoesrequirethatfirms’technologiesbeconvex.ProductionProductionNowextendtotwo-goodeconomy,thesetofallfeasibleoutputbundlesistheeconomy’sproductionpossibilityset生產(chǎn)可能性集,theset’souterboundaryistheproductionpossibilityfrontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界.ProductionpossibilityfrontierProductionpossibilityProductionProductionPpf’sslopeisthemarginaloftransformation邊際轉(zhuǎn)換率increasingopportunitycosttospecializationIftherearenoproductionexternalities,thenappfwillbeconcavebecauseof兩種兩種產(chǎn)品、兩個(gè)人的經(jīng)Twoagents,RobinsonandMan（星期五，《魯濱遜漂流記》中荒島上另一Robinsoncanproduceatmost20coconutsor30fish.Fridaycanproduceatmost50coconutsor25fish.ComparativeRChastheCMRTComparativeRChastheCMRT=-opp.costadvantageinproducingfish.FCMFhasthecomparativeopp.costadvantageinproducingcoconuts.MRT=-FComparativeCUseRCtoproduceUseMFtoCComparativeCUseRCtoproduceUseMFtoCFCusingRC.Usinglowopp.costproducersfirstresultsinappfthatisconcavew.r.ttheFFComparativeCMoreproducerswithdifferentopp.costs“smoothComparativeCMoreproducerswithdifferentopp.costs“smoothout”theppf.Theppfcontainsmanytechnicallyefficientoutputbundles.WhichareParetoefficientforFCoordinatingProductionOutputbundleis(CoordinatingProductionOutputbundleis(F,C)andistheaggregatetoconsumersRCandCFCoordinatingProductionMRSOCCoordinatingProductionMRSOCFCoordinatingProductionInsteadproduce(F,C).OCCoordinatingProductionInsteadproduce(F,C).OCCGiveMFsameasbefore.MF’sutilityisFFCoordinatingProductionInsteadproduce(F,CCoordinatingProductionInsteadproduce(F,C).OGiveMFsameasbefore.MF’sutilityisutilityishigher;CFCoordinatingCoordinatingProductionMRSMRTinefficientcoordinationofproductionandHence,MRS=MRTisnecessaryforaParetooptimaleconomicstate.CoordinatingProductionCCMFCoordinatingProductionCCMFFDecentralizedDecentralizedCoordinationProduction&RCandMFjointlyrunaTwooutputs:coconutsandTwoinputs:laborofRCandPriceofcoconut=Priceoffish=RC’swagerate=MF’swagerate=4marketsclearDecentralizedCoordinationProduction&LRC,LMFDecentralizedCoordinationProduction&LRC,LMFareamountsoflaborpurchasedfromRCandMF.Firm’sprofit-maximizationproblemischooseC,F,LRCandLMFtomaxpCCpFFwRCLRCwMFLMFIsoprofitconstantpCCpFFwRCLRCwMFLMFwRCLRCwMFLMFCFslopeDecentralizedCoordinationProduction&DecentralizedCoordinationProduction&HigherSlopes=DecentralizedCoordinationProduction&Profit-max.SlopeDecentralizedCoordinationProduction&Profit-max.SlopeCompetitivemarketspMRTF.DecentralizedCoordinationProduction&CompetitivemarketsMRSDecentralizedCoordinationProduction&CompetitivemarketsMRSpFCCMFFDecentralizedCoordinationProduction&Competitivemarkets,utility-maximizationandprofit