考滿分出品綜合寫作閱讀及聽力

TPO綜合寫作閱讀及TPO綜合寫作閱讀及聽力文IntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Amandatorypolicyrequiringcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpaywouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheTheshortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelrestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeaccomplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpayrollcostsbecausefour-dayemployeeswouldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,companieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderror-proneemployeesforsamemoney,whichwouldincreasecompanyForthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.Ifmanyfull-timeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfourwhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredatthe80percentFinally,theoptionofafour-dayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.whocouldaffordalowersalaryinexchangeformorefreetimecouldimprovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivateinterests,orenjoyingOfferingemployeestheoptionofafour-dayworkweekwon'taffectthecompanyprofits,economicconditionsorthelivesofemployeesinthewaysthereadingsuggests.First,offeringafour-dayworkweekwillprobablyforcecompaniestospendmore,possiblyamore.Addingnewworkersmeansputtingmuchmoremoneyintoprovidingtrainingandmedicalbenefits.Rememberthecostsofthingslikehealthbenefitscanbethesamewhetheranemployeeworksfourdaysorfive.Andhavingmoreemployeesalsorequiresmoreofficespaceandcomputers.TheseadditionalcostswouldquicklycutintocompanySecond,withrespecttooverallemployment,itdoesn'tfollowthatoncesomeemployeesafour-dayworkweek,manymorejobswillbecomeavailable.Hiringnewworkersiscostly,asarguedamomentago.Andcompanieshaveotheroptions.Theymightjustchoosetoaskemployeestoworkovertimeemployeestoworkovertimetomakeupthedifference.Worse,companiesmightexpectations.Theymightstarttoexpectthattheirfour-dayemployeescandothesameamountofworktheyusedtodoinfivedays.Ifthishappens,thennoadditionaljobswillbecreatedcurrentjobswillbecomemoreFinally,whileafour-dayworkweekoffersemployeesmorefreetimetoinvestintheirlives,italsopresentssomerisksthatcouldendupreducingtheirqualityoflife.Workingashorterweekcandecreaseemployees'jobstabilityandharmtheirchancesforadvancingtheircareers.Four-dayemployeesarelikelytobethefirsttolosetheirjobsduringaneconomicdownturn.Theymayalsobepassedoverforpromotionsbecausecompaniesmightprefertohavefive-dayemployeesinmanagementpositionstoensurecontinuouscoverageandconsistentfortheentireInmanyorganizations,perhapsthebestwaytoapproachcertainnewprojectsistoassembleagroupofpeopleintoateam.Havingateamofpeopleattackaprojectoffersseveraladvantages.Firstofall,agroupofpeoplehasawiderrangeofknowledge，expertise,andskillsthananysingleindividualislikelytopossess.Also,becauseofthenumbersofpeopleinvolvedandthegreaterresourcestheypossess,agroupcanworkmorequicklyinresponsetothetaskassignedtoitandcancomeupwithhighlycreativesolutionstoproblemsandissues.Sometimesthesecreativesolutionscomeaboutbecauseagroupismorelikelytomakeriskydecisionsthatanindividualmightnotundertake.ThisisbecausethegroupspreadsresponsibilityforadecisiontoallthemembersandthusnosingleindividualcanbeheldaccountableifthedecisionturnsouttobeTakingpartinagroupprocesscanbeveryrewardingformembersoftheteam.Teamwhohaveavoiceinmakingadecisionwillnodoubtfeelbetteraboutcarryingouttheworkthatisentailedbythedecisionthantheymightdoingworkthatisimposedonthembyothers.Also,theindividualteammemberhasamuchbetterchanceto“shine”,togethisorhercontributionsandideasnotonlyrecognizedbutrecognizedashighlysignificant,becauseateam’soverallresultscanbemorefar-reachingandhavegreaterimpactthanwhatmighthaveotherwisebeenforthepersontoaccomplishorcontributeworkingNowIwanttotellyouaboutwhatonecompanyfoundwhenitdecidedthatitwouldturnoversomeofitsnewprojectstoteamsofpeople,andmaketheteamresponsibleforplanningtheprojectsandgettingtheworkdone.Afteraboutsixmonths,thecompanytookalookathowwelltheteamsOnvirtuallyeveryteam,somemembersgotalmosta"freeride"...theydidn'tcontributeatall,butifatall,butiftheirteamdidagoodjob,theyneverthelessbenefitedfromtherecognitionthegot.Andwhataboutgroupmemberswhoworkedespeciallywellandwhoprovidedalotofinsightonproblemsandissues?Well...therecognitionforajobwelldonewenttothegroupasawhole,nonameswerenamed.Soitwon'tsurpriseyoutolearnthatwhentherealcontributorswereaskedhowtheyfeltaboutthegroupprocess,theirattitudewasjusttheoppositeofwhatreadingAnotherfindingwasthatsomeprojectsjustdidn'tmoveveryquickly.Why?Becauseittooklongtoreachconsensus;ittookmany,manymeetingstobuildtheagreementamongmembersabouthowtheywouldmovetheprojectOntheotherhand,therewereotherinstanceswhereoneortwopeoplemanagedtoveryinfluentialoverwhattheirgroupdid.Sometimeswhenthoseinfluencerssaid"Thatwillneverwork"aboutanideathegroupwasdeveloping,theideawasquicklydroppedinsteadoffurtherAndthentherewasanotheroccasionwhenacoupleinfluencersconvincedthegroupthataoftheirswas"highlycreative."Andeventhoughsomememberstriedtowarntherestofthegroupthattheprojectwasmovingindirectionsthatmightnotwork,theywerebasicallyignoredbyothergroupmembers.Canyouguesstheendingtothisstory?Whentheprojectfailed,theblameplacedonallthemembersoftheRembrandtisthemostfamousoftheseventeenth-centuryDutchpainters.However,therearedoubtswhethersomepaintingsattributedtoRembrandtwereactuallypaintedbyhim.OnesuchpaintingisknownasattributedtoRembrandtbecauseofitsstyle,andindeedtherepresentationofthewoman’sfaceisverymuchlikethatofportraitsknowntobebyRembrandt.ButthereproblemswiththepaintingthatsuggestitcouldnotbeaworkbyFirst,thereissomethinginconsistentaboutthewaythewomanintheportraitisdressed.Shewearingawhitelinencapofakindthatonlyservantswouldwear-yetthecoatsheiswearinghasaluxuriousfurcollarthatnoservantcouldafford.Rembrandt,whowasknownforhistothedetailsofhissubjects’clothing,wouldnothavebeenguiltyofsuchanSecond,Rembrandtwasamasterofpaintinglightandshadow,butinthispaintingelementsdonotfittogether.Thefaceappearstobeilluminatedbylightreflectedontoitfrombelow.Butbelowthefaceisthedarkfurcollar,whichwouldabsorblightratherthanreflectit.Sothefaceshouldappearpartiallyinshadow-whichisnothowitappears.RembrandtwouldhavemadesuchanFinally,examinationofthebackofthepaintingrevealsthatitwaspaintedonapanelmadeseveralpiecesofwoodseveralpiecesofwoodgluedtogether.AlthoughRembrandtoftenpaintedonwoodpanels,paintingknowntobebyRembrandtusesapanelgluedtogetherinthiswayfromseveralpieceswood.ForthesereasonsthepaintingwasremovedfromtheofficialcatalogofpaintingsintheEverythingyoujustreadabout"PortraitofanElderlyWomaninaWhiteBonnet"istrue,andyetafterathoroughre-examinationofthepainting,apanelofexpertshasrecentlyconcludedthatindeedaworkbyRembrandt.HereisFirst,thefurcollar.X-raysandanalysisofthepigmentsinthepainthaveshownthatthefurwasn'tpartoftheoriginalpainting.Thefurcollarwaspaintedoverthetopoftheoriginalpaintingaboutahundredyearsafterthepaintingwasmade.Why?SomeoneprobablywantedtothevalueofthepaintingbymakingitlooklikeaformalportraitofanaristocraticSecond,thesupposederrorwithlightandshadow.Oncethepaintoftheaddedfurcolorremoved,theoriginalpaintingcouldbeseen,intheoriginalpainting,thewomaniswearingasimplecollaroflight-coloredcloth.Thelight-coloredclothofthiscollarreflectslightthatilluminatespartofthewoman'sface.That'swhythefaceisnotinpartialshadow.Sointheoriginalpainting,lightandshadowareveryrealisticandjustwhatwewouldexpectfromFinally,thewoodpanel.Itturnsoutthatwhenthefurcollarwasadded,thewoodpanelwasenlargedwithextrawoodpiecesgluedtothesidesandthetoptomakethepaintingmoregrandandmorevaluable.Sotheoriginalpaintingisactuallypaintedonasinglepieceofwood,aswouldbeexpectedfromaRembrandtpainting.Andinfact,researchershavefoundthatthepieceofwoodintheoriginalformof"PortraitofanElderlyWomaninaWhiteBonnet"isfromtheverysametreeasthewoodpanelusedforanotherpaintingbyRembrandt,his"Self-portraitwithaEndothermsareanimalssuchasmodernbirdsandmammalsthatkeeptheirbodytemperaturesconstant.Forinstance,humansareendothermsandmaintainaninternaltemperatureof37°C,nomatterwhethertheenvironmentiswarmorcold.Becausedinosaurswerereptiles,andmodernreptilesarenotendotherms,itwaslongassumedthatdinosaurswerenotendotherms.However,dinosaursdifferinmanywaysfrommodemreptiles,andthereisnowconsiderableevidencedinosaurswere,infact,PolarOnereasonforbelievingthatdinosaurswereendothermsisthatdinosaurfossilshavediscoveredinPolarRegions.discoveredinPolarRegions.OnlyanimalsthatcanmaintainatemperaturewellabovethatofsurroundingenvironmentcouldbeactiveinsuchcoldLegpositionandThereisaconnectionbetweenendothermyandthepositionandmovementofthelegs.Thephysiologyofendothermyallowssustainedphysicalactivity,suchasrunning.Butrunningisefficientonlyifananimal'slegsarepositionedunderneathitsbody,notatthebody'ssides,astheyareforcrocodilesandmanylizards.Thelegsofallmodernendothermsareunderneaththeandsowerethelegsofdinosaurs.ThisstronglysuggeststhatdinosaurswereThereisalsoaconnectionbetweenendothermyandbonestructure.ThebonesofendothermsusuallyincludestructurescalledHaversiancanals.Thesecanalshousenervesandbloodvesselsthatallowthelivinganimaltogrowquickly,andrapidbodygrowthisinfactacharacteristicofendothermy.ThepresenceofHaversiancanalsinboneisastrongindicatorthattheanimalisanendotherm,andfossilizedbonesofdinosaursareusuallydensewithHaversianManyscientistshaveproblemswiththeargumentsyoureadinthepassage.Theydon'tthinkthoseargumentsprovethatdinosaurswereendotherms.Takethepolardinosaurargument.Whendinosaurslived,eventhePolarRegions,wherefossilshavebeenfound,weremuchwarmerthantoday,warmenoughduringpartoftheyearforanimalsthatwerenotendothermstolive.AndduringthemonthswhenthePolarRegionswerecold,theso-calledpolardinosaurscouldhavemigratedtowarmerareasorhibernatedlikemanymodernreptilesdo.SothepresenceofdinosaurfossilsinPolarRegionsdoesn'tprovethedinosaurswereWell,whataboutthefactthatdinosaurshavetheirlegsplacedundertheirbodies,notouttosidelikecrocodiles?Thatdoesn'tnecessarilymeandinosaurswerehigh-energyendothermsbuiltforrunning.Thereisanotherexplanationforhavinglegsunderthebody.Thisbodystructuresupportsmoreweight,sowiththelegsundertheirbodies,dinosaurscangrowtoaverylargesize.Beinglargehadadvantagesfordinosaurs,sowedon'tneedtheideaofendothermyandrunningtoexplainwhydinosaursevolvedtohavetheirlegsundertheirOk,sohowaboutbonestructure?ManydinosaurbonesdohaveHaversiancanals,that'sThedinosaurbonesalsohavegrowthrings.Growthringsarethickeningofthebonethatindicatesperiodsoftimewhenthedinosaursweren'trapidlygrowing.Thesegrowthringsareevidencethatdinosaursstoppedgrowingorgrewmoreslowlyduringcoolerperiods.Thispatternofperiodicgrowth,youknow,rapidgrowthfollowedbynogrowthorslowgrowth,andthenrapidgrowthagain,ischaracteristicofanimalsthatarenotendotherms.Animalsthatmaintainaconstanttemperatureyear-roundastrueendothermsdogrowrapidlyevenwhenAsearlyasthetwelfthcenturyA.D.,thesettlementsofChacoCanyoninNewMexicointheAmericanSouthwestwerenotablefortheir"greathouses",massivestonebuildingsthatcontainhundredsofroomsAsearlyasthetwelfthcenturyA.D.,thesettlementsofChacoCanyoninNewMexicointheAmericanSouthwestwerenotablefortheir"greathouses",massivestonebuildingsthatcontainhundredsofroomsandoftenstandthreeorfourstorieshigh.Archaeologistshavebeentryingtodeterminehowthebuildingswereused.Whilethereisstillnouniversallyagreeduponexplanation,therearethreecompetingOnetheoryholdsthattheChacostructureswerepurelyresidential,witheachhousingofpeople.SupportersofthistheoryhaveinterpretedChacogreathousesasearlierversionsofthearchitectureseeninmorerecentSouthwestsocieties.Inparticular,theChacohousesappearstrikinglysimilartothelarge,well-known"apartmentbuildings"atTaos,NewMexico,inmanypeoplehavebeenlivingforAsecondtheorycontendsthattheChacostructureswereusedtostorefoodsupplies.OneofmaincropsoftheChacopeoplewasgrainmaize,whichcouldbestoredforlongperiodsoftimewithoutspoilingandcouldserveasalong-lastingsupplyoffood.Thesuppliesofmaizehadtobestoredsomewhere,andthesizeofthegreathouseswouldmakethemverysuitableforAthirdtheoryproposesthathouseswereusedasceremonialcenters.Closetoonehouse,PuebloAlto,archaeologistsidentifiedanenormousmoundformedbyapileofoldmaterial.Excavationsofthemoundrevealeddepositscontainingasurprisinglylargenumberofbrokenpots.ThisfindinghasbeeninterpretedasevidencethatpeoplegatheredatPuebloAltoforspecialceremonies.Attheceremonies,theyatefestivemealsandthendiscardedthepotsinwhichthemealshadbeenpreparedorserved.SuchceremonieshavebeendocumentedforotherNativeAmericanUnfortunatelynoneoftheargumentsaboutwhattheChacogreathouseswereusedforisFirst,sure,fromtheoutside,thegreathouseslooklikelaterandNativeAmericanbuildings,buttheinsideofthegreathousescastsseriousdoubtontheideathatmanypeoplelivedthere.I'llexplain.Ifhundredsofpeoplewerelivinginthegreathouses,thentherewouldhavetobemanyfireplaces,whereeachfamilydiditsdailycooking,butthereareveryfewfireplaces.Inoneofthelargestgreathouses,therewerefireplacesforonlyaroundtenfamilies.Yettherewereenoughroomsinthegreathouseformorethanahundredfamilies,sotheprimaryfunctionofthehousescouldn'thavebeenSecond,theideaSecond,theideathatthegreathouseswereusedtostoregrainmaizeisunsupportedevidence.Itmaysoundplausiblethatlargeemptyroomswereusedforstorage,butexcavationsofthegreathouseshavenotuncoveredmanytracesofmaizeormaizecontainers.Ifthegreathouseswereusedforstorage,whyisn'ttheremorespilledmaizeonthefloor?Whyaren'ttheremoreremainsofbigThird,theideathatthegreathouseswereceremonialcentersisn'twellsupportedeither.knowthatmoundatPuebloAlto?Itcontainslotsofothermaterialsbesidesbrokenpots,stuffyouwouldn'texpectfromceremonies.Forexample,therearelargequantitiesofbuildingmaterials,sands,stones,evenconstructiontools.Thissuggeststhatthemoundisjustatrashheapofconstructionmaterial,stuffthatwasthrownawayornotusedupwhenahousewasbeingbuilt.Thepotsinthepilecouldberegulartrashtoo,leftoverfromthemealsoftheconstructionSothePuebloAltomoundisnotgoodevidencethatthegreathousesusedforspecialTPOCommunalonlineencyclopediasrepresentoneofthelatestresourcestobefoundontheInternet.Theyareinmanyrespectsliketraditionalprintedencyclopediascollectionsofarticlesonvarioussubjects.Whatisspecifictotheseonlineencyclopedias,however,isthatanyInternetusercancontributeanewarticleormakeaneditorialchangeinanexistingone.Asaresult,theencyclopediaisauthoredbythewholecommunityofInternetusers.Theideamightsoundattractive,butthecommunalonlineencyclopediashaveseveralimportantproblemsthatmakethemmuchlessvaluablethantraditional,printedFirst,contributorstoacommunalonlineencyclopediaoftenlackacademiccredentials,makingtheircontributionspartiallyinformedatbestanddownrightinaccurateinmanycases.TraditionalencyclopediasarewrittenbytrainedexpertswhoadheretostandardsofrigorthatnonspecialistscannotreallySecond,eveniftheoriginalentryintheonlineencyclopediaiscorrect,thecommunalnaturetheseonlineencyclopediasgivesunscrupuloususersandvandalsorhackerstheopportunitytofabricate,delete,andcorruptinformationintheencyclopedia.Oncechangeshavebeenmadetotheoriginaltext,anunsuspectingusercannottelltheentryhasbeentamperedwith.NoneofthisispossiblewithatraditionalThird,thecommunalencyclopediasfocustoofrequently,andintoogreatadepth,ontrivialpopulartopics,whichcreatesafalseimpressionofwhatisimportantandwhatisnot.Achilddoingresearchforaschoolprojectmaydiscoverthatamajorhistoricaleventreceivesasmuchattentioninanonlineencyclopediaas,say,asinglelong-runningtelevisionprogram.Thetraditionalencyclopediaprovidesaconsideredviewofwhattopicstoincludeorexcludeandcontainsaofproportionthatonline"democratic"communalencyclopediasdoThecommunalonlineencyclopediawillprobablyneverbeperfect,butthat'sasmallpricetopayforwhatThecommunalonlineencyclopediawillprobablyneverbeperfect,butthat'sasmallpricetopayforwhatitdoesoffer.ThecriticismsinthereadingarelargelytheresultofprejudiceagainstignoranceabouthowfaronlineencyclopediashaveFirst,errors.It'shardlyafaircriticismthatencyclopediasonlinehaveerrors.encyclopediashaveneverbeenclosetoperfectlyaccurate.Ifyouarelookingforareallycomprehensivereferenceworkwithoutanymistakes,youarenotgoingtofindit,onoroffline.Therealpointisthatit'seasyforerrorsinfactualmaterialtobecorrectedinanencyclopedia.Butwiththeprintedandboundencyclopedia,theerrorsremainforSecond,hacking.Onlineencyclopediashaverecognizedtheimportanceofprotectingarticlesfrommalicioushackers.Onestrategytheystartedusingistoputthecrucialfactsinthearticlesthatnobodydisputesinaread-onlyformat,whichisaformatthatnoonecanmakechangesto.Thatwayyouaremakingsurethatthecrucialfactsinthearticlesarereliable.Anotherstrategythat'sbeingusedistohavespecialeditorswhosejobistomonitorallchangesmadetothearticlesandeliminatethosechangesthatareclearlyThird,what'sworthknowingabout?Theproblemfortraditionalencyclopediasisthattheylimitedspace,sotheyhavetodecidewhat'simportantandwhat'snot.Andinpractice,thejudgmentsofthegroupofacademicsthatmakethesedecisionsdon'treflectthegreatrangeofintereststhatpeoplereallyhave.Butspaceisdefinitelynotanissueforonlineencyclopedias.Theacademicarticlesarestillrepresentedinonlineencyclopedias,buttherecanbeagreatvarietyofarticlesandtopicsthataccuratelyreflectthegreatdiversityofusers'interests.ThediversityofuseintopicsthatonlineencyclopediasofferisoneoftheirstrongestInanefforttoencourageecologicallysustainableforestrypractices,aninternationalorganizationstartedissuingcertificationstowoodcompaniesthatmeethighecologicalstandardsbyconservingresourcesandrecyclingmaterials.Companiesthatreceivethiscertificationcanattractcustomersbyadvertisingtheirproductsaseco-certified.Aroundtheworld,manywoodcompanieshaveadoptednew,ecologicallyfriendlypracticesinordertoreceiveeco-certification.However,itisunlikelythatwoodcompaniesintheUnitedStateswilldothesame,forseveralFirst,Americanconsumersareexposedtosomuchadvertisingthattheywouldnotvalueorpayattentiontotheeco-certificationlabel.Becausesomanymediocreproductsarelabeledorimproved,''AmericanconsumersdonotplacemuchtrustinadvertisingclaimsinSecond,eco-certifiedwoodwillSecond,eco-certifiedwoodwillbemoreexpensivethanuncertifiedwoodbecauseinorderearneco-certification,awoodcompanymustpaytohaveitsbusinessexaminedbyacertificationagency.Thisadditionalcostgetspassedontoconsumers.Americanconsumerstendtobestronglymotivatedbyprice,andthereforetheyarelikelytochoosecheaperuncertifiedwoodproducts.Accordingly,AmericanwoodcompanieswillprefertokeeptheirpriceslowratherthanobtainThird,althoughsomepeopleclaimthatitalwaysmakesgoodbusinesssenseforcompaniestokeepupwiththedevelopmentsintherestoftheworld,thisargumentisnotconvincing.PursuingcertificationwouldmakesenseforAmericanwoodcompaniesonlyiftheymarketedmostoftheirproductsabroad.Butthatisnotthecase—AmericanwoodbusinessessellmostoftheirproductsintheUnitedStates,cateringtoaverylargecustomerbasethatissatisfiedwiththeWell,despitewhatmanypeoplesay,thereisgoodreasontothinkthatmanyAmericancompanieswilleventuallyseekeco-certificationfortheirwoodFirstoff,consumersintheUnitedStatesdon'ttreatalladvertisingthesame.Theybetweenadvertisingclaimsthatcompaniesmakeabouttheirownproductsandclaimsmadebyindependentcertificationagencies.Americanshavealotofconfidenceinindependentconsumeragencies.Thus,ecologically-mindedAmericansarelikelytoreactveryfavorablytowoodproductsecologicallycertifiedbyanindependentorganizationwithaninternationalreputationforSecondpoint,ofcourseit’struethatAmericanconsumerscarealotaboutprice,whoButstudiesofhowconsumersmakedecisionsshowthatpricealonedeterminesconsumers'decisionsonlywhenthepriceofonecompetingproductismuchhigherorlowerthananother.Whenthepricedifferencebetweentwoproductsissmall,say,lessthan5percent,asisthecasewithcertifiedwood,Americansoftendochooseonfactorsotherthanprice.AndAmericansbecomingincreasinglyconvincedofthevalueofpreservingandprotectingtheAndthird,USWoodcompaniesshoulddefinitelypayattentiontowhat’sgoingoninthebusinessinternationally.Notbecauseofforeignconsumersbutbecauseofforeigncompetition.AsIjusttoldyou,thereisagoodchancethatmanyAmericanconsumerswillbeinterestedineco-certifiedproducts,andguesswhat?IfAmericancompaniesareslowcapturingthosecustomers,youcanbesurethatforeigncompanieswillsoonstartcrowdingintotheAmericanTowardtheendofhislife,theChevalierdeSeingalt(1725-1798)wrotealongmemoirhislifeandadventures.hislifeandadventures.TheChevalierwasasomewhatcontroversialfigure,butsincehemanyfamouspeople,includingkingsandwriters,hismemoirhasbecomeavaluablehistoricalsourceaboutEuropeansocietyintheeighteenthcentury.However,somecriticshaveraiseddoubtsabouttheaccuracyofthememoir.TheyclaimthattheChevalierdistortedormanyeventsinthememoirtomakehislifeseemmoreexcitingandglamorousthanitreallyForexample,inhismemoirtheChevalierclaimsthatwhilelivinginSwitzerland,hewaswealthy,anditisknownthathespentagreatdealofmoneythereonpartiesandgambling.However,evidencehasrecentlysurfacedthattheChevalierborrowedconsiderablesumsofmoneyfromaSwissmerchant.CriticsthusarguethatiftheChevalierhadreallybeenveryrich,wouldnothaveneededtoborrowCriticsarealsoskepticalabouttheaccuracyoftheconversationsthattheChevalierrecordsinmemoirbetweenhimselfandthefamouswriterVoltaire.NoonedoubtsthattheChevalierandVoltairemetandconversed.However,criticscomplainthatthememoircannotpossiblycapturetheseconversationsaccurately,becauseitwaswrittenmanyyearsaftertheconversationsoccurred.CriticspointoutthatitisimpossibletorememberexactphrasesfromextendedconversationsheldmanyyearsCriticshavealsoquestionedthememoir'saccountoftheChevalier'sescapefromaprisoninVenice,Italy.HeclaimstohaveescapedtheVenetianprisonbyusingapieceofmetaltomakeaholeintheceilingandclimbingthroughtheroof.Criticsclaimthatwhilesuchadaringescapemakesforenjoyablereading,itismorelikelythattheChevaliersjailerswerebribedtofreehim.TheypointoutthattheChevalierhadanumberofpoliticallywell-connectedfriendsinVenicewhocouldhaveofferedaNomemoircanpossiblybecorrectineverydetail,butstill,theChevalier'smemoirisprettyaccurateoverall,andis,byandlarge,areliablehistoricalsource.Let'slookattheaccuracyofthreeepisodesmentionedintheFirst,theloanfromthemerchant.Well,thatdoesn'tmeanthattheChevalierwaspoor.Letexplain.WeknowthatinSwitzerland,theChevalierspenthugeamountsofmoneyonpartiesandgambling,andhehadwealth.Butitwasakindofpropertyyouhavetosellfirsttogetmoney.Soitusuallytookafewdaystoconverthisassetsintoactualmoney.Sowhenheranoutofcash,hehadtoborrowsomewhilehewaswaitingforhismoneytoarrive,butthat'snotbeingSecond,theconversationswithVoltaire.TheChevalierstatesinhismemoirthateachimmediatelyafterconversingwithVoltaire,hewrotedowneverythinghecouldrememberaboutthatparticularnight'sconversation.EvidentlytheChevalierkepthisnotesoftheseconversationsformanyyearsandreferredtothemwhenwritingthememoir.WitnesseswholivedwiththeChevalierinhislaterlifeconfirmthatheregularlyconsultednotesandjournalswhentheThird,thetheThird,theChevalier'sescapefromaprisoninVenice.Otherprisonersinthatprisonhadmorepowerfulfriendsthanhedid,andnoneofthemwereeverabletobribetheirwaytofreedom,sobriberyhardlyseemslikelyinhiscase.Thebestevidence,though,comesfromsomeoldVenetiangovernmentdocuments.TheyindicatethatsoonaftertheChevalierescapedfromtheprison,theceilingofhisoldprisonroomhadtoberepaired.WhywouldtheyneedtorepairceilingunlesshehadescapedexactlyashesaidheCarmanufacturersandgovernmentshavebeeneagerlyseekingareplacementfortheautomobile'smainsourceofpower,theinternal-combustionengine.Byfarthemostpromisingalternativesourceofenergyforcarsisthehydrogen-basedfuel-cellengine氫燃料電池發(fā)動機,whichuseshydrogentocreateelectricitythat,inturn,powersthecar.Fuel-cellengineshaveOneofthemainproblemswiththeinternal-combustionengineisthatitreliesoneitherintheformofgasolineordieselfuel.Petroleumisafiniteresource;someday,wewillrunoutofoil.Thehydrogenneededforfuel-cellenginescannoteasilybedepleted.Hydrogencanbederivedfromvariousplentifulsources,includingnaturalgasandevenwater.Thefactfuel-cellenginesutilizeeasilyavailable,renewableresourcesmakesthemparticularlySecond,hydrogen-basedfuelcellsareattractivebecausetheywillsolvemanyoftheharms