沖刺全真?？奸喿x卷答案

shouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassagePullingstingstobuildshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassagePullingstingstobuildNooneknowsexactlyhowthepyramidswerereckonstheanswercouldbe'hangingintheThepyramidsofEgyptwerebuiltmorethanthreeago,andnooneknowshow.Theconventionalpictureisthatofthousandsofdraggedstonesonsledges.Buttherenoevidencetobackup.NowaCaliforniansoftwarecalledMaureenhassuggestedthatkitesmighthaveinvolved.WhileperusingabookonthemonumentsofEgypt,noticedahieroglyphthatshowedarowofmenstandinginpostures.Theywereholdingwhatlookedlikeropesthatled,somekindofmechanicalsystem,toagiantbirdinthesky.wonderedifperhapsthebirdwasactuallyagiantkite,andmenwereusingittoliftawonderedifperhapsthebirdwasactuallyagiantkite,andmenwereusingittoliftaheavyprofessorattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Hefascinatedbytheidea.'ComingfromIran,IhaveakeeninMiddleEasternscience,'hesays.HetoowaspuzzledbypicturethathadsparkedClemmons'sinterest.Theobjectinskyapparentlyhadwingsfartooshortandwideforabird.possibilitycertainlyexistedthatitwasakite,'hesays.sinceheneededasummerprojectforhisstudentEmilioinvestigatingthepossibilityofusingkitesasheavyseemedlikeagoodGharibandGraffsetthemselvesthetaskofraisinga4.5-stonecolumnfromhorizontaltovertical,usingnosource scale-wind-experiments wouldn’tneedastrongwindtoliftthe33.5-tonnecolumn.amodestforce,ifsustainedoveralongtime,woulddo.ThewastouseapulleysystemthatwouldmagnifytheappliedSotheyriggedupatent-shapedscaffolddirectlyabovetheofthehorizontalcolumn,withpulleyssuspendedfromscaffold'sapex.Theideawasthatasoneendofthecolumnscaffold'sapex.Theideawasthatasoneendofthecolumnthebasewouldrollacrossthegroundonatrolley.Earlieryear,theteamputClemmons'sunlikelytheorytothetest,a40-square-metrerectangularnylonsail.Thekiteliftedcolumncleanofftheground.Wewereabsolutelystunned,'says.'Theinstantthesailopenedintothewind,ahugewasgeneratedandthecolumnwasraisedtotheverticalina40Thewindwasblowingatagentle16to20kilometresanhour,morethanhalfwhattheythoughtwouldbeneeded.Whattheyfailedtoreckonwithwaswhathappenedwhenthekitewas'Therewasahugeinitialforce-fivetimeslargerthestateforce,'Gharibsays.Thisjerkmeantthatcouldhugeweights,Gharibrealised.Evena300-tonnecouldbeenliftedtotheverticalwith40orsomenandfourorsails.SoClemmonswasright:thepyramidbuilderscouldhavekitestoliftmassivestonesintoplace.'Whethertheydidisanothermatter,'Gharibsays.Therearenopicturestheconstructionofthepyramids,sothereisnowaytotellreallyhappened.'Theevidenceforusingkitestomovestonesisnobetterorworsethantheevidenceforthebrutemethod,'GharibIndeed,theexperimentshaveleftmanyspecialists'Theevidenceforkite-liftingisnon-existent,'saysWendrich,Indeed,theexperimentshaveleftmanyspecialists'Theevidenceforkite-liftingisnon-existent,'saysWendrich,anassociateprofessorofEgyptologyattheofCalifornia,LosOthersfeelthereismoreofacaseforthetheory.thewindwouldnothavebeenaproblemforaccomplishedliketheEgyptians.Andtheyareknowntohaveusedwoodenwhichcouldhavebeenmadestrongenoughtobeartheweightmassiveblocksofstone.Inaddition,thereissomeevidencethattheancientEgyptianswereinterestedinAwoodenartefactfoundonthesteppyramidatSaqqarauncannilyamodernglider.Althoughitdatesfrompyramids,suggeststhattheEgyptiansmighthavedevelopingideasofflightforalongtime.Andothercivilisationscertainlyknewaboutkites;asearlyas1250theChinesewereusingthemtodelivermessagesanddumpdebrisontheirTheexperimentsmightevenhavepracticalusesnowadays.areplentyofplacesaroundtheglobewherepeoplehavenotoheavymachinery,butdoknowhowtodealwithwind,GharibcontactedbyacivilengineerinNicaragua,whowantstoputbuildingsGharibcontactedbyacivilengineerinNicaragua,whowantstoputbuildingswithadoberoofssupportedbyconcretearchesonathatheavyequipmentcan'treach.Hisideaistobuildthehorizontally,thenliftthemintoplaceusingkites.'We'vehimsomedesignhints,'saysGharib.'We'rejustwaitingfortoreportback.'whethertheywereactuallyusedtobuildorconstructioninthe21stcenturyQuestions1-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththegivenReadingPassageInboxes1-7onyouranswersheet,TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon11ItisgenerallybelievedthatlargenumbersofpeoplewerebuildtheTRUEifthestatementagrees11ItisgenerallybelievedthatlargenumbersofpeoplewerebuildtheTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC22ClemmonsastrangehieroglyphonthewallofTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC33hadpreviouslydoneexperimentsonbirdTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictsthe33hadpreviouslydoneexperimentsonbirdTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC44GharibGrafftestedtheirtheorybeforeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC55TheoftheactualexperimentwasduetothehighTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe55TheoftheactualexperimentwasduetothehighTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC66kiteflewhigher,thewindTRUEstatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC77Theteamdecidedthatitwaspossibletousekitesto77TheteamdecidedthatitwaspossibletousekitestoTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC8PullingstingstobuildNooneknowsexactlyhowthepyramidswerebuilt.Marcusreckonstheanswercouldbe'hanginginNooneknowsexactlyhowthepyramidswerebuilt.Marcusreckonstheanswercouldbe'hangingintheThepyramidsofEgyptwerebuiltmorethanthreethousandago,andnooneknowshow.Theconventionalpictureisthatofthousandsofdraggedstonesonsledges.Buttherenoevidencetobackup.NowaCaliforniansoftwarecalledMaureenhassuggestedthatkitesmighthaveinvolved.Whileperusingabookonthemonumentsofnoticedahieroglyphthatshowedarowofmenstandingpostures.Theywereholdingwhatlookedlikeropesthatsomekindofmechanicalsystem,toagiantbirdinthewonderedifperhapsthebirdwasactuallyagiantkite,menwereusingittoliftaheavyprofessorattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Hefascinatedbytheidea.'ComingfromIran,IhaveakeeninMiddleEasternscience,'hesays.HetoowaspuzzledbypicturethathadsparkedClemmons'sinterest.Theobjectinskyapparentlyhadwingsfartooshortandwideforabird.possibilitycertainlyexistedthatitwasakite,'hesays.sinceheneededasummerprojectforhisstudentEmilioinvestigatingthepossibilityofusingkitesasheavyseemedlikeagoodGharibandinvestigatingthepossibilityofusingkitesasheavyseemedlikeagoodGharibandGraffsetthemselvesthetaskofraisinga4.5-stonecolumnfromhorizontaltovertical,usingnosource scale-wind-experiments wouldn’tneedastrongwindtoliftthe33.5-tonnecolumn.amodestforce,ifsustainedoveralongtime,woulddo.ThewastouseapulleysystemthatwouldmagnifytheappliedSotheyriggedupatent-shapedscaffolddirectlyabovetheofthehorizontalcolumn,withpulleyssuspendedfromscaffold'sapex.Theideawasthatasoneendofthecolumnthebasewouldrollacrossthegroundonatrolley.Earlieryear,theteamputClemmons'sunlikelytheorytothetest,a40-square-metrerectangularnylonsail.Thekiteliftedcolumncleanofftheground.Wewereabsolutelystunned,'says.'Theinstantthesailopenedintothewind,ahugewasgeneratedandthecolumnwasraisedtotheverticalina40Thewindwasblowingatagentle16to20kilometresanhour,morethanhalfwhattheythoughtwouldbeneeded.Whattheyfailedtoreckonwithwaswhathappenedwhenthekitewas'Therefailedtoreckonwithwaswhathappenedwhenthekitewas'Therewasahugeinitialforce-fivetimeslargerthestateforce,'Gharibsays.Thisjerkmeantthatcouldhugeweights,Gharibrealised.Evena300-tonnecouldbeenliftedtotheverticalwith40orsomenandfourorsails.SoClemmonswasright:thepyramidbuilderscouldhavekitestoliftmassivestonesintoplace.'Whethertheydidisanothermatter,'Gharibsays.Therearenopicturestheconstructionofthepyramids,sothereisnowaytotellreallyhappened.'Theevidenceforusingkitestomovestonesisnobetterorworsethantheevidenceforthebrutemethod,'GharibIndeed,theexperimentshaveleftmanyspecialists'Theevidenceforkite-liftingisnon-existent,'saysWendrich,anassociateprofessorofEgyptologyattheofCalifornia,LosOthersfeelthereismoreofacaseforthetheory.thewindwouldnothavebeenaproblemforaccomplishedliketheEgyptians.Andtheyareknowntohaveusedwoodenwhichcouldhavebeenmadestrongenoughtobeartheweightmassiveblocksofstone.Inaddition,thereissomeevidencethattheancientEgyptianswereinterestedinAwoodenartefactfoundonthesteppyramidatSaqqarauncannilyamodernglider.AlthoughevidencethattheancientEgyptianswereinterestedinAwoodenartefactfoundonthesteppyramidatSaqqarauncannilyamodernglider.Althoughitdatesfrompyramids,suggeststhattheEgyptiansmighthavedevelopingideasofflightforalongtime.Andothercivilisationscertainlyknewaboutkites;asearlyas1250theChinesewereusingthemtodelivermessagesanddumpdebrisontheirTheexperimentsmightevenhavepracticalusesnowadays.areplentyofplacesaroundthewherepeoplehavenotoheavymachinery,butdoknowtodealwithwind,GharibcontactedbyacivilengineerinNicaragua,whowantstoputbuildingswithadoberoofssupportedbyconcretearchesonathatheavyequipmentcan'treach.Hisideaistobuildthehorizontally,thenliftthemintoplaceusingkites.'We'vehimsomedesignhints,'saysGharib.'We'rejustwaitingfortoreportback.'whethertheywereactuallyusedtobuildorconstructioninthe21stcenturyQuestions8-CompletethesummaryChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes8-13onyourQuestions8-CompletethesummaryChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes8-13onyouranswerAdditionalevidencefortheoryofkite-TheEgyptianshad(1)whichcouldliftlargepiecesof,andtheyknewhowtousetheenergyofthewindfromas10(3).Thediscoveryononepyramidofanresembledasuggeststheymayhaveexperimentedwith.Inaddition,twothousandyearsagokiteswereinChinaasweapons,wellasforsending.填寫答案：正確答案：woodenpulleys,stone,accomplishedsailors,modernglider,Youminuteson2MorethanYouminuteson2Morethantwohundredago,RussianexplorersandhunterslandedontheAleutianIslands,avolcanicintheNorthPacific,andlearnedofalandmassthatlaytothenorth.Theislands'nativeinhabitantscalledthismassAleyska,the‘GreatLand';today,weknowitasTheforty-ninthstatetojointheUnitedStatesofAmerica1959),Alaskaisfullyone-fifththesizeofthemainlandcombined.Itshares,withCanada,thesecondlongestriverinNorthAmericaandhasoverhalfthecoastlineoftheStates.TheriversfeedintotheBeringSeaandGulfof-cold,nutrient-richwaterswhichsupporttensofmillionsseabirds,andover400speciesoffish,shellfish,andmolluscs.Takingadvantageofthisrichbounty,commercialfisherieshaveandmolluscs.Takingadvantageofthisrichbounty,commercialfisherieshavedevelopedintosomeofthelargesttheAccordingtotheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGameAlaska'scommercialfisherieslandedhundredsofthousandstonnesofshellfishandherring,andwelloveramillionofgroundfish(cod,sole,perchandpollock)in2000.TheculturalheartandsoulofAlaska'sfisheries,however,is‘Salmon,'noteswriterSusanEwinginTheGreatAlaskaFactbook,‘pumpthroughAlaskalikebloodthroughabringingrhythmic,circulatingnourishmenttoland,animalspeople.'The‘predictableabundanceofsalmonallowednativeculturestoflourish,'and‘dyingspawners*feedeagles,otheranimals,andultimatelythesoilitself.'AllspeciesofPacificsalmon-chinook,orking;chum,ordog;orsilver;sockeye,orred;andpink,orhumpback-spawn**Alaskanwaters,and90%ofallPacificsalmoncommerciallyinNorthAmericaareproducedthere.Indeed,ifAlaskawasindependentnation,itwouldbethelargestproducerofsalmonintheworld.During2000,commercialcatchesofsalmoninAlaskaexceeded320,000tonnes,withanex-vesselofover$US260Catcheshavenotalwaysbeensohealthy.Between1940andoverfishingledtoCatcheshavenotalwaysbeensohealthy.Between1940andoverfishingledtocrashesinsalmonpopulationssoseverein1953Alaskawasdeclaredafederaldisasterarea.Withtheofstatehood,however,theStateofAlaskatookoverofitsownfisheries,guidedastateconstitutionmandatesthatAlaska'sresourcesbemanagedonsustainablebasis.Atthatstatewideharvestsaround25millionsalmon.Overthenextfewdecadescatchessteadilyincreasedasaresultofthispolicysustainablemanagement,until,duringthe1990s,annualwerewellinexcessof100million,andonseveraloccasions200millionTheprimaryreasonforsuchincreasesiswhatisknown‘In-SeasonAbundance-BasedManagement'.Therearethroughoutthestateconstantlymonitoringadultfishastheyuptospawn.Thebiologistssitinstreamsidecountingstudysonar,watchfromaeroplanes,andtalktosalmonseasoninAlaskaisnotpre-set.Thefishermenapproximatetimeofyearwhentheywillbeallowedtoonanygivenday,oneormorefieldbiologistsinaareaonanygivenday,oneormorefieldbiologistsinaareacanputahalttofishing.Evensportfishingcanbetoahalt.Itisthismanagementmechanismthathasallowedsalmonstocks-and,accordingly,Alaskasalmonfisheries-prosper,evenassalmonpopulationsintherestoftheStatesareincreasinglyconsideredthreatenedorevenIn1999,theMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)***commissionedreviewoftheAlaskasalmonfishery.TheCouncil,whichfoundedin1996,certifiesfisheriesthatmeethighstandards,enablingthemtousealabelthatrecognisesenvironmentalresponsibility.TheMSChasestablishedasetcriteriabywhichcommercialfisheriescanbejudged.thepotentialbenefitsofbeingidentifiedasresponsible,fisheriesapproachtheCouncilrequestingtothecertificationprocess.TheMSCthenappointsacommittee,composedofapaneloffisheriesexperts,whichinformationandopinionsfromfishermen,biologists,non-organisationsandSomeobserversthoughttheAlaskasalmonfisherieswouldnotanychanceofcertificationwhen,inthemonthsleadinguptofinaldecision,salmonrunsthroughoutwesternAlaskacollapsed.Inthefinaldecision,salmonrunsthroughoutwesternAlaskacollapsed.IntheYukonandKuskokwimrivers,chinookandrunswereprobablythepoorestsincestatehood;communitiesthroughouttheregion,whonormallyhaveovercommercialfishing,wereThecrisiswascompletelyunexpected,butresearchersbelievehadnothingtodowithimpactsoffisheries.Rather,theyitwasalmostcertainlytheresultofclimaticshifts,inpartbycumulativeeffectsoftheelni?o/lani?aonPacificOceantemperatures,culminatinginaharshwinterwhichhugenumbersofsalmoneggswerefrozen.Itcouldhavetheendasfarasthecertificationprocesswasconcerned.thestatereactedquickly,closingdownallfisheries,evennecessaryforsubsistenceInSeptember2000,MSCannouncedthattheAlaskasalmonqualifiedforcertification.SevencompaniesproducingsalmonwereimmediatelygrantedpermissiontodisplaytheMSContheirproducts.Certificationisforaninitialperiodofyears,withanannualreviewtoensurethatthefisherycontinuingtomeettherequiredQuestions14-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgivenReadingQuestions14-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgivenReadingPassage2?Inboxes14-20onyouranswersheet,TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon914TheinhabitantsoftheAleutianislandsrenamedtheirTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC15fisheriesareownedbysomeoftheworld'sTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictsthe15fisheriesareownedbysomeoftheworld'sTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoABCLifeinAlaskaisdependentonTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC17NinetycentofallPacificsalmoncaughtaresockeyeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe17NinetycentofallPacificsalmoncaughtaresockeyeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoonABCMorethan320,000tonnesofsalmonwereinTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABCTRUEifthestatementagreesTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC20During1990s,theaveragenumberofsalmon100TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABCMorethantwohundredago,RussianexplorersandMorethantwohundredago,RussianexplorersandhunterslandedontheAleutianIslands,avolcanicintheNorthPacific,andlearnedofalandmassthatlaytothenorth.Theislands'nativeinhabitantscalledthismassAleyska,the‘GreatLand';today,weknowitasTheforty-ninthstatetojointheUnitedStatesofAmerica1959),Alaskaisfullyone-fifththesizeofthemainlandcombined.Itshares,withCanada,thesecondlongestriverinNorthAmericaandhasoverhalfthecoastlineoftheStates.TheriversfeedintotheBeringSeaandGulfof-cold,nutrient-richwaterswhichsupporttensofmillionsseabirds,andover400speciesoffish,shellfish,andmolluscs.Takingadvantageofthisrichbounty,commercialfisherieshaveandmolluscs.Takingadvantageofthisrichbounty,commercialfisherieshavedevelopedintosomeofthelargesttheAccordingtotheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGameAlaska'scommercialfisherieslandedhundredsofthousandstonnesofshellfishandherring,andwelloveramillionofgroundfish(cod,sole,perchandpollock)in2000.TheculturalheartandsoulofAlaska'sfisheries,however,is‘Salmon,'noteswriterSusanEwinginTheGreatAlaskaFactbook,‘pumpthroughAlaskalikebloodthroughabringingrhythmic,circulatingnourishmenttoland,animalspeople.'The‘predictableabundanceofsalmonallowednativeculturestoflourish,'and‘dyingspawners*feedeagles,otheranimals,andultimatelythesoilitself.'AllspeciesofPacificsalmon-chinook,orking;chum,ordog;orsilver;sockeye,orred;andpink,orhumpback-spawn**Alaskanwaters,and90%ofallPacificsalmoncommerciallyinNorthAmericaareproducedthere.Indeed,ifAlaskawasindependentnation,itwouldbethelargestproducerofsalmonintheworld.During2000,commercialcatchesofsalmoninAlaskaexceeded320,000tonnes,withanex-vesselofover$US260Catcheshavenotalwaysbeensohealthy.Between1940andoverfishingledtoCatcheshavenotalwaysbeensohealthy.Between1940andoverfishingledtocrashesinsalmonpopulationssoseverein1953Alaskawasdeclaredafederaldisasterarea.Withtheofstatehood,however,theStateofAlaskatookoverofitsownfisheries,guidedastateconstitutionmandatesthatAlaska'sresourcesbemanagedonsustainablebasis.Atthatstatewideharvestsaround25millionsalmon.Overthenextfewdecadescatchessteadilyincreasedasaresultofthispolicysustainablemanagement,until,duringthe1990s,annualwerewellinexcessof100million,andonseveraloccasions200million*spawners:fishthathavereleased**spawn:releaseTheprimaryreasonforsuchincreasesiswhatisknown‘In-SeasonAbundance-BasedManagement'.Therearethroughoutthestateconstantlymonitoringadultfishastheyuptospawn.Thebiologistssitinstreamsidecountingstudysonar,watchfromaeroplanes,andtalktosalmonseasoninAlaskaisnotpre-set.Thefishermenapproximatetimeofyearwhentheywillbeallowedtoonanygivenday,oneormorefieldbiologistsinaareaonanygivenday,oneormorefieldbiologistsinaareacanputahalttofishing.Evensportfishingcanbetoahalt.Itisthismanagementmechanismthathasallowedsalmonstocks-and,accordingly,Alaskasalmonfisheries-prosper,evenassalmonpopulationsintherestoftheStatesareincreasinglyconsideredthreatenedorevenIn1999,theMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)***commissionedreviewoftheAlaskasalmonfishery.TheCouncil,whichfoundedin1996,certifiesfisheriesthatmeethighstandards,enablingthemtousealabelthatrecognisesenvironmentalresponsibility.TheMSChasestablishedasetcriteriabywhichcommercialfisheriescanbejudged.thepotentialbenefitsofbeingidentifiedasresponsible,fisheriesapproachtheCouncilrequestingtothecertificationprocess.TheMSCthenappointsacommittee,composedofapaneloffisheriesexperts,whichinformationandopinionsfromfishermen,biologists,non-organisationsandSomeobserversthoughttheAlaskasalmonfisherieswouldnotanychanceofcertificationwhen,inthemonthsleadinguptofinaldecision,salmonrunsthroughoutwesternAlaskacollapsed.Inthefinaldecision,salmonrunsthroughoutwesternAlaskacollapsed.IntheYukonandKuskokwimrivers,chinookandrunswereprobablythepoorestsincestatehood;communitiesthroughouttheregion,whonormallyhaveovercommercialfishing,wereThecrisiswascompletelyunexpected,butresearchersbelievehadnothingtodowithimpactsoffisheries.Rather,theyitwasalmostcertainlytheresultofclimaticshifts,inpartbycumulativeeffectsoftheelni?o/lani?aonPacificOceantemperatures,culminatinginaharshwinterwhichhugenumbersofsalmoneggswerefrozen.Itcouldhavetheendasfarasthecertificationprocesswasconcerned.thestatereactedquickly,closingdownallfisheries,evennecessaryforsubsistenceInSeptember2000,MSCannouncedthattheAlaskasalmonqualifiedforcertification.SevencompaniesproducingsalmonwereimmediatelygrantedpermissiontodisplaytheMSContheirproducts.Certificationisforaninitialperiodofyears,withanannualreviewtoensurethatthefisherycontinuingtomeettherequiredQuestions21-Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-K,WritethecorrectQuestions21-Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-K,Writethecorrectletter,A-K,inboxes21-26onyouranswerInAlaska,biologistskeepacheckadultBiologistshavetheIn-SeasonAbundance-Basedhasallowedthesalmon24TheMarineStewardshipCouncilwas25Asaresultofthecollapseofthesalmonrunsin1999,state26InSeptember2000,theMSCallowedsevenAlaskaAtorecognisefisheriesthatcarefortheenvironment.Btobesuccessful.tostopfishfromtosetupenvironmentalprotection填寫答案：正確答案：G,E,BA,K填寫答案：正確答案：G,E,BA,KYoushouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage3tostoppeoplefishingfortolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCGtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermitfishing.Htoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesintheregion.ItofreezeahugenumberofsalmonJtodenycertificationtotheAlaskafisheries.Ktoclosedownallfisheries.EFFECTSOFIngeneral,itisplausibletosupposethatweshouldEFFECTSOFIngeneral,itisplausibletosupposethatweshouldpreferandquiettonoise.Andyetmostofushavehadtheofhavingtoadjusttosleepinginthemountainsorthebecauseitwasinitially‘tooquiet',anexperiencethatthathumansarecapableofadaptingtoawiderangeofnoiseResearchsupportsthisview.Forexample,GlassandSingerexposedpeopletoshortburstsofveryloudnoiseandthentheirabilitytoworkoutproblemsandtheirreactionstothenoise.ThenoisewasquitedisruptiveatbutafteraboutfourminutesthesubjectsweredoingjustasontheirtasksascontrolsubjectswhowerenotexposedtoTheirphysiologicalarousalalsodeclinedquicklytothelevelsasthoseofthecontrolButtherearelimitstoadaptationandloudnoisebecomestroublesomethepersonisrequiredtoconcentrateonmoreonetask.example,highnoiselevelsinterferedwithperformancesubjectswhowererequiredtomonitorthreeatatime,atasknotunlikethatofanaeroplanepilotorair-trafficcontroller(Broadbent,1957).Similarly,noisenotaffectasubject'sabilitytotrackamovinglinewithsteeringwheel,butitdidinterferewiththesubject'storepeatnumberswhiletrackingsteeringwheel,butitdidinterferewiththesubject'storepeatnumberswhiletracking(FinkelmanandGlass,ProbablythemostsignificantfindingfromresearchonnoisethatitspredictabilityismoreimportantthanhowlouditWearemuchmoreableto‘tuneout'chronicbackgroundevenifitisquiteloud,thantoworkundercircumstancesunexpectedintrusionsofnoise.IntheGlassandSingerinwhichsubjectswereexposedtoburstsofnoiseastheyonatask,somesubjectsheardloudburstsandothersheardbursts.Forsomesubjects,theburstswerespacedexactlyminuteapart(predictablenoise);othersheardthesameofnoiseoverall,buttheburstsoccurredatrandom(unpredictablenoise).Subjectsreportedfindingtheandunpredictablenoiseequallyannoying,andallperformedataboutthesamelevelduringthenoiseportionofdifferentafter-effectswhenthesubjectswererequiredproofreadwrittenmaterialunderconditionsofnonoise.AsinTable1theunpredictablenoiseproducedmoreerrorsinlaterproofreadingtaskthanpredictablenoise;andunpredictablenoiseactuallyproducedslightlymoreerrorsthistaskthantheloud,predictableTable1:ProofreadingErrorsandunpredictablenoiseproducesmorefatiguenoise,butittakesawhileTable1:ProofreadingErrorsandunpredictablenoiseproducesmorefatiguenoise,butittakesawhileforthisfatiguetoitstollPredictabilityisnottheonlyvariablethatreducesorthenegativeeffectsofnoise.Anotheriscontrol.Ifindividualknowsthatheorshecancontrolthenoise,thistoeliminatebothitsnegativeeffectsatthetimeandafter-effects.Thisistrueeveniftheindividualneverexerciseshisorheroptiontoturnthenoiseoff(Glassand1972).JusttheknowledgethatonehascontrolisThestudiesdiscussedsofarexposedpeopletonoiseforonlyperiodsandonlytransienteffectswerestudied.Buttheworryaboutnoisyenvironmentsisthatlivingdayafterdaychronicnoisemayproduceserious,lastingeffects.OneLoudSoftsuggestingthatthisworryisarealisticone,comparedschoolpupilswhoattendedschoolsnearLossuggestingthatthisworryisarealisticone,comparedschoolpupilswhoattendedschoolsnearLosAngeles's(Cohenetal.,1980).ItwasfoundthatfromtheschoolshadbloodpressureandwereeasilydistractedthanthoseattendedthequietMoreover,therewasnoevidenceadaptabilitytothenoise.fact,thelongerthechildrenhadattendedthenoisyschools,moredistractibletheybecame.Theeffectsalsoseemtobelasting.Afollow-upstudyshowedthatchildrenwhoweretolessnoisyclassroomsstillshowedgreaterdistractibilityyearlaterthanstudentswhohadalwaysbeeninthequiet(Cohenetal,1981).Itshouldbenotedthatthetwogroupschildrenhadbeencarefullymatchedbytheinvestigatorssotheywerecomparableinage,ethnicity,race,andsocialQuestions27-Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorWritethecorrectletterinboxes27-29onyouranswer27Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplemayhavedifficultysleepinginmountains[A]humansdonotprefer27Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplemayhavedifficultysleepinginmountains[A]humansdonotpreferpeaceandquietto[B]theymaybeexposedtoshortburstsofverystrange[C]humansprefertohearacertainamountofnoisewhilethey[D]theymayhaveadaptedtoahighernoiseABCD28Innoiseexperiments,GlassandSingerfound[A]problem-solvingismucheasierunderquiet[B]physiologicalarousalpreventstheabilityto[C]burstsofnoisedonotseriouslydisruptproblem-solvinginlong[D]thephysiologicalarousalofcontrolsubjectsdeclinedABCD29Researchersdiscoveredthathighnoiselevelsarenotinterferewithsuccessfulperformanceofasingletasksofpilotsorairtraffic29ResearchersdiscoveredthathighnoiselevelsarenotinterferewithsuccessfulperformanceofasingletasksofpilotsorairtrafficrepeatnumberswhilemonitorthreedialsABCDEFFECTSOFIngeneral,itisplausibletosupposewepreferandquiettonoise.Andyetmostofushavehadtheofhavingtoadjusttosleepinginthemountainsorthebecauseitwasinitially‘tooquiet',anexperiencethatthathumansarecapableofadaptingtoawiderangeofnoiseResearchsupportsthisview.Forexample,GlassandSingerexposedpeopletoshortburstsofveryloudnoiseandthentheirexposedpeopletoshortburstsofveryloudnoiseandthentheirabilitytoworkoutproblemsandtheirreactionstothenoise.ThenoisewasquitedisruptiveatbutafteraboutfourminutesthesubjectsweredoingjustasontheirtasksascontrolsubjectswhowerenotexposedtoTheirphysiologicalarousalalsodeclinedquicklytothelevelsas