八世貿(mào)組織中英單詞對(duì)照

八世貿(mào)組織中英單詞對(duì)照（補(bǔ)貼協(xié)議）可訴補(bǔ)貼Actionablesubsidy(紡織品與服裝、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)一體化進(jìn)程Integrationprocess（服務(wù)貿(mào)易）境外消費(fèi)Consumptionabroad（服務(wù)貿(mào)易）跨境交付Crossbordersupply（服務(wù)貿(mào)易）商業(yè)存在Commercialpresence(服務(wù)貿(mào)易)自然人naturalperson(服務(wù)貿(mào)易)自然人流淌Presenceofnaturalperson(解決爭(zhēng)端)被訴方Defendant（解決爭(zhēng)端）調(diào)查結(jié)果Findings(解決爭(zhēng)端)上訴Appeal(解決爭(zhēng)端)申訴方Complaint(利益的)喪失和減損Nullificationandimpairment(農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)國(guó)內(nèi)支持Domesticsupport（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品）綜合支持量AMS(AggregateMeasurementofSupport)（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國(guó)內(nèi)支持）黃箱措施AmberBoxmeasures（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國(guó)內(nèi)支持）藍(lán)箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國(guó)內(nèi)支持）綠箱措施GreenBoxmeasures(農(nóng)業(yè))多功能性 Multifunctionality（歐盟）共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策CommonAgriculturePolicy(爭(zhēng)端解決)專家組Panel（知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)）地理標(biāo)識(shí)Geographicalindications《巴黎公約》(關(guān)于愛(ài)護(hù)工業(yè)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的公約)ParisConvention《巴塞爾公約》（有關(guān)危險(xiǎn)廢棄物的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定）BaselConvention《北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定》NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement)《瀕危物種國(guó)際貿(mào)易公約》ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies《伯爾尼公約》（有關(guān)愛(ài)護(hù)文學(xué)和藝術(shù)作品版權(quán)的公約）BerneConvention《多種纖維協(xié)定》MFA(MultifibreAgreement)《紡織品與服裝協(xié)議》ATC(AgreementonTextilesandClothing)《服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》GATS(GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices)《關(guān)于爭(zhēng)端解決規(guī)則與程序的諒解》DSU(UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes)《京都議定書(shū)》KyotoProtocol《里斯本條約》（有關(guān)地理標(biāo)識(shí)及其國(guó)際注冊(cè)）LisbonAgreement《蒙特利爾議定書(shū)》(有關(guān)愛(ài)護(hù)大氣臭氧層的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定)MontrealProtocol《農(nóng)產(chǎn)品協(xié)議》專門(mén)保證SSG(SpecialSafeguard)《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議》中關(guān)于反補(bǔ)貼的和平條款Peaceclause《生物多樣性公約》CBD(ConventiononBiologicalDiversity)《信息技術(shù)協(xié)議》ITA(InformationTechnologyAgreement)WTO最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家高級(jí)不會(huì)議HLM(WTOHigh-levelMeetingforLDCs)北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea)采取措施后Expost采取措施前Exante產(chǎn)品生命周期分析LCA(LifeCycleAnalysis)出口補(bǔ)貼Exportsubsidy出口實(shí)績(jī)Exportperformance垂直兼并verticalmerger當(dāng)?shù)睾縇ocalcontent電子商務(wù)ElectronicCommerce東部和南部非洲共同市場(chǎng)COMESA(CommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica)東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)ASEANFreeTradeArea動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施SPS(SanitaryandPhytosanitaryStandard)反補(bǔ)貼稅Countervailingduty反傾銷措施anti-dumpingmeasuresagainst…反向通知Counter-notification非配額產(chǎn)品quota-freeproducts非生產(chǎn)性投資investmentinnon-productiveprojects非洲、加勒比和太平洋國(guó)家集團(tuán)（洛美協(xié)定）ACP(African,CaribbeanandPacificGroup)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)治理/評(píng)估riskmanagement/assessment關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定，世界貿(mào)易組織的前身GATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)規(guī)避Circumvention國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織ISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)國(guó)際紡織品服裝局ITCB(InternationalTextileandClothingBureau)國(guó)際貨幣基金組織IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)國(guó)際勞工組織ILO(InternationalLaborOrganization