計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)第三版Unit

ComputerProfessionalEnglishThirdEditionUnit目錄CourseIntroductionandLearningObjectivesFundamentalsofComputerHardwareFundamentalsofComputerSoftware目錄NetworkCommunicationandInternetApplicationsDatastructureandalgorithmanalysis01CourseIntroductionandLearningObjectivesToprovidestudentswithasolidfoundationincomputerscienceterminologyandconceptsinEnglishToenhancestudents'abilitytoread,write,andcommunicateeffectivelyinEnglishinthefieldofcomputerscienceTopreparestudentsforinternationalcollaborationandcommunicationintheglobalcomputerscienceindustryPurposeofComputerProfessionalEnglishCourseUpdatedcontentreflectingthelatesttrendsanddevelopmentsincomputerscienceEnhancedfocusonpracticalapplicationsandrealworldexamplesInclusionofnewtopicssuchasartificialintelligence,machinelearning,andcybersecurityImprovedlanguageandgrammartofacilitateeasierunderstandingandlearning01020304CharacteristicsandupdatesofthethirdeditionoftextbooksMasterthefundamentalconceptsandterminologyofcomputerscienceinEnglishDeveloptheabilitytoreadandunderstandtechnicaldocuments,researchpapers,andsoftwaredocumentationinEnglishEnhancewritingskillstoproductclear,condition,andtechnicallyaccuratereportsandpresentationsinEnglishImprovelisteningandspeakingskillstoparticleeffectivelyinmeetings,conferences,andotherprofessionalinteractionsinEnglishGainanunderstandingofculturaldifferencesandcommunicationstylesintheglobalcomputerscienceindustrytoenhanceinternationalcollaboration0102030405Learningobjectivesandrequirements02FundamentalsofComputerHardwareConnectallothercomponentsandprovidethemaininterfacebetweentheCPU,memory,andperipheralsMotherboardConvertsACpowerfromthewalloutlettoDCpowerforthecomputer'sinternalcomponentsPowersupplyExecutesprograminstructionsandperformancecalculationsProcessor(CPU)TemporarilystoresdataandprograminstructionsforquickaccessbytheCPUMemory(RAM)Permanentlystoredataandprograms,evenwhenthecomputeristurnedoffStoragedevices0201030405ComputercompositionandstructureACPUchipthatcontainsmillsoftransformersandcanperformbillsofcalculationspersecondMicroprocessorMeasureingigahertz(GHz)anddeterminehowfasttheCPUcanexecuteinstructionsClockspeedMultipleprocessingunitsonasingleCPUchipthatcanhandlemultipletaskssimultaneouslyCoresAsmallamountofhighspeedmemorybuildintotheCPUforstoringfrequentlyaccesseddataandinstructionsCachememoryCentralProcessingUnit(CPU)StoresdataonmagneticplatesthatspinathighspeedsHarddiskdrive(HDD)Solidstatedrive(SSD)OpticaldrivesUSBflashdrivesUseflashmemorychipstostoredataandoffersfasterread/writespeedsthanHDDsReadandwritedatatoCDs,DVDs,andBluraydiscsusinglasersPortablestoragedevicesthatplugintoUSBportsandcanbeusedtotransferfilesbetweencomputersStoragedevicesandtechnologyKeyboardMouseMonitorPrintInput/outputdevices01020304AllowuserstoentertextandcommandsintothecomputerUsedtonavigatethecomputer'sgraphicaluserinterface(GUI)andselectoptionsDisplaythecomputer'soutput,includingtext,images,andvideosOutputshardcopiesofdocumentsandimagesfromthecomputer03FundamentalsofComputerSoftwareOverviewandfunctionsoftheoperatingsystem01Providesauserinterfacetocontactwiththecomputerhardwareandsoftware02Managecomputerresourcessuchasmemory,processor,andstorage03Ensuresthesecurityandstabilityofthesystembycontrollingaccesstoresourcesandpreventingunauthorizedactivities04SupportsvariousapplicationsandservicesbyprovidingaplatformfortheirexecutionProgramminglanguagesareusedtowritecomputerprogramsthatcanperformspecifictasksorfunctionsThesoftwaredevelopmentprocesstypicallyincludesrequirementsanalysis,design,implementation,testing,andmaintenancephasesProgrammingtoolsandframeworkscanhelpdeveloperswritecodemoreeffectivelyandreduceerrorsTherearedifferenttypesofprogramminglanguages,suchasprocedural,objectoriented,andfunctional,eachwithitsownsyntaxandrulesProgrammingLanguageandSoftwareDevelopmentProcessADBMSisasoftwaresystemthatallowsuserstodefine,create,maintain,andcontrolaccesstoadatabaseDBMSssupportmultipleusersandenableconcurrentaccesstothedatabaseItprovidesawaytoorganize,store,andretrievedatainastructuredformatTheyalsoprovidesecurityfeaturessuchasencryptionandaccesscontrolstoprotectsensitivedataDatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)Networksecurityreferstothepracticesandpoliciesadoptedtopreventunauthorizedaccess,misuse,modification,ordestructionofcomputernetworksandnetworkaccessibleresourcesProtectionstrategiesincludefirewalls,antivirussoftware,encryptiontechnologies,andsecureprotocolssuchasSSLandHTTPSRegularsecurityauditsandmonitoringhelpidentifyvulnerabilityandthreatspromptlyUsereducationandawarenessarecriticalinmaintainingnetworksecurityastheyarebothoftheweakestlinkinthesecuritychainNetworkSecurityandProtectionStrategies04NetworkCommunicationandInternetApplicationsOSIModel:AconceptualmodelthatcharacterizesandstandardizesthecommunicationfunctionsofatelecommunicationsorcomputingsystemwithoutboardtotheirunderlyinginternalstructureandtechnologyPrinciplesofNetworkCommunicationandProtocolStackStructure03DataEncapsulationAmethodofcombiningtheheaderanddatainformationinaunitcalledaprotocoldataunit(PDU)01TCP/IPModelAsuiteofprotocolsusedfornetworkingandtoprovideascalable,robust,andsecurenetwork02ProtocolStackAsetofprotocolsworkingtogethertoprovidecommunicationservicesPrinciplesofNetworkCommunicationandProtocolStackStructureLAN(LocalAreaNetwork)01Anetworkthatconnectscomputersanddevicesinalimitedgeographicareasuchasahome,school,orofficebuildingWAN(WideAreaNetwork)02AnetworkthatcoversabroadareaandallowsthesharingofinformationbetweencomputersInternetAccessTechnologies03Technologiesthatallowcomputerstoconnecttotheinternet,includingdial-up,DSL,cablemode,fiber,satellite,andwirelessLAN,WAN,andInternetaccesstechnologiesSocialNetworkingOnlineplatformsthatallowindividualstocreateapublicprofile,shareinformation,andconnectwithothersAwayforindividualstosharetheirthoughtsandexperienceswithawideaudiencethroughanonlinejournalAformofbloggingthatallowsuserstopostshortmessages,or"microblogs,"totheirfollowersTheuseofsocialmediaplatformstopromoteaproductorserviceBloggingMicrobloggingSocialMediaMarketingSocialmediaapplicationsintheWeb2.0eraCloudComputing:Amodelforenablingubiquitous,convenient,on-demandnetworkaccesstoasharedpoolofconfiguredcomputingresources(e.g.,networks,servers,storage,applications,andservices)thatcanbequicklyprovisionedandreleasedwithminimalmanagementeffortorserviceproviderinteractionBigData:Extremelylargedatasetsthatmaybeanalyzedcomputationallytoreviewpatterns,trends,andassociations,specificallyrelatedtohumanbehaviorandinteractionsArtisticIntelligence:Thetheoryanddevelopmentofcomputersystemscanperformtasksnormallyrequiringhumanintelligence,suchasvisualperception,speechrecognition,decisionmaking,andtranslationbetweenlanguagesTheDevelopmentTrendsofCloudComputing,BigData,andArtisticIntelligence05DatastructureandalgorithmanalysisLinearTable:AlineartableisadatastructurethatpresentselementsinasequentialmanualItprovideseffectiveaccesstoelementsbasedontheirpositioninthetableCommonoperationsonlineartablesincludeinsertion,deletion,andsearchingStack:Astackisalastin,firstout(LIFO)datastructurethatallowselementstobeaddedandremovedfromthesameend,calledthetopStacksareusefulforalgorithmsthatrequiretheorderofelementsorforimplementingfunctioncallsinaprogramminglanguageQueue:Aqueueisafirstin,firstout(FIFO)datastructurethatallowselementstobeaddedatoneend,calledthereal,andremovedfromtheotherend,calledthefrontQueuesareusefulformanagingtasksoreventsinaspecificorder,suchasprintingdocumentsorservingcustomersBasicdatastructuressuchaslineartables,stacks,andqueuesTreeAtreeisahierarchicaldatastructurethatconsistencyofnodesconnectedbyedgesEachnodeinatreehaszeroormorechildnodes,andexactlyoneparentnode(exceptfortherootnode,whichhasnoparent)TreesareusefulforrepresentinghierarchicaldataorforimplementingeffectivesearchandsortalgorithmsGraphAgraphisadatastructurethatconsistencyofnodes(vertices)connectedbyedgesUnliketrees,graphscanhavecyclesandmultiplepathsbetweennodesGraphsareusefulforrepresentingnetworks,suchassocialnet