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ComputerNetworkandInternet(English)ChapFundamentalsofComputerNetworksInternetFundamentalsTheconnectionbetweencomputernetworksandtheinternetApplicationTechnologyofComputerNetworksandtheInternet目錄TheFutureDevelopmentofComputerNetworksandtheInternet目錄01FundamentalsofComputerNetworksDevelopmentComputernetworkshaveevolvedfromsimplelocalareanetworks(LANs)towideareanetworks(WANs)andtheglobalInternetDefinitionAcomputernetworkisagroupofinterconnectedcomputersthatcanexchangedataandshareresourcesKeyMilestonesARPANET,TCP/IPprotocolsuite,WorldWideWeb,andtheevolutionofwirelesstechnologiesTheDefinitionandDevelopmentofComputerNetworks

ThecompositionandstructureofcomputernetworksHardwareincludescomputers,servers,routers,switches,modes,andothernetworkingdevicesSoftwareConsistsofoperatingsystems,networkprotocols,andapplicationsthatenablecommunicationanddatasharingNetworktopologyDescribethephysicalorlogicalarrangementofnetworkcomponents,suchasbus,star,ring,mesh,andhybridtopologiesClassificationandApplicationofComputerNetworksLocalAreaNetwork(LAN):Connectionscomputerswithinalimitedgeographicarea,suchasahome,office,orcampusWideAreaNetwork(WAN):Spansalargegeographicarea,suchasacity,state,orcountry,andoftenincludesmultipleLANsInternet:AglobalnetworkofinterconnectedcomputersthatusestheTCP/IPprotocolsuitetocommunicateApplications:Computernetworksareusedinvariousfields,includingeducation,business,healthcare,entertainment,andmoreTheyenableremoteaccesstoinformationandresources,collaboration,andcommunicationamongusersworldwide02InternetFundamentalsARPANET01Theprecursortothemoderninternet,ARPANETwasdevelopedinthe1960sbytheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)oftheUSDepartmentofDefenseTCP/IPProtocol02Inthe1970s,theTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)andtheInternetProtocol(IP)weredeveloped,whichformedthebasisofinternetcommunicationCommerceandGlobalization03Inthe1990s,theinternetwascommercializedandglobalized,withtheemergenceofwebbrowsers,searchengines,ande-commerceTheOriginandDevelopmentoftheInternetPacketSwitchingTheinternetworksontheprincipleofpacketswitching,wheredataisbrokendownintosmallpacketsandsentacrossthenetworktoitsdestinationIPAddressingandRoutingEachdeviceconnectedtotheinternethasauniqueIPaddress,androutersusetheseaddressestodirecttraffictothecorrectdestinationDNSandDomainNamesTheDomainNameSystem(DNS)translateshumanreadabledomainnamesintomachinereadableIPaddressesTheWorkingPrinciplesandProtocoloftheInternetCloudComputingCloudcomputingservicesprovideon-demandaccesstocomputingresources,suchasstorage,processingpower,andsoftwareapplicationsWebBrowsingWebbrowsersallowuserstoaccessandinteractwithwebsitesandwebapplicationsEmailElectronicmailhasrevolutionizedcommunication,allowingpeopletosendandreceivemessagesimmediatelyacrosstheglobeSocialMediaSocialmediaplatformshavetransformedhowpeopleconnectandshareinformationonlineApplicationsandServicesoftheInternet03Theconnectionbetweencomputernetworksandtheinternet010203NetworkDevicesRouters,switches,hubs,modes,andnetworkinterfacecards(NICs)arekeydevicesthatenablecommunicationwithinandbetweennetworksTypesofNetworkConnectionsNetworkscanbeclassifiedbasedontheirscopeandscale,suchasLocalAreaNetworks(LANs),WideAreaNetworks(WANs),andMetropolitanAreaNetworks(MANs)TheinternetisaglobalnetworkofnetworksConnectionMediaWiredconnectionslikeEthernetcablesandfiberoptics,aswellaswirelessconnectionslikeWiFiandmobiledatanetworks,areusedtotransmitdataNetworkdevicesandnetworkconnectionsEverydeviceconnectedtotheinternetisassignedauniqueIPaddress,whichidentifiesitonthenetworkIPv4andIPv6arethetwoversionsofIPaddresses,withIPv6beingthemorerecentandcapableofsupportingamultiplelargenumberofaddressesDNSisahierarchicalnamingsystemusedtoidentifycomputersontheinternetIttranslateshumanreadabledomainnames(likewww.example.com)intomachinereadableIPaddressesDNSservers,includingrootservers,topleveldomain(TLD)servers,andauthoritativenameservers,worktogethertoresolvedomainnamesintoIPaddressesIPaddressesDomainNameSystem(DNS)DNSComponentsIPaddressanddomainnamesystemNetworkSecurityItinvolvesprotectingtheintegrity,confidence,andavailabilityofdataandresourceswithinanetworkThisisachievedthroughfirewalls,antivirussoftware,encryption,andsecureprotocolslikeHTTPSandSSL/TLSNetworkManagementThisreferstotheactivitiesandtoolsusedtomonitor,control,andmaintaincomputernetworksNetworkmanagementsystems(NMS)provideacentralizedinterfaceformanagingnetworkdevices,performance,andsecurityCommonNetworkManagementTasksTheseincludenetworkmonitoringforperformanceissues,trafficanalysis,configurationmanagement,faultdetectionandresolution,andsecuritymanagementNetworkSecurityandNetworkManagement04ApplicationTechnologyofComputerNetworksandtheInternetCloudcomputing:Amodelforenablingubiquitous,convenient,on-demandnetworkaccesstoasharedpoolofconfiguredcomputingresources(e.g.,networks,servers,storage,applications,andservices)thatcanbequicklyprovisionedandreleasedwithminimalmanagementeffortorserviceproviderinteractionBigdata:ReferstodatasetsthataresolargeorcomplexthattraditionaldataprocessingapplicationsareinaquatetodealwiththemChallengesincludecapturing,storing,searching,sharing,analyzing,andvisualizingsuchlargevolumesofdataCloudbasedbigdataanalysis:Theuseofcloudcomputingresourcestoprocessandanalyzebigdata,enablingfastinsightsanddecisionmakingCloudcomputingandbigdataInternetofThings(IoT)Referstotheconnectionofphysicaldevices,vehicles,buildings,andotheritemsembeddedwithelectronics,software,sensors,actors,andnetworkconnectivitythatenablestheseobjectstocollectandexchangedataSmartHomeAresidentialsetupwhereappliancesanddevicescanbeautomaticallycontrolledremotelythroughaninternetconnecteddeviceorlocallyviaahomenetworkIoTinSmartHomesTheintegrationofIoTdevicesinthehomeenvironment,allowingforremotemonitoringandcontrolofvarioushomeappliancesandsystems,allaslighting,heating,cooling,security,andentertainmentInternetofThingsandSmartHomeArtisticIntelligenceandMachineLearningArtisticIntelligence(AI):Thesimulationofhumanintelligenceprocessesbymachines,specificallycomputersystemsTheseprocessesincludelearning(theacquisitionofinformationandrulesforusingtheinformation),reasoning(usingrulestoreachapproximateordefineconclusions),andselfcorrectionMachineLearning(ML):AsubsetofAIthatfocusesonthedevelopmentofcomputerprogramsthatcanaccessdataanduseittolearnforthemselvesMLalgorithmsenablecomputerstolearnfromdatawithoutbeingexplicitlyprogrammedApplicationsofAIandMLinComputerNetworksandtheInternet:Thesetechnologiesareusedinvariousapplicationssuchasnetworksecurity(todetectandpreventcyberattacks),networkoptimization(toimprovenetworkperformanceandefficiency),andcontentrecommendationsystems(topersonalizeuserexperiencesontheInternet)05TheFutureDevelopmentofComputerNetworksandtheInternetFasterdatatransmissionspeeds5Gand6Gnetworkswilloffermultiplehigherdatatransmissionspeedsthanpreviousgenerationsofmobilenetworks,enablingreal-timecommunicationandaccesstolargeamountsofdataLowerlatencyWithreducedlatency,5Gand6Gnetworkswillallowfornearinstantaneouscommunication,improvingtheperformanceofapplicationssuchasremotesurgery,autonomousvehicles,andvirtualrealityIncrementalcapacityThesenext-generationnetworkswillbeabletohandleamultiplelargenumberofconnecteddevicessimultaneously,supportingthegrowthoftheInternetofThings(IoT)andsmartcities5Gand6GcommunicationtechnologyUnprecedentedprocessingpower:Quantumcomputersusequantumbits(qubits)thatcanexistinmultiplestatesatthesametime,enablingthemtoperformcertificatecalculationsmultiplefasterthanclassicalcomputersSecurecommunication:QuantumcommunicationusestheprinciplesofquantumphysicstoensurethesecurityofdatatransmissionAnyattempttointerceptortamperwiththedatawillbeimmenselydetected,makingitimpossibletoeavesdroponquantumcommunicationsBreakthroughincryptography:QuantumcomputinghasthepotentialtorevolutionizecryptographybymakingcurrentencryptionmethodsobsoleteResearchersareworkingondevelopingquantumsafeencryptionalgorithms