)國(guó)際貿(mào)易中心ITC(InternationalTradeCenter)國(guó)際貿(mào)易組織ITO(InternationalTradeOrganization)國(guó)際貿(mào)易組織臨時(shí)委員會(huì)ICITO(InterimCommissionfortheInternationalTradeOrganization)國(guó)際清算internationalsettlement國(guó)際收支balanceofinternationalpayments/balanceofpayment國(guó)際收支條款BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions國(guó)際獸疫組織InternationalOfficeofEpizootics國(guó)民待遇Nationaltreatment國(guó)內(nèi)補(bǔ)貼Domesticsubsidy國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)Domesticproduction海關(guān)估價(jià)Customsvaluation海關(guān)完稅價(jià)值Customsvalue橫向兼并horizontalmerger環(huán)保型技術(shù)EST(Environmentally-soundtechnology)灰色區(qū)域措施Greyareameasures貨幣留成制度Currencyretentionscheme貨幣貿(mào)易理事會(huì)CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)基礎(chǔ)稅率Basetarifflevel既定日程Built-inagenda交叉報(bào)復(fù)Crossretaliation進(jìn)口差價(jià)稅Importvariableduties進(jìn)口附加稅Importsurcharge進(jìn)口環(huán)節(jié)稅importlinkagetax進(jìn)口滲透Importpenetration進(jìn)口替代Importsubstitution進(jìn)口許可Importlicensing進(jìn)口押金Importdeposits經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與進(jìn)展組織OECD(OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment)垃圾融資junkfinancing聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境署UNEP(UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram)聯(lián)合國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)打算署UNDP(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram)聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織FAO(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedStates)聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易與進(jìn)展會(huì)議UNCTAD(UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment)糧食安全Foodsecurity慢性蕭條chronicdepression貿(mào)易和投資自由化和便利化TILF(TradeandInvestmentLiberalizationandFacilitation)貿(mào)易與進(jìn)展委員會(huì)CommitteeonTradeandDevelopment貿(mào)易與環(huán)境委員會(huì)CommitteeonTradeandEnvironment模式Modalities南方共同市場(chǎng)（或稱南錐體共同市場(chǎng)）MERCOSUR(SouthernCommonMarket)南亞區(qū)域合作聯(lián)盟SAARC(SouthAsianAssociationforRegionalcooperation)歐洲自由貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)配額調(diào)整條款modulationofquotaclause瓶頸制約'bottleneck'restrictions全球配額globalquota上訴機(jī)構(gòu)Appealbody申報(bào)制度reportingsystem;incomedeclarationsystem生產(chǎn)補(bǔ)貼Productionsubsidy實(shí)行國(guó)民待遇grantthenationaltreatmentto實(shí)質(zhì)損害Materialinjury食品法典委員會(huì)CAC(CodexAlimentariesCommission)世界海關(guān)組織WCO(WorldCustomsOrganization)世界貿(mào)易組織WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)人的行政治理措施AAMA(AdministrativeAspectsofMarketAccess)市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入Marketaccess通知義務(wù)Notificationobligation同類產(chǎn)品Likeproduct烏拉圭回合UruguayRound消費(fèi)膨脹inflatedconsumption和諧制度（商品名稱及編碼和諧制度）HS(HarmonizedCommodityandCodingSystem)新議題Newissues許可費(fèi) Licensefee有秩序的市場(chǎng)安排Orderlymarketarrangements約束水平Boundlevel爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)DisputeSettlementBody政府采購(gòu)Governmentprocurement直截了當(dāng)支付Directpayment諸邊協(xié)議Plurilateralagreement專門(mén)的營(yíng)銷機(jī)構(gòu)Marketboards轉(zhuǎn)基因生物GMOs(GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms)祖父條款grandfatherclause最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家LDCs(Least-developedcountries)最初談判權(quán)(初談權(quán))INRs(InitialNegotiatingRights)最惠國(guó)待遇（現(xiàn)通常稱'正常貿(mào)易關(guān)系'）MFN（most-favored-nation)treatment最惠國(guó)貿(mào)易地位(待遇)MFN(Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)

WTO術(shù)語(yǔ)英文講明GeneralGATT—GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichhasbeensupersededasaninternationalorganizationbytheWTO.AnupdatedGeneralAgreementisnowoneoftheWTO’sagreements.GATT1947—Theold(pre-1994)versionoftheGATT.GATT1994—ThenewversionoftheGeneralAgreement,incorporatedintotheWTO,whichgovernstradeingoods.Members—WTOgovernments(firstlettercapitalized,inWTOstyle).TPRB,TPRM—TheTradePolicyReviewBodyisGeneralCounciloperatingunderspecialproceduresformeetingstoreviewtradepoliciesandpracticesofindividualWTOmembersundertheTrade

PolicyReviewMechanism.transparency—Degreetowhichtradepoliciesandpractices,andtheprocessbywhichtheyareestablished,areopenandpredictable.UruguayRound—MultilateraltradenegotiationslaunchedatPuntadelEste,UruguayinSeptember1986andconcludedinGenevainDecember1993.SignedbyMinistersinMarrakesh,Tariffsbinding,bound—see“tariffbinding”free-rider—Acasualtermusedtoinferthatacountrywhichdoesnotmakeanytradeconcessions,profits,nonetheless,fromtariffcutsandconcessionsmadebyothercountriesinnegotiationsunderthemost-favoured-nationprinciple.HarmonizedSystem—AninternationalnomenclaturedevelopedbytheWorldCustomsOrganization,whichisarrangedinsixdigitcodesallowingallparticipatingcountriestoclassifytradedgoodsonacommonbasis.Beyondthesixdigitlevel,countriesarefreetointroducenationaldistinctionsfortariffsandmanyotherpurposes.ITA—InformationTechnologyAgreement,orformallytheMinisterial-DeclarationonTradeinInformationTechnologyProducts,underwhichparticipantswillremovetariffsonITproductsbytheyear2000.ITAII—NegotiationsaimedatexpandingITA’sproductcoverage.nuisancetariff—Tariffsolowthatitcoststhegovernmentmoretocollectitthantherevenueitgenerates.scheduleofconcessions—Listofboundtariffrates.tariffbinding—Commitmentnottoincreasearateofdutybeyondanagreedlevel.Oncearateofdutyisbound,itmaynotberaisedwithoutcompensatingtheaffectedparties.tariffescalation—Higherimportdutiesonsemi-processedproductsthanonrawmaterials,andhigherstillonfinishedproducts.Thispracticeprotectsdomesticprocessingindustriesanddiscouragesthedevelopmentofprocessingactivityinthecountrieswhererawmaterialsoriginate.tariffpeaks—Relativelyhightariffs,usuallyon“sensitive”products,amidstgenerallylowtarifflevels.Forindustrializedcountries,tariffsof15%andabovearegenerallyrecognizedas“tariffpeaks”.tariffs—Customsdutiesonmerchandiseimports.Leviedeitheronanadvalorembasis(percentageofvalue)oronaspecificbasis(e.g.$7per100kgs.).Tariffsgivepriceadvantagetosimilarlocally-producedgoodsandraiserevenuesforthegovernment.WCO—WorldCustomsOrganization,amultilateralbodylocatedinBrusselsthroughwhichparticipatingcountriesseektosimplifyandrationalizecustomsprocedures.Non-tariffmeasuresanti-dumpingduties—ArticleVIoftheGATT1994permitstheimpositionofanti-dumpingdutiesagainstdumpedgoods,equaltothedifferencebetweentheirexportpriceandtheirnormalvalue,ifdumpingcausesinjurytoproducersofcompetingproductsintheimportingcountry.circumvention—Measurestakenbyexporterstoevadeanti-dumpingorcountervailingduties.countervailingmeasures—Actiontakenbytheimportingcountry,usuallyintheformofincreaseddutiestooffsetsubsidiesgiventoproducersorexportersintheexportingcountry.dumping—Occurswhengoodsareexportedatapricelessthantheirnormalvalue,generallymeaningtheyareexportedforlessthantheyaresoldinthedomesticmarketorthird-countrymarkets,oratlessthanproductioncost.NTMs—Non-tariffmeasuressuchasquotas,importlicensingsystems,sanitaryregulations,prohibitions,etc.priceundertaking—Undertakingbyanexportertoraisetheexportpriceoftheproducttoavoidthepossibilityofananti-dumpingduty.PSI—Preshipmentinspection—thepracticeofemployingspecializedprivatecompaniestocheckshipmentdetailsofgoodsorderedoverseas—i.e.price,quantity,quality,etc.QRs—Quantitativerestrictions—specificlimitsonthequantityorvalueofgoodsthatcanbeimported(orexported)duringaspecifictimeperiod.rulesoforigin—Laws,regulationsandadministrativeprocedureswhichdetermineaproduct’scountryoforigin.Adecisionbyacustomsauthorityonorigincandeterminewhetherashipmentfallswithinaquotalimitation,qualifiesforatariffpreferenceorisaffectedbyananti-dumpingduty.Theserulescanvaryfromcountrytocountry.safeguardmeasures—Actiontakentoprotectaspecificindustryfromanunexpectedbuild-upof

