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D13直播錄播觀看情況匯總修辭作用作業(yè)(100%)句子簡化作業(yè)(100%)句子插入作業(yè)(100%)主旨題作業(yè)(100%)考試流程/復(fù)習(xí)計劃完成率數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計完成率數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計作業(yè)完成情況修辭目的題作業(yè)解答句-句邏輯關(guān)系句-段邏輯關(guān)系段-段邏輯關(guān)系論點論據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系原因結(jié)果邏輯關(guān)系細(xì)節(jié)題經(jīng)典技巧例證/支持駁斥/反對邏輯/功能關(guān)鍵詞+邏輯/功能關(guān)鍵詞-考察段落結(jié)構(gòu)/主旨結(jié)構(gòu)式閱讀法經(jīng)典技巧考察2個段落結(jié)構(gòu)/主旨注意段落銜接–上段末
+下段首末信息的封裝–修辭目的必殺技A是如何作用于B的?Black–BoxBlack-Box汽車的作用是什么?汽車封裝用來路上跑界面接口修辭目的題界面/接口構(gòu)成:1:邏輯關(guān)鍵詞2:功能性關(guān)鍵詞3:邏輯+功能性關(guān)鍵詞界面/接口完備功能性:1:確定論點論據(jù)的角色2:確定論點論據(jù)正負(fù)邏輯Paragraph1:Inthestudyofperceptualabilitiesofinfants,anumberoftechniquesareusedtodetermineinfants'responsestovariousstimuli.Becausetheycannotverbalizeorfilloutquestionnaires,indirecttechniquesofnaturalisticobservationareusedastheprimarymeansofdeterminingwhatinfantscansee,hear,feel,andsoforth.Eachofthesemethodscomparesaninfant'sstatepriortotheintroductionofastimuluswithitsstateduringorimmediatelyfollowingthestimulus.Thedifferencebetweenthetwomeasuresprovidestheresearcherwithanindicationofthelevelanddurationoftheresponsetothestimulus.Forexample,ifauniformlymovingpatternofsomesortispassedacrossthevisualfieldofaneonate(newborn),repetitivefollowingmovementsoftheeyeoccur.Theoccurrenceoftheseeyemovementsprovidesevidencethatthemovingpatternisperceivedatsomelevelbythenewborn.Similarly,changesintheinfant'sgenerallevelofmotoractivity—turningthehead,blinkingtheeyes,crying,andsoforth—havebeenusedbyresearchersasvisualindicatorsoftheinfant'sperceptualabilities.(TPO-13-3-3)3.Whydoestheauthormentionrepetitivefollowingmovementsoftheeye?Toidentifyaresponsethatindicatesaneonate'sperceptionofastimulusToexplainwhyaneonateiscapableofrespondingtostimulionlythroughrepetitivemovementsToarguethatmotoractivityinaneonatemayberandomandunrelatedtostimuliToemphasizethatresponsestostimulivaryininfantsaccordingtoage
Paragraph1:Inthestudyofperceptualabilitiesofinfants,anumberoftechniquesareusedtodetermineinfants'responsestovariousstimuli.Becausetheycannotverbalizeorfilloutquestionnaires,indirecttechniquesofnaturalisticobservationareusedastheprimarymeansofdeterminingwhatinfantscansee,hear,feel,andsoforth.Eachofthesemethodscomparesaninfant'sstatepriortotheintroductionofastimuluswithitsstateduringorimmediatelyfollowingthestimulus.Thedifferencebetweenthetwomeasuresprovidestheresearcherwithanindicationofthelevelanddurationoftheresponsetothestimulus.Forexample,ifauniformlymovingpatternofsomesortispassedacrossthevisualfieldofaneonate(newborn),repetitivefollowingmovementsoftheeyeoccur.Theoccurrenceoftheseeyemovementsprovidesevidencethatthemovingpatternisperceivedatsomelevelbythenewborn.Similarly,changesintheinfant'sgenerallevelofmotoractivity—turningthehead,blinkingtheeyes,crying,andsoforth—havebeenusedbyresearchersasvisualindicatorsoftheinfant'sperceptualabilities.(TPO-13-3-3)3.Whydoestheauthormentionrepetitivefollowingmovementsoftheeye?Toidentifyaresponsethatindicatesaneonate'sperceptionofastimulusToexplainwhyaneonateiscapableofrespondingtostimulionlythroughrepetitivemovements(過于絕對)Toarguethatmotoractivityinaneonatemayberandomandunrelatedtostimuli(邏輯分割+線性原則)Toemphasizethatresponsestostimulivaryininfantsaccordingtoage(無中生有)