imports—governedbyArticleXIXoftheGATT1994.subsidy—Therearetwogeneraltypesofsubsidies:exportanddomestic.Anexportsubsidyisabenefitconferredonafirmbythegovernmentthatiscontingentonexports.Adomesticsubsidyisabenefitnotdirectlylinkedtoexports.tariffication—Proceduresrelatingtotheagriculturalmarket-accessprovisioninwhichallnon-tariffmeasuresareconvertedintotariffs.tradefacilitation—Removingobstaclestothemovementofgoodsacrossborders(e.g.simplificationofcustomsprocedures).VRA,VER,OMA—Voluntaryrestraintarrangement,voluntaryexportrestraint,orderlymarketingarrangement.Bilateralarrangementswherebyanexportingcountry(governmentorindustry)agreestoreduceorrestrictexportswithouttheimportingcountryhavingtomakeuseofquotas,tariffsorotherimportcontrols.TextilesandclothingATC—TheWTOAgreementonTextilesandClothingwhichintegratestradeinthissectorbacktoGATTruleswithinaten-yearperiod.carryforward—Whenanexportingcountryusespartofthefollowingyear’squotaduringthecurrentyear.carryover—Whenanexportingcountryutilizesthepreviousyear’sunutilizedquota.circumvention—Avoidingquotasandotherrestrictionsbyalteringthecountryoforiginofaproduct.CTG—CouncilforTradeinGoods—overseesWTOagreementsongoods,includingtheATC.integrationprogramme—ThephasingoutofMFArestrictionsinfourstagesstartingon1January

1995andendingon1January2005.ITCB—InternationalTextilesandClothingBureau—Geneva-basedgroupofsome20developingcountryexportersoftextilesandclothing.MFA—MultifibreArrangement(1974-94)underwhichcountrieswhosemarketsaredisruptedbyincreasedimportsoftextilesandclothingfromanothercountrywereabletonegotiatequotarestrictions.swing—Whenanexportingcountrytransferspartofaquotafromoneproducttoanotherrestrainedproduct.TMB—TheTextilesMonitoringBody,consistingofachairmanplustenmembersactinginapersonalcapacity,overseestheimplementationofATCcommitments.transitionalsafeguardmechanism—Allowsmemberstoimposerestrictionsagainstindividualexportingcountriesiftheimportingcountrycanshowthatbothoverallimportsofaproductandimportsfromtheindividualcountriesareenteringthecountryinsuchincreasedquantitiesasto

cause—orthreaten—seriousdamagetotherelevantdomesticindustry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda2000—EC’sfinancialreformplansfor2000–06aimedatstrengtheningtheunionwithaviewtoreceivingnewmembers.IncludesreformoftheCAP(seebelow).borderprotection—Anymeasurewhichactstorestrainimportsatpointofentry.BSE—Bovinespongiformencephalopathy,or“madcowdisease”.box—Categoryofdomesticsupport.—Greenbox:supportsconsiderednottodistorttradeandthereforepermittedwithnolimits.—Bluebox:permittedsupportslinkedtoproduction,butsubjecttoproductionlimitsandthereforeminimallytrade-distorting.—Amberbox:supportsconsideredtodistorttradeandthereforesubjecttoreductioncommitments.CairnsGroup—Groupofagriculturalexportingnationslobbyingforagriculturaltradeliberalization.Itwasformedin1986inCairns,CAP—CommonAgriculturalPolicy—TheEU’scomprehensivesystemofproductiontargetsandmarketingmechanismsdesignedtomanageagriculturaltradewithintheEUandwiththerestoftheworld.CodexAlimentarius—FAO/WHOcommissionthatdealswithinternationalstandardsonfoodsafety.distortion—Whenpricesandproductionarehigherorlowerthanlevelsthatwouldusuallyexistinacompetitivemarket.deficiencypayment—Paidbygovernmentstoproducersofcertaincommoditiesandbasedonthedifferencebetweenatargetpriceandthedomesticmarketpriceorloanrate,whicheveristheless.EEP—Exportenhancementprogramme—programmeofUSexportsubsidiesgivengenerallytocompetewithsubsidizedagriculturalexportsfromtheEUoncertainexportmarkets.foodsecurity—Conceptwhichdiscouragesopeningthedomesticmarkettoforeignagriculturalproductsontheprinciplethatacountrymustbeasself-sufficientaspossibleforitsbasicdietaryernalsupport—Encompassesanymeasurewhichactstomaintainproducerpricesatlevelsabovethoseprevailingininternationaltrade;directpaymentstoproducers,includingdeficiencypayments,andinputandmarketingcostreductionmeasuresavailableonlyforagriculturalproduction.InternationalOfficeofEpizootics—Dealswithinternationalstandardsconcerninganimalhealth.multifunctionality—Ideathatagriculturehasmanyfunctionsinadditiontoproducingfoodandfibre,e.g.environmentalprotection,landscapepreservation,ruralemployment,etc.Seenon-tradeconcerns.non-tradeconcerns—Similartomultifunctionality.ThepreambleoftheAgricultureAgreementspecifiesfoodsecurityandenvironmentalprotectionasexamples.Alsocitedbymembersareruraldevelopmentandemployment,andpovertyalleviation.peaceclause—ProvisioninArticle13oftheAgricultureAgreementsaysagriculturalsubsidiescommittedundertheagreementcannotbechallengedunderotherWTOagreements,inparticulartheSubsidiesAgreementandGATT.Expiresattheendof2003.reformprocess/program—TheUruguayRoundAgricultureAgreementstartsareformprocess.Itsetsoutafirststep,intheprocess,i.e.aprogramforreducingsubsidiesandprotectionandotherreforms.CurrentnegotiationslaunchedunderArticle20areforcontinuingthereformprocess.SPSregulations—SanitaryandPhytosanitaryregulations—governmentstandardstoprotecthuman,animalandplantlifeandhealth,tohelpensurethatfoodissafeforconsumption.variablelevy—Customsdutyratewhichvariesinresponsetodomesticpricecriterion.BerneConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionoftherightsofauthorsintheirliteraryandartisticworks.CBD—ConventiononBiologicalDpulsorylicensing—Forpatents:whentheauthoritieslicensecompaniesorindividualsotherthanthepatentownertousetherightsofthepatent—tomake,use,sellorimportaproductunderpatent(i.e.apatentedproductoraproductmadebyapatentedprocess)—withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.AllowedundertheTRIPSAgreementprovidedcertainproceduresandconditionsarefulfilled.Seealsogovernmentuse.counterfeit—Unauthorizedrepresentationofaregisteredtrademarkcarriedongoodsidenticalorsimilartogoodsforwhichthetrademarkisregistered,withaviewtodeceivingthepurchaserintobelievingthathe/sheisbuyingtheoriginalgoods.geographicalindications—Placenames(orwordsassociatedwithaplace)usedtoidentifyproducts(forexample,“Champagne”,“Tequila”or“Roquefort”)whichhaveaparticularquality,reputationorothercharacteristicbecausetheycomefromthatplacegovernmentuse—Forpatents:whenthegovernmentitselfusesorauthorizesotherpersonstousetherightsoverapatentedproductorprocess,forgovernmentpurposes,withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.Seealsocompulsorylicensing.LisbonAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofgeographicalindicationsandtheirinternationalregistration.MadridAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortherepressionoffalseordeceptiveindicationsofsourceongoods.mailbox—ReferstotherequirementoftheTRIPSAgreementapplyingtoWTOmemberswhichdonotyetprovideproductpatentprotectionforpharmaceuticalsandforagriculturalchemicals.Since1January1995,whentheWTOagreementsenteredintoforce,thesecountrieshavetoestablishameansbywhichapplicationsofpatentsfortheseproductscanbefiled.(Anadditionalrequirementsaystheymustalsoputinplaceasystemforgranting“exclusivemarketingrights”fortheproductswhosepatentapplicationshavebeenfiled.)RomeConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,UNESCOandILO,fortheprotectionoftheworksofperformers,broadcastingorganizationsandproducersofphonograms.UPOV—InternationalUnionfortheProtectionofNewVarietiesofPlantsInvestmentexport-performancemeasure—Requirementthatacertainquantityofproductionmustbeexported.FDI—Foreigndirectinvestment.local-contentmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestorpurchaseacertainamountoflocalmaterialsforincorporationintheinvestor’sduct-mandating—Requirementthattheinvestorexporttocertaincountriesorregion.trade-balancingmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestoruseearningsfromexportstopayforimports.TRIMS—Trade-relatedinvestmentmeasures.DisputesettlementAppellateBody—Anindependentseven-personbodythat,uponrequestbyoneormorepartiestothedispute,reviewsfindingsinpanelreports.automaticity—The“automatic”chronologicalprogressionforsettlingtradedisputesinregardtopanelestablishment,termsofreference,compositionandadoptionprocedures.DSB—DisputeSettlementBody—whentheWTOGeneralCouncilmeetstosettletradedisputes.DSU—TheUruguayRoundUnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes.nullificationandimpairment—Damagetoacountry’sbenefitsandexpectationsfromitsWTOmembershipthroughanothercountry’schangeinitstraderegimeorfailuretocarryoutitsWTO

obligations.panel—Consistingofthreeexperts,thisindependentbodyisestablishedbytheDSBtoexamineandissuerecommendationsonaparticulardisputeinthelightofWTOprovisions.Servicescommercialpresence—Havinganoffice,branch,orsubsidiaryinaforeigncountry.GATS—TheWTO’sGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices.generalobligations—Obligationswhichshouldbeappliedtoallservicessectorattheentryintoforceoftheagreement.Initialcommitments—Tradeliberalizingcommitmentsinserviceswhichmembersarepreparedtomakeearlyon.modesofdelivery—Howinternationaltradeinservicesissuppliedandconsumed.Mode1:crossbordersupply;mode2:consumptionabroad;mode3:foreigncommercialpresence;andmode4:movementofnaturalpersons.multi-modal—Transportationusingmorethanonemode.IntheGATSnegotiations,essentiallydoor-to-doorservicesthatincludeinternationalshipping.nationalschedules—TheequivalentoftariffschedulesinGATT,layingdownthecommitments

accepted—voluntarilyorthroughnegotiation—byWTOmembers.naturalpersons—People,asdistinctfromjuridicalpersonssuchascompaniesandorganizations.offer—Acountry’sproposalforfurthertocols—AdditionalagreementsattachedtotheGATS.TheSecondProtocoldealswiththe1995commitmentsonfinancialservices.TheThirdProtocoldealswithmovementofnaturalpersons.prudence,prudential—Infinancialservices,termsusedtodescribeanobjectiveofmarketregulationbyauthoritiestoprotectinvestorsanddepositors,toavoidinstabilityorcrises.schedule—“ScheduleofSpecificCommitments”—AWTOmember’slistofcommitmentsregardingmarketaccessandbindingsregardingnationaltreatment.specificcommitments—See“schedule”.Regionalism/tradeanddevelopmentACP—African,CaribbeanandPacificcountries.Groupof71countrieswithpreferentialtradingrelationwiththeEUundertheformerLom?TreatynowcalledtheCotonouAgreement.AndeanCommunity—Bolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,PeruandVenezuela.APEC—AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationforum.ASEAN—AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ThesevenASEANmembersoftheWTO—Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,Myanmar,thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand—oftenspeakintheWTOasonegroupongeneralissues.TheotherASEANmembersareLaosandVietnam.Caricom—TheCaribbeanCommunityandCommonMarketcomprises15countries.CTD—TheWTOCommitteeonTradeandDevelopmentCustomsunion—Membersapplyacommonexternaltariff(e.g.theEC).EC—EuropeanCommunities(officialnameoftheEuropeanUnionintheWTO).EFTA—EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation.freetradearea—Tradewithinthegroupisdutyfreebutmemberssetowntariffsonimportsfromnon-members(e.g.NAFTA).G15—Groupof15developingcountriesactingasthemainpoliticalorganforthe