P2:Allopatricspeciationmaybethemainspeciationroute.Thisshouldnotbesurprising,sinceallopatryisprettycommon.Ingeneral,thesubpopulationsofmostspeciesareseparatedfromeachotherbysomemeasurabledistance.Soevenundernormalsituationsthegeneflowamongthesubpopulationsismoreofanintermittenttricklethanasteadystream.Inaddition,barrierscanrapidlyariseandshutoffthetrickle.Forexample,inthe1800samonstrousearthquakechangedthecourseoftheMississippiRiver,alargeriverflowinginthecentralpartoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thechangeseparatedpopulationsofinsectsnowlivingalongoppositeshore,completelycuttingoffgeneflowbetweenthem.(TPO-31-1-5)5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthormentionthatsomeinsectpopulationswereseparatedfromeachotherbyachangeinthecourseofMississippiRivercausedbyanearthquake?
○Tomakethepointthatsomekindofphysicalbarrierseparatesthesubpopulationsofmostspecies○Tosupporttheclaimthattheconditionofallopatrycansometimesariseinashorttime○Toprovideanexampleofasituationinwhichgeneflowamongthesubpopulationsofaspecieshappensataslowrate○ToexplaininsectslivingalongoppositeshoresoftheMississippiRiverareverydifferentfromeachother
P2:Allopatricspeciationmaybethemainspeciationroute.Thisshouldnotbesurprising,sinceallopatryisprettycommon.Ingeneral,thesubpopulationsofmostspeciesareseparatedfromeachotherbysomemeasurabledistance.Soevenundernormalsituationsthegeneflowamongthesubpopulationsismoreofanintermittenttricklethanasteadystream.Inaddition,barrierscanrapidlyariseandshutoffthetrickle.Forexample,inthe1800samonstrousearthquakechangedthecourseoftheMississippiRiver,alargeriverflowinginthecentralpartoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thechangeseparatedpopulationsofinsectsnowlivingalongoppositeshore,completelycuttingoffgeneflowbetweenthem.(TPO-31-1-5)5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthormentionthatsomeinsectpopulationswereseparatedfromeachotherbyachangeinthecourseofMississippiRivercausedbyanearthquake?
○Tomakethepointthatsomekindofphysicalbarrierseparatesthesubpopulationsofmostspecies(就近原則)○Tosupporttheclaimthattheconditionofallopatrycansometimesariseinashorttime○Toprovideanexampleofasituationinwhichgeneflowamongthesubpopulationsofaspecieshappensataslowrate(就近原則+邏輯分割)○Toexplaininsects
livingalongoppositeshoresoftheMississippiRiverareverydifferentfromeachother(線性原則)
Paragraph3:Thismodeofcraftproductionfavoredthegrowthofself-governingandideologicallyegalitariancraftguildseverywhereintheMiddleEasterncity.Thesewereessentiallyprofessionalassociationsthatprovidedforthemutualaidandprotectionoftheirmembers,andallowedforthemaintenanceofprofessionalstandards.Thegrowthofindependentguildswasfurtheredbythefactthatsurpluswasnotaresultofdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfrominternationaltrading;thegovernmentleftworkingpeopletogovernthemselves,muchasshepherdsoftribalconfederacieswereleftalonebytheirleaders.Inthemultiplicityofsmall-scalelocalegalitarianorquasi-egalitarianorganizationsforfellowship,worship,andproductionthatflourishedinthislaissez-faireenvironment,individualscouldinteractwithoneanotherwithinacommunityofharmonyandideologicalequality,followingtheirownpopularlyelectedleadersandgoverningthemselvesbysharedconsensuswhileminimizingdistinctionsofwealthandpower.(TPO-16-1-4)4.Theauthorincludestheinformationthatsurpluswasnotaresultofdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfrominternationaltradinginordertosupporttheclaimthatthemodeofproductionmadepossiblebythecraftguildsverygoodfortradecontrasttheeconomicbaseofthecitygovernmentwiththatofthetribalconfederaciesprovideareasonwhythegovernmentallowedtheguildstobeself-controlledsuggestthatthegovernmentwasmissingoutonavaluableopportunitytotaxtheguilds
Paragraph3:Thismodeofcraftproductionfavoredthegrowthofself-governingandideologicallyegalitariancraftguildseverywhereintheMiddleEasterncity.Thesewereessentiallyprofessionalassociationsthatprovidedforthemutualaidandprotectionoftheirmembers,andallowedforthemaintenanceofprofessionalstandards.Thegrowthofindependentguildswasfurthered
bythefact
thatsurpluswasnotaresultofdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfrominternationaltrading;thegovernmentleftworkingpeopletogovernthemselves,muchasshepherdsoftribalconfederacieswereleftalonebytheirleaders.Inthemultiplicityofsmall-scalelocalegalitarianorquasi-egalitarianorganizationsforfellowship,worship,andproductionthatflourishedinthislaissez-faireenvironment,individualscouldinteractwithoneanotherwithinacommunityofharmonyandideologicalequality,followingtheirownpopularlyelectedleadersandgoverningthemselvesbysharedconsensuswhileminimizingdistinctionsofwealthandpower.(TPO-16-1-4)4.Theauthorincludestheinformationthatsurpluswasnotaresultofdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfrominternationaltradinginordertosupporttheclaimthatthemodeofproductionmadepossiblebythecraftguildsverygoodfortrade(就近原則)
contrast
theeconomicbaseofthecitygovernmentwiththatofthetribalconfederacies(邏輯矛盾)provideareasonwhythegovernmentallowedtheguildstobeself-controlledsuggestthatthegovernmentwasmissingoutonavaluableopportunitytotax
theguilds(邏輯矛盾)
Paragraph5:Thepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializationoreconomicgrowth.Thenineteenthcenturypassedrelativelypeacefullyforthesecountries,withprogressivedemocratizationtakingplaceinallofthem.Theywerereasonablywellgoverned,withoutnotablecorruptionorgrandiosestateprojects,althoughinallofthemthegovernmentgavesomeaidtorailways,andinSwedenthestatebuiltthemainlines.Assmallcountriesdependentonforeignmarkets,theyfollowedaliberaltradepolicyinthemain,thoughaprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden.InDenmarkandSwedenagriculturalreformstookplacegraduallyfromthelateeighteenthcenturythroughthefirsthalfofthenineteenth,resultinginanewclassofpeasantlandownerswithadefinitemarketorientation.(TPO-18-1-9)9.Theauthorincludestheinformationthat“aprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden”inordertosupporttheclaimthatthepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializationoreconomicgrowthB.identifyanexceptiontothegeneraltrendfavoringliberaltradepolicyC.explainwhySwedenindustrializedlessquicklythantheotherScandinaviancountriesandNetherlandsD.provideevidencethatagriculturalreformstakeplacemorequicklyincountriesthathavealiberaltradepolicythaninthosethatdonotParagraph5:Thepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializationoreconomicgrowth.Thenineteenthcenturypassedrelativelypeacefullyforthesecountries,withprogressivedemocratizationtakingplaceinallofthem.Theywerereasonablywellgoverned,withoutnotablecorruptionorgrandiosestateprojects,althoughinallofthemthegovernmentgavesomeaidtorailways,andinSwedenthestatebuiltthemainlines.Assmallcountriesdependentonforeignmarkets,theyfollowedaliberaltradepolicyinthemain,though
aprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden.InDenmarkandSwedenagriculturalreformstookplacegraduallyfromthelateeighteenthcenturythroughthefirsthalfofthenineteenth,resultinginanewclassofpeasantlandownerswithadefinitemarketorientation.(TPO-18-1-9)9.Theauthorincludestheinformationthat“aprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden”inordertosupporttheclaimthatthepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializationoreconomicgrowth(邏輯矛盾+就近原則)B.identifyanexceptiontothegeneraltrendfavoringliberaltradepolicyC.explainwhySwedenindustrializedlessquicklythantheotherScandinaviancountriesandNetherlands(無否定)D.provideevidencethatagriculturalreformstakeplacemorequicklyincountriesthathavealiberaltradepolicy
thaninthosethatdonot(邏輯矛盾+線性原則)P2:Savannastypicallyexperiencearatherprolongeddryseason.Onetheorybehindsavannaformationisthatwetforestspeciesareunabletowithstandthedryseason,andthussavanna,ratherthanrainforest,isfavoredonthesite.Savannasexperienceanannualrainfallofbetween1,000and2,000millimeters,mostofitfallinginafive-toeight-monthwetseason.Thoughplentyofrainmayfallonasavannaduringtheyear,foratleastpartoftheyearlittledoes,creatingthedroughtstressultimatelyfavoringgrasses.SuchconditionsprevailthroughoutmuchofnorthernSouthAmericaandCuba,butmanyCentralAmericansavannasaswellascoastalareasofBrazilandtheislandofTrinidaddonotfitthispattern.Intheseareas,rainfallpermonthexceedsthatintheabovedefinition,sootherfactorsmustcontributetosavannaformation.(TPO-31-3-2)2.Inparagraph2,theauthormentionssavannasinCentralAmerica,Brazil,andtheislandofTrinidadinorderto:
○arguethatthesesavannasaresimilartothoseinSouthAmericaandCuba○pointoutexceptionstothepatternofsavannaformationinareaswithdroughtstress○provideadditionalexamplesofsavannasinareaswithfive-to-eight-monthwetseasons○indicateareaswheresavannasarebeinggraduallyreplacedbyrainforestsP2:Savannastypicallyexperiencearatherprolongeddryseason.Onetheorybehindsavannaformationisthatwetforestspeciesareunabletowithstandthedryseason,andthussavanna,ratherthanrainforest,isfavoredonthesite.Savannasexperienceanannualrainfallofbetween1,000and2,000millimeters,mostofitfallinginafive-toeight-monthwetseason.Thoughplentyofrainmayfallonasavannaduringtheyear,foratleastpartoftheyearlittledoes,creatingthedroughtstressultimatelyfavoringgrasses.SuchconditionsprevailthroughoutmuchofnorthernSouthAmericaandCuba,but
manyCentralAmericansavannasaswellascoastalareasofBrazilandtheislandofTrinidad
donotfitthispattern.Intheseareas,rainfallpermonthexceedsthatintheabovedefinition,sootherfactorsmustcontributetosavannaformation.(TPO-31-3-2)2.Inparagraph2,theauthormentionssavannasinCentralAmerica,Brazil,andtheislandofTrinidadinorderto:
○arguethatthesesavannasaresimilartothoseinSouthAmericaandCuba(邏輯矛盾)○pointoutexceptionstothepatternofsavannaformationinareaswithdroughtstress○provideadditionalexamplesofsavannasinareaswithfive-to-eight-monthwetseasons(邏輯矛盾+就近+邏輯分割)○indicateareaswheresavannasarebeinggraduallyreplacedbyrainforests(就近原則+邏輯分割)paragraph1Dinosaursrapidlybecameextinctabout65millionyearsagoaspartofamassextinctionknownastheK-Tevent,becauseitisassociatedwithageologicalsignatureknownastheK-Tboundary,usuallyathinbandofsedimentationfoundinvariouspartsoftheworld(KisthetraditionalabbreviationfortheCretaceous,derivedfromtheGermannameKreidezeit).Manyexplanationshavebeenproposedforwhydinosaursbecameextinct.Forexample,somehaveblameddinosaurextinctiononthedevelopmentoffloweringplants,whichweresupposedlymoredifficulttodigestandcouldhavecausedconstipationorindigestion—exceptthatfloweringplantsfirstevolvedintheEarlyCretaceous,about60millionyearsbeforethedinosaursdiedout.Infact,severalscientistshavesuggestedthattheduckbilldinosaursandhomeddinosaurs,withtheircomplexbatteryofgrindingteeth,evolvedtoexploitthisnewresourceofrapidlygrowingfloweringplantsOthershaveblamedextinctiononcompetitionfromthemammals,whichallegedlyateallthedinosaureggs—exceptthatmammalsanddinosaursappearedatthesametimeintheLateTriassic,about190millionyearsago,andthereisnoreasontobelievethatmammalssuddenlyacquiredatastefordinosaureggsafter120millionyearsofcoexistence.Someexplanations(suchastheonestatingthatdinosaursalldiedofdiseases)failbecausethereisnowaytoscientificallytestthem,andtheycannotmovebeyondtherealmofspeculationandguesswork.(TPO-42-2-1)1.Inparagraph1,whydoestheauthorincludeadiscussionofwhenfloweringplantsevolved?
A.TohelpexplainwhysomescientistsbelievethatthedevelopmentoffloweringplantsledtodinosaurextinctionB.TocastdoubtonthetheorythatthedevelopmentoffloweringplantscauseddinosaurstoeextinctC.TosuggestthatdinosaurswereabletosurviveforaslongastheydidbecauseoftheavailabilityoffloweringplantsD.Toemphasizethatduckbilldinosaursandhorneddinosaurswerethefirstdinosaurstoeextinct
paragraph1Dinosaursrapidlybecameextinctabout65millionyearsagoaspartofamassextinctionknownastheK-Tevent,becauseitisassociatedwithageologicalsignatureknownastheK-Tboundary,usuallyathinbandofsedimentationfoundinvariouspartsoftheworld(KisthetraditionalabbreviationfortheCretaceous,derivedfromtheGermannameKreidezeit).Manyexplanationshavebeenproposedforwhydinosaursbecameextinct.Forexample,somehaveblameddinosaurextinctiononthedevelopmentoffloweringplants,whichweresupposedlymoredifficulttodigestandcouldhavecausedconstipationorindigestion—exceptthatfloweringplantsfirstevolvedintheEarlyCretaceous,about60millionyearsbeforethedinosaursdiedout.Infact,severalscientistshavesuggestedthattheduckbilldinosaursandhomeddinosaurs,withtheircomplexbatteryofgrindingteeth,evolvedtoexploitthisnewresourceofrapidlygrowingfloweringplantsOthershaveblamedextinctiononcompetitionfromthemammals,whichallegedlyateallthedinosaureggs—exceptthatmammalsanddinosaursappearedatthesametimeintheLateTriassic,about190millionyearsago,andthereisnoreasontobelievethatmammalssuddenlyacquiredatastefordinosaureggsafter120millionyearsofcoexistence.Someexplanations(suchastheonestatingthatdinosaursalldiedofdiseases)failbecausethereisnowaytoscientificallytestthem,andtheycannotmovebeyondtherealmofspeculationandguesswork.(TPO-42-2-1)1.Inparagraph1,whydoestheauthorincludeadiscussionofwhenfloweringplantsevolved?
A.TohelpexplainwhysomescientistsbelievethatthedevelopmentoffloweringplantsledtodinosaurextinctionB.TocastdoubtonthetheorythatthedevelopmentoffloweringplantscauseddinosaurstoeextinctC.TosuggestthatdinosaurswereabletosurviveforaslongastheydidbecauseoftheavailabilityoffloweringplantsD.Toemphasizethatduckbilldinosaursandhorneddinosaurswerethefirstdinosaurstoeextinct
P1:IntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschangedinthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpeoplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomedtohouseholdautonomyandtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosintroducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.(TPO-24-3-4)4.Whichofthefollowingbestindicatestheorganizationofparagraph1?
○Itpresentstheconditionsthatcausedachangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenexplainswhythoseconditionsgotworse.○Itidentifiescertainpresent-dayculturaltraditionsandrulesandthentracesthemtotheirrootsinthethirteenthcentury.○Itcastsdoubtononeexplanationofthemovetopueblosandthenintroducesanalternativeexplanationthatthepassagewilldefend.○Itdescribesamajorchangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenpresentsanumberofproblemsthatresultedfromthatchange.
P1:IntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschanged
inthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpeoplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomed
tohouseholdautonomyandtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosintroducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.(TPO-24-3-4)4.Whichofthefollowingbestindicatestheorganizationofparagraph1?
○Itpresentstheconditionsthatcausedachangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenexplainswhythoseconditionsgotworse.(少problem)○Itidentifiescertainpresent-dayculturaltraditionsandrulesandthentracesthemtotheirrootsinthethirteenthcentury.(少change,少problem)○Itcastsdoubt
ononeexplanationofthemovetopueblosandthenintroducesanalternative
explanationthatthepassagewilldefend.(邏輯矛盾,少change,少problem)○Itdescribesamajorchangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenpresentsanumberofproblemsthatresultedfromthatchange.
P3:Theburningoffuel,suchasbycars,isnottheonlysourceofthisincreasedheat.Twootherfactorscontributetothehigheroveralltemperatureincities.Thefirstistheheatcapacityofthematerialsthatconstitutethecity,whichistypicallydominatedbyconcreteandasphalt.Duringtheday,heatfromtheSuncanbeconductedintothesematerialsandstored—tobereleasedatnight.Butinthecountrysidematerialshaveasignificantlylowerheatcapacitybecauseavegetativeblanketpreventsheatfromeasilyflowingintoandoutoftheground.ThesecondfactoristhatradiantheatcomingintothecityfromtheSunistrappedintwoways:(1)byacontinuingseriesofreflectionamongthenumerousverticalsurfacesthatbuildingspresentand(2)bythedustdome,thecloudlikelayerofpollutedairthatmostcitiesproduce.ShortwaveradiationfromtheSunpassesthroughthepollutiondomemoreeasilythanoutgoinglongwaveradiationdoes;thelatterisabsorbedbythegaseouspollutantsofthedomeandreradiatedbacktotheurbansurface.(TPO-23-1-6)6.Howisparagraph3organized?
○Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandthenprovidestwocausesforthesecondfactor.○Itdescribestwocausesdiscoveredinanearlyanalysisoftheincreasedheatofcities.○Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandtwootherfactorsthatworkagainstit.○Itdescribestwowell-establishedcausesoftheincreasedheatofcitiesandothertwowhoserolesarelesswellunderstood.P3:Theburningoffuel,suchasbycars,isnottheonlysourceofthisincreasedheat.Twootherfactors
contributetothehigheroveralltemperatureincities.Thefirstis
theheatcapacityofthematerialsthatconstitutethecity,whichistypicallydominatedbyconcreteandasphalt.Duringtheday,heatfromtheSuncanbeconductedintothesematerialsandstored—tobereleasedatnight.Butinthecountrysidematerialshaveasignificantlylowerheatcapacitybecauseavegetativeblanketpreventsheatfromeasilyflowingintoandoutoftheground.ThesecondfactoristhatradiantheatcomingintothecityfromtheSunistrappedintwoways:(1)
byacontinuingseriesofreflectionamongthenumerousverticalsurfacesthatbuildingspresentand(2)bythedustdome,thecloudlikelayerofpollutedairthatmostcitiesproduce.ShortwaveradiationfromtheSunpassesthroughthepollutiondomemoreeasilythanoutgoinglongwaveradiationdoes;thelatterisabsorbedbythegaseouspollutantsofthedomeandreradiatedbacktotheurbansurface.(TPO-23-1-6)6.Howisparagraph3organized?
○Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandthenprovidestwo
causes
forthesecondfactor.○Itdescribestwocausesdiscoveredinanearlyanalysisoftheincreasedheatofcities.○Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandtwootherfactorsthatworkagainstit.○Itdescribestwowell-establishedcausesoftheincreasedheatofcitiesandothertwowhoserolesarelesswellunderstood.修辭目的題作業(yè)補(bǔ)充解答Paragraph2:Whencrayfisharekeptcontinuouslyinthedark,evenforfourtofivemonths,theircompoundeyescontinuetoadjustonadailyschedulefordaytimeandnighttimevision.Horseshoecrabskeptinthedarkcontinuouslyforayearwerefoundtomaintainapersistentrhythmofbrainactivitythatsimilarlyadaptstheireyesonadailyscheduleforbrightorforweaklight.Likealmostalldailycyclesofanimalsdeprivedofenvironmentalcues,thosemeasuredforthehorseshoecrabsintheseconditionswerenotexactly24hours.Sucharhythmwhoseperiodisapproximately—butnotexactly—adayiscalledcircadian.Fordifferentindividualhorseshoecrabs,thecircadianperiodrangedfrom22.2t
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